USCA4 Appeal: 23-4406 Doc: 33 Filed: 02/06/2025 Pg: 1 of 8
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 23-4406
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
FRANK GILES MCCREE,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Wilmington. Louise W. Flanagan, District Judge. (7:17-cr-00134-FL-1)
Submitted: December 17, 2024 Decided: February 6, 2025
Before WILKINSON, GREGORY, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: Richard Croutharmel, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. David A. Bragdon, Assistant United States Attorney, Lucy Partain Brown, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 23-4406 Doc: 33 Filed: 02/06/2025 Pg: 2 of 8
PER CURIAM:
In August 2021, a jury convicted Frank Giles McCree of multiple Hobbs Act
robbery offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a); four brandishing a firearm in
furtherance of a crime of violence offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii);
and one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2). * The district court sentenced McCree to 457 months in prison.
Counsel has filed a brief in accordance with Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738
(1967), explaining that he has reviewed the record and found no meritorious issues for
appeal. Counsel nonetheless identifies two issues for the court’s consideration, to wit:
whether the district court (1) abused its discretion in denying McCree’s request for
substitute counsel and allowing him to proceed pro se; and (2) erred by enhancing
McCree’s total offense level for restraining a victim in one of the subject robberies. The
Government has declined to file a response brief, and McCree has not filed a pro se
supplemental brief despite receiving notice of his right to do so. Finding no error, we
affirm.
We conclude that the magistrate judge did not erroneously deny McCree’s request
for substitute counsel or wrongfully allow McCree to proceed pro se with stand-by counsel.
While it is well established that a criminal defendant has a right to counsel of his own
choosing, that right is not absolute. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 52 (1932).
Two of the counts on which McCree was convicted also charged him with aiding *
and abetting, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2.
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Specifically, a defendant’s right to choose his own counsel is limited so as not to “deprive
courts of the exercise of their inherent power to control the administration of justice.”
United States v. Gallop, 838 F.2d 105, 108 (4th Cir. 1988). A defendant’s right to receive
substitute counsel after the court’s initial appointment is similarly limited. Notably, a
defendant must show good cause as to why he should receive substitute counsel. Id. In
general, good cause exists when denying substitute counsel would deny the defendant a
constitutionally adequate defense. See, e.g., United States v. Johnson, 114 F.3d 435, 443
(4th Cir. 1997) (“A total lack of communication is not required. Rather an examination of
whether the extent of the breakdown prevents the ability to conduct an adequate defense is
the necessary inquiry.”).
A court has discretion in determining whether substitution of counsel is proper,
however. Gallop, 838 F.2d at 108. In making its decision, the court must consider both
the defendant’s reason for seeking substitution and the government’s interest in proceeding
without a continuance. Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1983); United States v.
Reevey, 364 F.3d 151, 157 (4th Cir. 2004). And in reviewing a district court’s decision on
a motion for substitution, this court looks at three factors: the “[t]imeliness of the motion;
[the] adequacy of the court’s inquiry into the defendant’s complaint; and whether the
attorney/client conflict was so great that it had resulted in a total lack of communication
preventing an adequate defense.” Gallop, 838 F.2d at 108.
Upon review, we conclude that the magistrate judge did not abuse its discretion in
denying McCree’s June 21, 2021, motion for substitute counsel. See United States v. High,
997 F.3d 181, 187 (4th Cir. 2021) (reiterating that a district court abuses its discretion only
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when it “act[s] arbitrarily or irrationally,” “fail[s] to consider judicially recognized factors
constraining its exercise of discretion, . . . relie[s] on erroneous factual or legal premises,”
or “commit[s] an error of law” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Cf. United States v.
Mullen, 32 F.3d 891, 897 (4th Cir. 1994) (holding that district court abused its discretion
in denying defendant’s motion for new counsel where defendant’s “request to replace
[retained counsel] with a court-appointed lawyer was timely made,” the “court adequately
inquired into the reasons why [defendant] was dissatisfied with [counsel],” and ‘there was
a total breakdown in communication between [defendant] and [counsel], making an
adequate defense unlikely had [counsel] handled the trial”).
We also conclude that the magistrate judge did not erroneously allow McCree to
proceed pro se with stand-by counsel. Admittedly, “[t]he Sixth Amendment guarantees to
a criminal defendant the right to the assistance of counsel before he can be convicted and
punished by a term of imprisonment.” United States v. Ductan, 800 F.3d 642, 648 (4th
Cir. 2015). “The right to counsel is fundamental to our system of justice; beyond protecting
individual defendants, it is critical to the ability of the adversarial system to produce just
results.” Id. (internal quotation rights omitted).
