17-891-cr United States v. Franco
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION "SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 4th day of May, two thousand eighteen.
PRESENT: RICHARD C. WESLEY, DENNY CHIN, Circuit Judges, DENISE COTE, District Judge.*
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee,
v. 17-891-cr
PAUL FRANCO, AKA PAUL LOUIS VENDREDI, AKA PAUL PASTORE, AKA MARC MERRILL, AKA MARC LEE MERRIL, AKA PAUL MICHAEL PASTORE, Defendant-Appellant.
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* Denise Cote, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. FOR APPELLEE: JILAN KAMAL, Assistant United States Attorney (Sarah K. Eddy, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Geoffrey S. Berman, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: ROBERT ROSENTHAL (Darrell Fields, Federal Defenders of New York, on the brief), New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Preska, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in
part and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.
Defendant-appellant Paul Franco appeals from a judgment entered March
29, 2017, convicting him of escape from federal custody, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 751(a), for failing to report to a residential reentry center. Franco challenges three
special conditions of supervised release included in the district court's sentence
imposed March 28, 2017. We assume the parties' familiarity with the underlying facts,
procedural history, and issues on appeal.
In 2012, Franco was charged with aggravated identity theft in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1028A, and access device fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1029(a)(5) and
(b)(1). He pleaded guilty to both counts and was sentenced to 24 months'
imprisonment on each count, to be served consecutively, and three years of supervised
-2- release. On October 21, 2015, Franco was released on transfer furlough from the Federal
Correctional Institution in Elkton, Ohio, and was given a bus ticket with instructions to
report to the Bronx Residential Reentry Center (the "BRCC") to serve out the remainder
of his sentence. He failed to report to the BRCC. On October 3, 2016, Franco was
arrested in Tennessee.
On November 16, 2016, Franco pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea
agreement, to the instant escape charge. In the plea agreement, Franco agreed he would
"not file a direct appeal . . . of any sentence within or below the Stipulated Guidelines
Range of 8 to 14 months' imprisonment" and that he would "not . . . appeal any term of
supervised release that is less than or equal to the statutory maximum." App'x at 15-16.
In advance of sentencing, the United States Probation Office prepared a
Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR"). Franco's offense level was 7 and his criminal
history category was IV, based on two prior convictions and because he was under a
criminal justice sentence when he committed the instant offense. Franco had other
convictions and violations that were not counted in his criminal history score because of
their age.
On March 28, 2017, the district court sentenced Franco to a term of
imprisonment of one year and a day. The court also imposed a three-year term of
supervised release with five special conditions. Franco objected to three of the
conditions. Special Condition 4 required him to "undergo a sex-offense-specific"
-3- evaluation, "participate in a sex offender and/or mental health treatment" program, and
abide by the rules and conditions of the sex offender treatment program. App'x at 52.
Special Condition 5 prohibited Franco from having "deliberate contact" with anyone
"under 18 years of age, unless approved by the probation officer," and from loitering
within 100 feet of places primarily used by people under the age of 18, such as
"schoolyards, playgrounds, [and] arcades." Id. Special Condition 3 permitted the
Probation Department to search any "computer (as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(1))"
and other "electronic communications, data storage devices and/or other media," under
his control. Id.
As a preliminary issue, notwithstanding the appellate waiver in the plea
agreement, we conclude that Franco may challenge the special conditions of supervised
release. We review "appeal-waiver provisions narrowly and construe them strictly
against the Government." United States v. Oladimeji, 463 F.3d 152, 157 (2d Cir. 2006)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In his plea agreement, Franco agreed
he would not "appeal any term of supervised release that is less than or equal to the
statutory maximum," App'x at 16 (emphasis added), but he did not waive the right to
appeal the conditions of supervised release. Accordingly, Franco did not waive his right
to appeal the special conditions of supervised release. See United States v. Burden, 860
F.3d 45, 54 (2d Cir. 2017) (per curiam) ("When an appeal waiver is silent regarding a
-4- specific aspect of a sentence, this Court generally finds that the appeal waiver does not
foreclose challenges to that aspect of the sentence." (alteration omitted)).
We review sentencing decisions for procedural and substantive
reasonableness. See United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc);
United States v. Verkhoglyad, 516 F.3d 122, 127 (2d Cir. 2008). We review de novo
questions of law arising from the imposition of a condition of supervised release.
United States v. Johnson, 446 F.3d 272, 277 (2d Cir. 2006). "A district court retains wide
latitude in imposing conditions of supervised release," United States v. MacMillen, 544
F.3d 71, 74 (2d Cir. 2008), and so we subject the conditions themselves to "an abuse of
discretion standard, where any error of law constitutes an abuse of discretion," Johnson,
446 F.3d at 277.
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17-891-cr United States v. Franco
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION "SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 4th day of May, two thousand eighteen.
PRESENT: RICHARD C. WESLEY, DENNY CHIN, Circuit Judges, DENISE COTE, District Judge.*
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee,
v. 17-891-cr
PAUL FRANCO, AKA PAUL LOUIS VENDREDI, AKA PAUL PASTORE, AKA MARC MERRILL, AKA MARC LEE MERRIL, AKA PAUL MICHAEL PASTORE, Defendant-Appellant.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
* Denise Cote, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. FOR APPELLEE: JILAN KAMAL, Assistant United States Attorney (Sarah K. Eddy, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Geoffrey S. Berman, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: ROBERT ROSENTHAL (Darrell Fields, Federal Defenders of New York, on the brief), New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Preska, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in
part and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.
Defendant-appellant Paul Franco appeals from a judgment entered March
29, 2017, convicting him of escape from federal custody, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 751(a), for failing to report to a residential reentry center. Franco challenges three
special conditions of supervised release included in the district court's sentence
imposed March 28, 2017. We assume the parties' familiarity with the underlying facts,
procedural history, and issues on appeal.
