Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
______________________
No. 19-10276 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:17-cr-00535-LSC-JHE-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
GEORGE FREDRICK RASH,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(October 8, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 2 of 7
George Rash appeals his conviction for possessing a firearm after a felony
conviction, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), arguing that the district court erred
in denying his motion to suppress. Rash contends that the district court committed
clear error in crediting the testimony of police officers who stated that they saw a
gun in his car, giving them the probable cause required to conduct a search under
the Fourth Amendment’s automobile exception. For the reasons stated below, we
affirm.
I.
Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing
below, Detective Trent Michael Ricketts and Officer Matthew Green of the
Homewood, Alabama, Police Department (“HPD”) were parked in a hotel parking
lot in a high-crime area in the early morning of April 26, 2017. During that time,
they observed a white Chevrolet Monte Carlo, occupied by only the driver, park at
the hotel. After the driver entered the hotel, the officers ran the car’s license plate
to check for expiration and discovered that the driver—whom they were able to
identify as George Rash—had an outstanding probation violation warrant from
Jefferson County, Alabama, and was a convicted felon. After looking into the
car’s interior with flashlights, both officers were able to observe a black gun on the
driver’s side floorboard. Officer Green then called Officer John Kidd and radioed
2 Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 3 of 7
in the felony warrant to the HPD dispatch, which sent Corporal John Mangels to
the scene. Kidd and Mangels arrived shortly thereafter.
Several of the officers—accounts differ as to whether it was all of them or
just three—went to Rash’s room at the hotel. They detained him and discovered
that Rash’s ex-girlfriend, Sade Coppins, was also in the room. The officers
brought both Rash and Coppins down to the parking lot. At that point, they
confirmed Rash’s outstanding warrant with Jefferson County. They placed him
under arrest and impounded his car, conducting an inventory search in the process,
which confirmed the existence of the gun.
II.
“Review of a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress is a mixed
question of law and fact.” United States v. Delancy, 502 F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th
Cir. 2007). We “review the district court’s interpretation and application of the
law de novo” and its “findings of fact for clear error.” Id. Accordingly, we
“construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below.”
Id. Review for clear error is deferential, and we “will not disturb a district court’s
findings unless we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed.” United States v. Sosa, 777 F.3d 1279, 1300 (11th Cir. 2015)
(quotation omitted). A district court’s choice between multiple permissible views
3 Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 4 of 7
of the evidence is not clear error. United States v. Ndiaye, 434 F.3d 1270, 1305
(11th Cir. 2006).
“Credibility determinations are typically the province of the fact finder,” and
we defer to the fact finder’s determinations “unless his understanding of the facts
appears to be unbelievable.” United States v. Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749
(11th Cir. 2002). Generally, absent clear error or the trial judge crediting
“exceedingly improbable testimony,” id. at 749 (emphasis in original), “the district
court’s credibility choices at suppression hearings are binding on [us].” United
States v. Aldridge, 719 F.2d 368, 373 (11th Cir. 1983). “In other words, [w]e must
accept the evidence unless it is contrary to the laws of nature, or is so inconsistent
or improbable on its face that no reasonable factfinder could accept it.” Ramirez-
Chilel, 289 F.3d at 749 (alteration in original) (quotation omitted).
The Fourth Amendment provides that “[t]he right of the people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable
cause.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. Thus, “searches conducted outside the judicial
process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable
under the Fourth Amendment—subject only to a few specifically established and
well-delineated exceptions.” Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967)
(footnotes omitted). Evidence seized during or as a direct result of an unlawful
4 Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 5 of 7
search is generally barred from use at trial. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S.
471, 485 (1963).
The “automobile exception” to the warrant requirement “allows the police to
conduct a search of a vehicle if (1) the vehicle is readily mobile; and (2) the police
have probable cause for the search.” United States v. Lindsey, 482 F.3d 1285, 1293
(11th Cir. 2007). A vehicle is readily mobile if it is “operational,” and probable
cause “exists when under the totality of the circumstances, there is a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in the vehicle.” Id.
(quotation marks omitted).
III.
The sole issue before us is whether the district court committed clear error in
crediting the officers’ testimony in determining that the automobile exception
applied in this case.1 To that end, Rash essentially argues in favor of another set of
inferences from the facts. He surmises that the officers only discovered the gun
during an illegal inventory search and accordingly altered their recollections about
what they observed in the parking lot. He supports this conclusion by identifying:
(1) inconsistencies in the officers’ testimonies about which of them saw the gun in
the car, and the order in which they arrived; (2) testimony from his private
1 Rush concedes that his car was readily mobile and solely contests the district court’s crediting of the officers’ testimony. 5 Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 6 of 7
investigator that allegedly demonstrates that the officers could not have seen the
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Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
______________________
No. 19-10276 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:17-cr-00535-LSC-JHE-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
GEORGE FREDRICK RASH,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(October 8, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 2 of 7
George Rash appeals his conviction for possessing a firearm after a felony
conviction, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), arguing that the district court erred
in denying his motion to suppress. Rash contends that the district court committed
clear error in crediting the testimony of police officers who stated that they saw a
gun in his car, giving them the probable cause required to conduct a search under
the Fourth Amendment’s automobile exception. For the reasons stated below, we
affirm.
I.
Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing
below, Detective Trent Michael Ricketts and Officer Matthew Green of the
Homewood, Alabama, Police Department (“HPD”) were parked in a hotel parking
lot in a high-crime area in the early morning of April 26, 2017. During that time,
they observed a white Chevrolet Monte Carlo, occupied by only the driver, park at
the hotel. After the driver entered the hotel, the officers ran the car’s license plate
to check for expiration and discovered that the driver—whom they were able to
identify as George Rash—had an outstanding probation violation warrant from
Jefferson County, Alabama, and was a convicted felon. After looking into the
car’s interior with flashlights, both officers were able to observe a black gun on the
driver’s side floorboard. Officer Green then called Officer John Kidd and radioed
2 Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 3 of 7
in the felony warrant to the HPD dispatch, which sent Corporal John Mangels to
the scene. Kidd and Mangels arrived shortly thereafter.
Several of the officers—accounts differ as to whether it was all of them or
just three—went to Rash’s room at the hotel. They detained him and discovered
that Rash’s ex-girlfriend, Sade Coppins, was also in the room. The officers
brought both Rash and Coppins down to the parking lot. At that point, they
confirmed Rash’s outstanding warrant with Jefferson County. They placed him
under arrest and impounded his car, conducting an inventory search in the process,
which confirmed the existence of the gun.
II.
“Review of a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress is a mixed
question of law and fact.” United States v. Delancy, 502 F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th
Cir. 2007). We “review the district court’s interpretation and application of the
law de novo” and its “findings of fact for clear error.” Id. Accordingly, we
“construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below.”
Id. Review for clear error is deferential, and we “will not disturb a district court’s
findings unless we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed.” United States v. Sosa, 777 F.3d 1279, 1300 (11th Cir. 2015)
(quotation omitted). A district court’s choice between multiple permissible views
3 Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 4 of 7
of the evidence is not clear error. United States v. Ndiaye, 434 F.3d 1270, 1305
(11th Cir. 2006).
“Credibility determinations are typically the province of the fact finder,” and
we defer to the fact finder’s determinations “unless his understanding of the facts
appears to be unbelievable.” United States v. Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749
(11th Cir. 2002). Generally, absent clear error or the trial judge crediting
“exceedingly improbable testimony,” id. at 749 (emphasis in original), “the district
court’s credibility choices at suppression hearings are binding on [us].” United
States v. Aldridge, 719 F.2d 368, 373 (11th Cir. 1983). “In other words, [w]e must
accept the evidence unless it is contrary to the laws of nature, or is so inconsistent
or improbable on its face that no reasonable factfinder could accept it.” Ramirez-
Chilel, 289 F.3d at 749 (alteration in original) (quotation omitted).
The Fourth Amendment provides that “[t]he right of the people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable
cause.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. Thus, “searches conducted outside the judicial
process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable
under the Fourth Amendment—subject only to a few specifically established and
well-delineated exceptions.” Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967)
(footnotes omitted). Evidence seized during or as a direct result of an unlawful
4 Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 5 of 7
search is generally barred from use at trial. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S.
471, 485 (1963).
The “automobile exception” to the warrant requirement “allows the police to
conduct a search of a vehicle if (1) the vehicle is readily mobile; and (2) the police
have probable cause for the search.” United States v. Lindsey, 482 F.3d 1285, 1293
(11th Cir. 2007). A vehicle is readily mobile if it is “operational,” and probable
cause “exists when under the totality of the circumstances, there is a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in the vehicle.” Id.
(quotation marks omitted).
III.
The sole issue before us is whether the district court committed clear error in
crediting the officers’ testimony in determining that the automobile exception
applied in this case.1 To that end, Rash essentially argues in favor of another set of
inferences from the facts. He surmises that the officers only discovered the gun
during an illegal inventory search and accordingly altered their recollections about
what they observed in the parking lot. He supports this conclusion by identifying:
(1) inconsistencies in the officers’ testimonies about which of them saw the gun in
the car, and the order in which they arrived; (2) testimony from his private
1 Rush concedes that his car was readily mobile and solely contests the district court’s crediting of the officers’ testimony. 5 Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 6 of 7
investigator that allegedly demonstrates that the officers could not have seen the
gun; and (3) that harmonizing the officers’ and Coppins’ testimony creates an
implausible timeline.
Up against double-barreled deference—in which we review the district
court’s findings of fact for clear error and generally defer to its credibility
determinations—this argument fails. Though the evidence presented theoretically
lends itself to a different interpretation, the district court’s decision to credit the
officers’ testimony was not clearly erroneous. Rash presents an alternative
explanation that is merely a possible inference from the facts, not the only possible
inference. We cannot entertain all potential inferences drawn from a given set of
facts; instead, we must “give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts by
resident judges.” United States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213, 1263 (11th Cir. 2011).
Minor contradictions notwithstanding, the officers’ testimony was not so
“inconsistent or improbable on its face that no reasonable factfinder could accept
it.” See Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d at 749 (alteration in original) (quotation
omitted). After all, no witnesses directly contradicted the officers’ statements that
they saw a gun in Rash’s car. This includes Rash’s expert, who merely testified
that the officers’ observation would have been difficult—not contrary to the laws
of nature or otherwise impossible. In any event, the district court was entitled to
credit a witness’s testimony in whole or in part, see United States v. Brown, 53
6 Case: 19-10276 Date Filed: 10/08/2019 Page: 7 of 7
F.3d 312, 316 (11th Cir. 1995), so the officers’ inconsistent testimony regarding
later events did not prevent the district court from crediting their earlier testimony.
For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the district court did not
commit clear error in crediting the officers’ testimony. 2 Accordingly, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
2 Rash’s challenge is only to the district court’s credibility determination—not its finding that, given its credibility, the officers’ testimony demonstrated that they had probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of Rash’s car under the automobile exception. To the extent that he now argues otherwise, we note that issues not raised on appeal are considered abandoned. United States v. Ford, 270 F.3d 1346, 1347 (11th Cir. 2001). 7