United States v. Ford

279 F. App'x 68

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: May 27, 2008
• Docket: No. 06-5567-cr
• Status: Published

Opinion

SUMMARY ORDER

T ^ ,, , James L. Ford ( appellant ) appeals „ . , Y,. from a judgment of the Umted States Dis- '„ , „ . „ tnct Court for the Northern District of T % ^ New York (Kahn, J.), entered on Decern- . , ' .... „ . ber 4, 2006, convicting him, after a jury ’ . ° ’ , . tnal, oí possessing a firearm after having , . , . „, . , . „ been convicted of a felony, m violation of .o oc , 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), and vanous other firearms offenses. He was , . . , , , . sentenced principally to one hundred and . TT , fifteen months imprisonment. He appeals , ,, . ,. , only the conviction. We assume the par- . ..... .,, , ties famihanty with the facts, proceedmgs ,, . .. below, and specification of issues on ap1 ^ea ’

The appellant first argues that a set of car keys purportedly belonging to the appellant should not have been admitted into evidence, because they were not properly authenticated. “The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Fed.R.Evid. 901(a). The requirement of authentication is not “a particularly high hurdle.” United States v. Dhinsa, 243 F.3d 635, 658 (2d Cir.2001). “The requirement under Rule 901 is satisfied if sufficient proof has been introduced so that a reasonable juror could find in favor of authenticity or identification.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “If in the court’s judgment it seems reasonably probable that the evidence is what Purports to be, the command of 9Cft(a) is satisfied, and the evidence s Persuasive force is left to the jury.” Id. (quoting United States v. Ortiz, 966 F.2d 707, 716 (lst Cir.1992)). Accordingly, “[t]he trial court has broad discretion in determining whether an item of evidence has been properly authenticated, and we review its ruling only for abuse of discretion.” Id.

During a police chase, the appellant ran * t> 4. -»/r n i. ¿t. past Detective McGraw, who saw the ap- ,, , ,, ., „ pellant throw some items over a fence, ^ ... , , , ,, Detective McGraw did not see what the ,, , ,, ... , , , ,. appellant threw, but heard what sounded ... ,, , „n like metal striking the ground. When De- ,, „ ,T , ... tectives McGraw and Leonard went to in- ... , vestigate, they found a cell phone and k Both officers saw thege items and . , , ,, ,, ... , pomted them out to each other. At trial, ^ ^ , ,, , ,, , Detective McGraw testified that the keys , . , . , . ,, , . . ,, shown to him during the trial were the , r T j same keys that he and Detective Leonard , , ... . , , „, , , had found the night of the chase, because . . , , . he recognized two distinctive emblems on the key chain. Officer Gallagher testified that Detective Leonard gave him the keys and the cell phone immediately after the arrest. The keys opened the door to a Jeep that was located where the chase began. The Jeep was registered to Ford’s cousin and contained several documents belonging to Ford, including a court notice and a medical bill in Ford’s name. Taken together, the district court was well within its discretion to conclude that it was reasonably probable that the keys were among the objects thrown by Ford as he scaled the fence. There is no support in the case law for Ford’s contention that an item is per se inadmissible when there is no testimony from the officer who first takes physical possession of the item.

Ford next argues that statements admitted into evidence by Detective Leonard violated the Confrontation Clause, Detective Leonard did not testify at trial because, according to the government, he ’ & & ’ was on disability leave. The only oral J J statements by Detective Leonard that J were admitted into evidence were elicited by defense counsel, during cross examination of Officers Gallagher and Greagan. In addition, Detective Leonard’s police report was admitted into evidence, by joint stipulation of the parties. Now, after hav- ^ ^ ’ ing elicited and stipulated to Detective Leonard’s hearsay statements, defense counsel claims that the conviction should be reversed, because the admission of ’ these statements violated the Confrontation Clause. To state this argument is to ° refute it. “As here the accused, by his voluntary act, placed in evidence the testimony disclosed by the record in question, and thereby sought to obtain an advantage from it, he waived his right of confronta- ’ & tion as to that testimony, and cannot now complain of its consideration.” Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 452-53, 32 S.Ct. 250, 56 L.Ed. 500 (1912).

Finally, Ford maintains that the district court erred in denying his oral request for a missing witness charge based on the government’s failure to call Detective Leonard as a prosecution witness. “A missing witness charge invites the jury to draw an adverse inference against a party that fails to call a witness whose production ... is peculiarly within [its] power.” United States v. Gaskin, 364 F.3d 438, 463 (2d Cir.2004) (internal quotation marks omitted) (alterations in original). “Because we recognize that an aura of gamesmanship frequently accompanies requests for missing witness charges, we afford district judges considerable discretion in deciding when they should and should not be given.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “We will reverse only-upon a showing of both abuse of discretion and actual prejudice.” Id. (internal citations omitted). Ford can show neither.

, ,, , ■ ■ Ford appears to concede that a missing ., , ,, witness mstruction is improper when the . . ., . „ ,, missing witness is unavailable within the meaning Qf Federal Rule of Evidence 804(a)) which provideSj in relevant part; ^ «<[u]navailability as a in_ dudes situations in wMch the [witness] .g unable to tegtify because of ... then ... , . ~ ., „ existing physical ... illness or infirmity. Fed.R.Evid. 804(a) & (a)(4); see also United States v. Myerson, 18 F.3d 153, 158 (2d Cir.94) (noting that a migging witness . , ,. instruction is proper only when the witness . , , , . , . , s is available, but exclusively to one party), m, , . „ , ,, . ,, . The government informed the court that Detective Leonard could not testify be. cauge he wag Qn medical disaMity; due to a back aüment Qn appeal) defenge CQUn. gd gtateg ^ the defenge would haye , .. ~ , , , ,, . . ■, been satisfied had the government provided a «doctor.s note, stating that he was ilL Becauge ^ defenge did not contegt that Detective Leonard was unable to testify, and did ^ requegt a doctor>g note; ¿ need not reach the issue of whether a doctor’s note, when requested, must be provided. Further, Ford has not shown in any clear manner how Detective Leonard’s testimony would have been favorable to the defense. Under these circumstances, the district court clearly did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendant’s oral request for a missing witness charge.

For ^be foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM tbe decision of the district court,