United States v. Graham

3 M.J. 962, 1977 CMR LEXIS 727
CourtU.S. Navy-Marine Corps Court of Military Review
DecidedJuly 29, 1977
DocketNCM 77 0291
StatusPublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 3 M.J. 962 (United States v. Graham) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering U.S. Navy-Marine Corps Court of Military Review primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Graham, 3 M.J. 962, 1977 CMR LEXIS 727 (usnmcmilrev 1977).

Opinions

BAUM, Judge:

Appellant, contrary to his pleas of not guilty, was convicted by special court-martial, judge alone, of unauthorized absence from 7 November 1974 to 18 February 1976, in violation of Article 86, UCMJ, 10 U.S. C. § 886. The sentence as approved below consists of a suspended bad conduct discharge, confinement at hard labor for three months, and forfeitures of $200 per month for three months. Appellant assigns as errors before this Court that the court-martial lacked jurisdiction over him, that he was denied his right to a speedy trial, and that the evidence of record is insufficient to prove unauthorized absence beyond a reasonable doubt.

I

Jurisdiction

At trial, appellant moved for dismissal of the Charge and specification for lack of jurisdiction, and before this Court he also argues lack of jurisdiction based on two theories. First, he asserts recruiter misconduct that renders the enlistment void under the rule expressed in United States v. Russo, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 511, 50 C.M.R. 650, 1 M.J. 134 (1975). Evidence submitted on this issue established that at the time he enlisted appellant was on supervised probation with five years suspended confinement for a civilian conviction of felonious larceny. Enlistment under such circumstances was clearly contrary to Marine regulations. Appellant testified that he informed his recruiter of the facts but that his recruiter told him that he, the recruiter, would take care of it and that appellant should not list the conviction on the enlistment forms since the conviction was as a juvenile. The Government called two recruiters who both [964]*964denied such wrongdoing. The standard of proof on the issue of jurisdiction when unauthorized absence is charged is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Spicer, 3 M.J. 689 (N.C.M.R. 1977). Upon consideration of all the evidence presented on this issue, we are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that there was no recruiter misconduct involved in the enlistment of appellant and that his enlistment, contrary to regulations, was effected through his intentional concealment of information that would have been disqualifying. Appellant’s enlistment was therefore not void; it was, instead, voidable at the option of the Government. In re Grimley, 137 U.S. 147, 11 S.Ct. 54, 34 L.Ed. 636 (1890); United States v. Harris, 3 M.J. 627 (N.C.M.R. 1977).

The second aspect of appellant’s jurisdiction argument relates to action by Government authorities after his entry upon active duty. Appellant asserts that improper steps by Government officials after notice of his enlistment impediment es-tops the Government from relying on a theory of constructive enlistment, citing United States v. Brown, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 162, 49 C.M.R. 778 (1974) and United States v. Marshall, 3 M.J. 612 (N.C.M.R.1977).

Appellant testified at trial that he informed authorities during recruit training that he was on probation from a civilian conviction. As a result, appellant was processed for an administrative discharge pursuant to the Marine Corps Separation and Retirement Manual, MCO P1900.16. At his request, the discharge was suspended to give him the opportunity of remaining in the Marine Corps. He now asserts that authorities failed to follow their own regulation requiring processing for an honorable discharge instead of the general discharge he was processed for and that such failure, whether by intent or through negligence, constitutes misconduct that forecloses the Government from claiming a constructive enlistment. We reject this line of argument for several reasons. First, Paragraph 6018 of MCO P1900.16 does not make an honorable discharge mandatory. It states:

1. The Commandant of the Marine Corps and all Marine commanders exercising general-court martial jurisdiction may authorize or direct . . the discharge of members by reason of misconduct. .
(d) If discharge is deemed proper in these cases, it should normally be under honorable conditions, unless the particular circumstances of the case clearly warrant a less favorable type of discharge. [Emphasis added].

Second, since we have determined that appellant’s initial enlistment was voidable at the option of the Government, rather than void, the concept of constructive enlistment does not apply. The most common situation in which the constructive enlistment doctrine pertains is the underage enlistment. Enlistments below the minimum statutory age are void and mandate discharge if discovered by authorities before the legal age of enlistment is reached. United States v. Blanton, 7 U.S.C.M.A. 664, 23 C.M.R. 128 (1957). After attaining that age, however, the concept of constructive enlistment applies, contingent upon subsequent voluntary service and acceptance of benefits. United States v. Graham, 22 U.S.C.M.A. 75, 46 C.M.R. 75 (1972); United States v. Overton, 9 U.S.C.M.A. 684, 26 C.M.R. 464 (1958).

Under certain circumstances, however, the Government may be estopped from asserting constructive enlistment. Such was so in United States v. Brown, supra, where the inaction of a company commander, upon notification that one of his men was underage, was combined with the recruiter’s failure to properly witness a parental consent form, thus prompting the court to deny the Government’s assertion of constructive enlistment. In Marshall, supra, another panel of this Court extended the holding in Brown to encompass a situation involving enlistment with concealment of prior marijuana usage, a then non-waivable ground for enlistment disqualification.

In Marshall, the accused revealed his pri- or use of marijuana to a clerk in the Recruit [965]*965Training Regiment. The clerk entered the information on the accused’s Personal History form, but nothing further was done. The court in Marshall held that there was no jurisdiction because the Government had an affirmative duty to discharge the accused and failing in this duty could not invoke a theory of constructive enlistment. Appellant asserts that the same result should follow in the instant case. As already pointed out, the concept of constructive enlistment is inapplicable to the present fact situation where the enlistment is voidable rather than void. In our view, it was also inapplicable in Marshall. Furthermore, the Marine regulation encountered here is the same as that in Marshall and it does not mandate discharge. Accordingly, failure to discharge the accused — or as argued here — to process him for an honorable discharge, was not improper and certainly not misconduct that would foreclose invoking the constructive enlistment doctrine, were it applicable. Accordingly, we reject both arguments by appellant with regard to jurisdiction and decline to accept the views expressed in United States v. Marshall, supra.

II

Speedy Trial

Appellant asserts for the first time before this Court that he was denied a speedy trial. We deem this issue to have been affirmatively waived by appellant at trial and correctly so for there is no merit in the assertion. He was released from pretrial confinement on 13 May 1976, after 85 days incarceration, thus falling short of the ninety days required to trigger the rule in United States v. Burton,

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Related

United States v. McGowan
5 M.J. 854 (U.S. Navy-Marine Corps Court of Military Review, 1978)

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