In 2012, Franco was charged with aggravated identity theft in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1028A, and access device fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1029(a)(5) and
(b)(1). He pleaded guilty to both counts and was sentenced to 24 months'
imprisonment on each count, to be served consecutively, and three years of supervised
-2- release. On October 21, 2015, Franco was released on transfer furlough from the Federal
Correctional Institution in Elkton, Ohio, and was given a bus ticket with instructions to
report to the Bronx Residential Reentry Center (the "BRCC") to serve out the remainder
of his sentence. He failed to report to the BRCC. On October 3, 2016, Franco was
arrested in Tennessee.
On November 16, 2016, Franco pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea
agreement, to the instant escape charge. In the plea agreement, Franco agreed he would
"not file a direct appeal . . . of any sentence within or below the Stipulated Guidelines
Range of 8 to 14 months' imprisonment" and that he would "not . . . appeal any term of
supervised release that is less than or equal to the statutory maximum." App'x at 15-16.
In advance of sentencing, the United States Probation Office prepared a
Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR"). Franco's offense level was 7 and his criminal
history category was IV, based on two prior convictions and because he was under a
criminal justice sentence when he committed the instant offense. Franco had other
convictions and violations that were not counted in his criminal history score because of
their age.
On March 28, 2017, the district court sentenced Franco to a term of
imprisonment of one year and a day. The court also imposed a three-year term of
supervised release with five special conditions. Franco objected to three of the
conditions. Special Condition 4 required him to "undergo a sex-offense-specific"
-3- evaluation, "participate in a sex offender and/or mental health treatment" program, and
abide by the rules and conditions of the sex offender treatment program. App'x at 52.
Special Condition 5 prohibited Franco from having "deliberate contact" with anyone
"under 18 years of age, unless approved by the probation officer," and from loitering
within 100 feet of places primarily used by people under the age of 18, such as
"schoolyards, playgrounds, [and] arcades." Id. Special Condition 3 permitted the
Probation Department to search any "computer (as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(1))"
and other "electronic communications, data storage devices and/or other media," under
his control. Id.
As a preliminary issue, notwithstanding the appellate waiver in the plea
agreement, we conclude that Franco may challenge the special conditions of supervised
release. We review "appeal-waiver provisions narrowly and construe them strictly
against the Government." United States v. Oladimeji, 463 F.3d 152, 157 (2d Cir. 2006)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In his plea agreement, Franco agreed
he would not "appeal any term of supervised release that is less than or equal to the
statutory maximum," App'x at 16 (emphasis added), but he did not waive the right to
appeal the conditions of supervised release. Accordingly, Franco did not waive his right
to appeal the special conditions of supervised release. See United States v. Burden, 860
F.3d 45, 54 (2d Cir. 2017) (per curiam) ("When an appeal waiver is silent regarding a
-4- specific aspect of a sentence, this Court generally finds that the appeal waiver does not
foreclose challenges to that aspect of the sentence." (alteration omitted)).
We review sentencing decisions for procedural and substantive
reasonableness. See United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc);
United States v. Verkhoglyad, 516 F.3d 122, 127 (2d Cir. 2008). We review de novo
questions of law arising from the imposition of a condition of supervised release.
United States v. Johnson, 446 F.3d 272, 277 (2d Cir. 2006). "A district court retains wide
latitude in imposing conditions of supervised release," United States v. MacMillen, 544
F.3d 71, 74 (2d Cir. 2008), and so we subject the conditions themselves to "an abuse of
discretion standard, where any error of law constitutes an abuse of discretion," Johnson,
446 F.3d at 277. The sentencing court must state the reasons for its imposition of the
sentence in open court. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c). The failure to adequately explain its
chosen sentence, including the terms of imprisonment and supervised release, may
constitute procedural error. Cavera, 550 F.3d at 190. In United States v. Betts, 886 F.3d
198 (2d Cir. 2018), which was decided after the district court imposed its sentence in this
case, we held that "[a] district court is required to make an individualized assessment
when determining whether to impose a special condition of supervised release, and to
state on the record the reason for imposing it." Id. at 202.
We conclude that the district court did not adequately explain why it
imposed Special Conditions 4 and 5. These conditions require Franco to attend sex
offender treatment programs, waive confidentiality in treatment records, and restrict
-5- his movement. The instant offense, however, was not a sex offense. Based on the
record as it stands in this appeal, it is not apparent why the district court imposed
Special Conditions 4 and 5. The court did not "state on the record" the reason for
imposing those conditions, and in light of Betts, that was error. Id.
With respect to Special Condition 3, we conclude that the district court did
not abuse its discretion in imposing it. The 2009 search of Franco's residence discovered
unauthorized use of an unmonitored computer. Franco also used a computer in
connection with his 2012 conviction for aggravated identity theft and access device
fraud. Finally, Franco is already subject to another search condition, which he has not
challenged, and has failed to articulate any meaningful difference between the two
search conditions. For these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not abuse
its discretion in applying Special Condition 3.
Accordingly, we remand to the district court to reconsider whether the
Special Conditions 4 and 5 are warranted, and if so, to explain further its rationale for
imposing them. The district court may invite the parties to further develop the record
to support or oppose the imposition of these conditions, and keep, modify, or drop the
conditions. Upon such decision by the district court, either party may restore the matter
to the active docket of this Court by letter, without filing a new notice of appeal. In the
event that either party seeks further action from this Court, the matter will be referred
to this panel. See United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 22 (2d Cir. 1994) (recognizing the
-6- authority of federal appellate courts to seek "supplementation of a record without a
formal remand or the need for a new notice of appeal before the appellate panel acts on
the supplemental record").
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgement of the district court in part and
REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this order.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
-7-