However, “the Sixth Amendment also protects a defendant’s affirmative right to
self-representation,” which is a right “inescapably in tension with the right to counsel.” Id.
at 648-49. “This is so because invocation of the former poses a peculiar problem: it
requires that the defendant waive his right to counsel.” Id. at 649 (internal quotation marks
omitted). Thus, “before allowing a defendant to represent himself, a district court must
find that the defendant’s background, appreciation of the charges against him and their
4 USCA4 Appeal: 23-4406 Doc: 33 Filed: 02/06/2025 Pg: 5 of 8
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USCA4 Appeal: 23-4406 Doc: 33 Filed: 02/06/2025 Pg: 1 of 8
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 23-4406
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
FRANK GILES MCCREE,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Wilmington. Louise W. Flanagan, District Judge. (7:17-cr-00134-FL-1)
Submitted: December 17, 2024 Decided: February 6, 2025
Before WILKINSON, GREGORY, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: Richard Croutharmel, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. David A. Bragdon, Assistant United States Attorney, Lucy Partain Brown, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 23-4406 Doc: 33 Filed: 02/06/2025 Pg: 2 of 8
PER CURIAM:
In August 2021, a jury convicted Frank Giles McCree of multiple Hobbs Act
robbery offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a); four brandishing a firearm in
furtherance of a crime of violence offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii);
and one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2). * The district court sentenced McCree to 457 months in prison.
Counsel has filed a brief in accordance with Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738
(1967), explaining that he has reviewed the record and found no meritorious issues for
appeal. Counsel nonetheless identifies two issues for the court’s consideration, to wit:
whether the district court (1) abused its discretion in denying McCree’s request for
substitute counsel and allowing him to proceed pro se; and (2) erred by enhancing
McCree’s total offense level for restraining a victim in one of the subject robberies. The
Government has declined to file a response brief, and McCree has not filed a pro se
supplemental brief despite receiving notice of his right to do so. Finding no error, we
affirm.
We conclude that the magistrate judge did not erroneously deny McCree’s request
for substitute counsel or wrongfully allow McCree to proceed pro se with stand-by counsel.
While it is well established that a criminal defendant has a right to counsel of his own
choosing, that right is not absolute. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 52 (1932).
Two of the counts on which McCree was convicted also charged him with aiding *
and abetting, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2.
2 USCA4 Appeal: 23-4406 Doc: 33 Filed: 02/06/2025 Pg: 3 of 8
Specifically, a defendant’s right to choose his own counsel is limited so as not to “deprive
courts of the exercise of their inherent power to control the administration of justice.”
United States v. Gallop, 838 F.2d 105, 108 (4th Cir. 1988). A defendant’s right to receive
substitute counsel after the court’s initial appointment is similarly limited. Notably, a
defendant must show good cause as to why he should receive substitute counsel. Id. In
general, good cause exists when denying substitute counsel would deny the defendant a
constitutionally adequate defense. See, e.g., United States v. Johnson, 114 F.3d 435, 443
(4th Cir. 1997) (“A total lack of communication is not required. Rather an examination of
whether the extent of the breakdown prevents the ability to conduct an adequate defense is
the necessary inquiry.”).
A court has discretion in determining whether substitution of counsel is proper,
however. Gallop, 838 F.2d at 108. In making its decision, the court must consider both
the defendant’s reason for seeking substitution and the government’s interest in proceeding
without a continuance. Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1983); United States v.
Reevey, 364 F.3d 151, 157 (4th Cir. 2004). And in reviewing a district court’s decision on
a motion for substitution, this court looks at three factors: the “[t]imeliness of the motion;
[the] adequacy of the court’s inquiry into the defendant’s complaint; and whether the
attorney/client conflict was so great that it had resulted in a total lack of communication
preventing an adequate defense.” Gallop, 838 F.2d at 108.
Upon review, we conclude that the magistrate judge did not abuse its discretion in
denying McCree’s June 21, 2021, motion for substitute counsel. See United States v. High,
997 F.3d 181, 187 (4th Cir. 2021) (reiterating that a district court abuses its discretion only
3 USCA4 Appeal: 23-4406 Doc: 33 Filed: 02/06/2025 Pg: 4 of 8
when it “act[s] arbitrarily or irrationally,” “fail[s] to consider judicially recognized factors
constraining its exercise of discretion, . . . relie[s] on erroneous factual or legal premises,”
or “commit[s] an error of law” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Cf. United States v.
Mullen, 32 F.3d 891, 897 (4th Cir. 1994) (holding that district court abused its discretion
in denying defendant’s motion for new counsel where defendant’s “request to replace
[retained counsel] with a court-appointed lawyer was timely made,” the “court adequately
inquired into the reasons why [defendant] was dissatisfied with [counsel],” and ‘there was
a total breakdown in communication between [defendant] and [counsel], making an
adequate defense unlikely had [counsel] handled the trial”).
We also conclude that the magistrate judge did not erroneously allow McCree to
proceed pro se with stand-by counsel. Admittedly, “[t]he Sixth Amendment guarantees to
a criminal defendant the right to the assistance of counsel before he can be convicted and
punished by a term of imprisonment.” United States v. Ductan, 800 F.3d 642, 648 (4th
Cir. 2015). “The right to counsel is fundamental to our system of justice; beyond protecting
individual defendants, it is critical to the ability of the adversarial system to produce just
results.” Id. (internal quotation rights omitted).
However, “the Sixth Amendment also protects a defendant’s affirmative right to
self-representation,” which is a right “inescapably in tension with the right to counsel.” Id.
at 648-49. “This is so because invocation of the former poses a peculiar problem: it
requires that the defendant waive his right to counsel.” Id. at 649 (internal quotation marks
omitted). Thus, “before allowing a defendant to represent himself, a district court must
find that the defendant’s background, appreciation of the charges against him and their
4 USCA4 Appeal: 23-4406 Doc: 33 Filed: 02/06/2025 Pg: 5 of 8
potential penalties, and understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of self-
representation support the conclusion that his waiver of counsel is knowing and
intelligent,” as well as “clear and unequivocal.” Id. at 649-50.
Moreover, if “the trial court has appropriately determined that a substitution of
counsel is not warranted, the court can insist that the defendant choose between continuing
representation by his existing counsel and appearing pro se.” Gallop, 838 F.2d at 109. “A
refusal without good cause to proceed with able appointed counsel is a ‘voluntary’ waiver”
of the right to counsel. Id. We have reviewed the transcript of the June 21 hearing and
find no error in the magistrate judge’s determination that McCree’s waiver of counsel was
clear, unequivocal, knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.
Next, we review McCree’s sentence for reasonableness, “under a deferential abuse-
of-discretion standard.” United States v. King, 673 F.3d 274, 283 (4th Cir. 2012); see Gall
v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). The first step in this review requires us to ensure
that the district court committed no “significant procedural error.” United States v. Evans,
526 F.3d 155, 162 (4th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Procedural errors
include “failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the [Sentencing] Guidelines range,
treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors,
selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the
chosen sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.”
Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. “[I]f a party repeats on appeal a claim of procedural sentencing error
. . . [that] it has made before the district court, we review for abuse of discretion” and will
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“reverse unless we conclude that the error was harmless.” United States v. Lynn, 592 F.3d
572, 576 (4th Cir. 2010).
Counsel asserts that the district court erroneously calculated McCree’s Guidelines
range because the court should not have enhanced McCree’s base offense level on one of
the Hobbs Act robbery counts, pursuant to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual
§ 2B3.1(b)(4)(B) (2021), for physically restraining a victim during the robbery. “In
assessing whether a district court properly calculated the Guidelines range, including its
application of any sentencing enhancements, this [c]ourt reviews the district court’s legal
conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Pena, 952
F.3d 503, 512 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[C]lear error exists only
when the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction
that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. Slager, 912 F.3d 224, 233 (4th Cir.
2019) (internal quotation marks omitted).
According to counsel, witness testimony regarding whether McCree possessed a
weapon during the subject robbery was insufficient to satisfy the requirements for such an
enhancement. However, because McCree’s total offense level would have been the same
even if the enhancement were not applied, we conclude that any error did not “affect[] the
outcome at the district court.” United States v. Covington, 65 F.4th 726, 731 (4th Cir.
2023); see also id. at 730 (recognizing that a sentencing error to which no objection was
made is unpreserved and is reviewed “only for plain error”).
Thus, we conclude that the district court did not commit plain error when it accepted
the unobjected-to Guidelines range calculation in McCree’s presentence report. See id. at
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730–31; see also United States v. Revels, 455 F.3d 448, 451 n.2 (4th Cir. 2006) (“[W]hen
a defendant fails to properly object to the relevant findings in his [presentence report], the
government meets its burden of proving those facts by a preponderance of the evidence,
and the district court is free to adopt the findings of the presentence report without more
specific inquiry or explanation” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Plenary review of the district court record reveals no procedural sentencing error.
Furthermore, we discern no basis on which to question the substantive reasonableness of
McCree’s within-Guidelines range sentence and, thus, affirm the 457-month sentence.
United States v. Gillespie, 27 F.4th 934, 945 (4th Cir. 2022) (“[A]ny sentence that is within
or below a properly calculated Guidelines range is presumptively reasonable.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)); United States v. Bennett, 986 F.3d 389, 401 (4th Cir. 2021)
(reiterating that a defendant can only rebut the presumption afforded a within-Guidelines
range sentence “by showing that the sentence is unreasonable when measured against the .
. . § 3553(a) factors.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
In accordance with Anders, we have reviewed the entire record and have found no
meritorious issues for appeal. We therefore affirm the district court’s judgment. This court
requires that counsel inform McCree, in writing, of the right to petition the Supreme Court
of the United States for further review. If McCree requests that a petition be filed, but
counsel believes that such a petition would be frivolous, then counsel may move in this
court for leave to withdraw from representation. Counsel’s motion must state that a copy
thereof was served on McCree. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and
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legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument
would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED