F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
DEC 11 1998 PUBLISH PATRICK FISHER Clerk UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 98-3036
BARRY P. FILLMAN,
Defendant-Appellant,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Kansas (D.C. No. 96-CR-10003)
On the briefs:
Jerome R. Jones, Wichita, Kansas, for Defendant-Appellant.
Jackie N. Williams, United States Attorney (Michael G. Christensen, Asst. U.S. Attorney, with him on the brief), Wichita, Kansas, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, BRORBY and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
SEYMOUR, Chief Judge. Appellant Barry P. Fillman was convicted of possessing explosive materials
while under indictment, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 842(i). He contends that the
statute does not cover his conduct because he was not “under indictment,” having
been charged by information. We conclude Congress intended to prohibit both
those charged by indictment and those charged by information from possessing
explosives. We therefore affirm Mr. Fillman’s conviction. 1
I.
On June 30, 1995, police executed a search warrant at Mr. Fillman’s home
and found three 90 gram high explosive cast boosters. At the time, Mr. Fillman
had been charged by complaint/information in state court with a felony punishable
by a term a term exceeding one year.
A grand jury indicted Mr. Fillman for violating 18 U.S.C. § 842(i). The
statute in question provides, in part, that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any
person . . . who is under indictment for . . . a crime punishable by imprisonment
for a term exceeding one year . . . to receive or possess any explosive which has
been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.” 18 U.S.C. § 842
1 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
-2- (i) (1994). The term “indictment” is not defined in the statute.
Prior to trial, Mr. Fillman moved to dismiss this count, claiming that the
statute covered only those who possessed an explosive after being charged by
indictment, not by information. The district court denied his motion, and a jury
found him guilty as charged.
II.
We review de novo the district court’s interpretation of a federal statute.
See Southern Ute Indian Tribe v. Amoco Prod. Co., 151 F.3d 1251, 1256 (10th
Cir. 1998) (quoting Utah v. Babbitt, 53 F.3d 1145, 1148 (10th Cir. 1995)); FDIC
v. Lowery, 12 F.3d 995, 996 (10th Cir. 1993). Mr. Fillman argues that the plain
meaning of “indictment” covers only those charged by grand jury, and that the
statute therefore unambiguously excludes those charged by information. It is true
that the primary dictionary definition of “indictment” comports with Mr.
Fillman’s interpretation. See B LACK ’ S L AW D ICTIONARY 772 (6th ed. 1990);
R ANDOM H OUSE U NABRIGED D ICTIONARY 972 (2d ed. 1993); W EBSTER ’ S T HIRD
N EW I NTERNATIONAL D ICTIONARY 1150 (1981). However, a secondary definition
of “indict” is “to charge with an offense or crime.” R ANDOM H OUSE U NABRIDGED
D ICTIONARY 972. Moreover, courts have interpreted the term “indictment” in a
similar statute to include an information, see Schook v. United States, 337 F.2d
-3- 563, 567-68. (8th Cir. 1964) (“There is no essential difference in the function or
consequence of an ‘indictment’ and an ‘information’.”); Quinones v. United
States, 161 F.2d 79, 81 (1st Cir. 1947), 2 and Congress has similarly defined
“indictment” in a related context, see 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(14) (1994). 3
Adopting Mr. Fillman’s interpretation of the statute would lead to serious
inconsistencies in the law’s application between states that charge by grand jury
and those that charge by information. It seems very unlikely that Congress
intended to create such a discrepancy. See Schook, 337 F.3d at 567-68;
Quinones, 161 F.2d at 81 (“With the object in mind of grouping together . . .
potentially dangerous persons it seems hardly likely that Congress intended to
differentiate between those legally suspect because under indictment by grand
2 In both Schook v. United States, 337 F.2d 563 (8th Cir. 1964), and Quinones v. United States, 161 F.2d 79 (1st Cir. 1947), the court construed 15 U.S.C. § 902 (e) which prohibited a person under indictment for a crime punishable for a term exceeding one year from transporting firearms. In 1968, Congress repealed that statute and enacted 18 U.S.C. § 922 to cover, inter alia, that conduct. See Pub. L. No. 90-618, 82 Stat. 1213 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 922 (1994)). Congress also explicitly defined “indictment” in that statute to include “information.” 18 U.S.C. § 921 (a)(14). As we discuss infra, it is section 922 which is in pari materia with section 842, the provision under which Mr. Fillman is charged. 3 In United States v. Isaacs, 539 F.2d 686 (9th Cir. 1976), the court held that a defendant who had been charged by information had not made a false statement when he denied being “under indictment.” Id. at 688. The relevant statute required that the defendant know he was speaking falsely (that “indictment” included the term “information”) in order for him to violate the law. See id. at 689 (Goodwin, J., concurring). In this case, as well is in Schook and Quinones, no such requirement exists. Isaacs is therefore distinguishable. See id.
-4- jury and those legally suspect because an information had been filed against them
by a prosecuting attorney.”). We therefore disagree with Mr. Fillman’s
contention that section 842 (i) unambiguously applies only to those who have
previously been charged by a grand jury.
This interpretation finds support in the rule of statutory construction that
we may look at related statutes, that is, those laws that are in pari materia with 18
U.S.C. § 842, in order to ascertain Congress’ intent. See 2B N ORMAN J.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
DEC 11 1998 PUBLISH PATRICK FISHER Clerk UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 98-3036
BARRY P. FILLMAN,
Defendant-Appellant,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Kansas (D.C. No. 96-CR-10003)
On the briefs:
Jerome R. Jones, Wichita, Kansas, for Defendant-Appellant.
Jackie N. Williams, United States Attorney (Michael G. Christensen, Asst. U.S. Attorney, with him on the brief), Wichita, Kansas, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, BRORBY and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
SEYMOUR, Chief Judge. Appellant Barry P. Fillman was convicted of possessing explosive materials
while under indictment, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 842(i). He contends that the
statute does not cover his conduct because he was not “under indictment,” having
been charged by information. We conclude Congress intended to prohibit both
those charged by indictment and those charged by information from possessing
explosives. We therefore affirm Mr. Fillman’s conviction. 1
I.
On June 30, 1995, police executed a search warrant at Mr. Fillman’s home
and found three 90 gram high explosive cast boosters. At the time, Mr. Fillman
had been charged by complaint/information in state court with a felony punishable
by a term a term exceeding one year.
A grand jury indicted Mr. Fillman for violating 18 U.S.C. § 842(i). The
statute in question provides, in part, that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any
person . . . who is under indictment for . . . a crime punishable by imprisonment
for a term exceeding one year . . . to receive or possess any explosive which has
been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.” 18 U.S.C. § 842
1 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
-2- (i) (1994). The term “indictment” is not defined in the statute.
Prior to trial, Mr. Fillman moved to dismiss this count, claiming that the
statute covered only those who possessed an explosive after being charged by
indictment, not by information. The district court denied his motion, and a jury
found him guilty as charged.
II.
We review de novo the district court’s interpretation of a federal statute.
See Southern Ute Indian Tribe v. Amoco Prod. Co., 151 F.3d 1251, 1256 (10th
Cir. 1998) (quoting Utah v. Babbitt, 53 F.3d 1145, 1148 (10th Cir. 1995)); FDIC
v. Lowery, 12 F.3d 995, 996 (10th Cir. 1993). Mr. Fillman argues that the plain
meaning of “indictment” covers only those charged by grand jury, and that the
statute therefore unambiguously excludes those charged by information. It is true
that the primary dictionary definition of “indictment” comports with Mr.
Fillman’s interpretation. See B LACK ’ S L AW D ICTIONARY 772 (6th ed. 1990);
R ANDOM H OUSE U NABRIGED D ICTIONARY 972 (2d ed. 1993); W EBSTER ’ S T HIRD
N EW I NTERNATIONAL D ICTIONARY 1150 (1981). However, a secondary definition
of “indict” is “to charge with an offense or crime.” R ANDOM H OUSE U NABRIDGED
D ICTIONARY 972. Moreover, courts have interpreted the term “indictment” in a
similar statute to include an information, see Schook v. United States, 337 F.2d
-3- 563, 567-68. (8th Cir. 1964) (“There is no essential difference in the function or
consequence of an ‘indictment’ and an ‘information’.”); Quinones v. United
States, 161 F.2d 79, 81 (1st Cir. 1947), 2 and Congress has similarly defined
“indictment” in a related context, see 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(14) (1994). 3
Adopting Mr. Fillman’s interpretation of the statute would lead to serious
inconsistencies in the law’s application between states that charge by grand jury
and those that charge by information. It seems very unlikely that Congress
intended to create such a discrepancy. See Schook, 337 F.3d at 567-68;
Quinones, 161 F.2d at 81 (“With the object in mind of grouping together . . .
potentially dangerous persons it seems hardly likely that Congress intended to
differentiate between those legally suspect because under indictment by grand
2 In both Schook v. United States, 337 F.2d 563 (8th Cir. 1964), and Quinones v. United States, 161 F.2d 79 (1st Cir. 1947), the court construed 15 U.S.C. § 902 (e) which prohibited a person under indictment for a crime punishable for a term exceeding one year from transporting firearms. In 1968, Congress repealed that statute and enacted 18 U.S.C. § 922 to cover, inter alia, that conduct. See Pub. L. No. 90-618, 82 Stat. 1213 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 922 (1994)). Congress also explicitly defined “indictment” in that statute to include “information.” 18 U.S.C. § 921 (a)(14). As we discuss infra, it is section 922 which is in pari materia with section 842, the provision under which Mr. Fillman is charged. 3 In United States v. Isaacs, 539 F.2d 686 (9th Cir. 1976), the court held that a defendant who had been charged by information had not made a false statement when he denied being “under indictment.” Id. at 688. The relevant statute required that the defendant know he was speaking falsely (that “indictment” included the term “information”) in order for him to violate the law. See id. at 689 (Goodwin, J., concurring). In this case, as well is in Schook and Quinones, no such requirement exists. Isaacs is therefore distinguishable. See id.
-4- jury and those legally suspect because an information had been filed against them
by a prosecuting attorney.”). We therefore disagree with Mr. Fillman’s
contention that section 842 (i) unambiguously applies only to those who have
previously been charged by a grand jury.
This interpretation finds support in the rule of statutory construction that
we may look at related statutes, that is, those laws that are in pari materia with 18
U.S.C. § 842, in order to ascertain Congress’ intent. See 2B N ORMAN J. S INGER ,
S UTHERLAND ’ S S TATUTORY C ONSTRUCTION § 51.02 (5th ed. 1992). This rule
“assumes that whenever Congress passes a new statute, it acts aware of all
previous statutes on the same subject.” Erlenbaugh v. United States, 409 U.S.
239, 244 (1972); see, e.g., United States v. Phommachanh, 91 F.3d 1383, 1386
(10th Cir. 1996) (construing 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d) in pari materia with 8 U.S.C.
§ 1251, as both statutes relate to aliens possibly subject to deportation); Rocky
Mountain Oil & Gas Ass’n v. Watt, 696 F.2d 734, 748 (10th Cir. 1982).
Here, 18 U.S.C. § 842(i) is in pari materia with 18 U.S.C. §922(n), which is
the current version of a statute enacted prior to section 842(i). Both provisions
are part of broader laws that regulate explosive materials, and both specifically
prohibit persons under indictment from shipping, transporting or receiving
explosives shipped in interstate commerce. Compare 18 U.S.C. § 842 (i) with 18
-5- U.S.C. § 922(n) (1994). 4 There is one key difference: Congress defined
“indictment” in the latter statute. “The term ‘indictment’ includes an indictment
or information in any court under which a crime punishable by imprisonment for a
term exceeding one year maybe prosecuted.” 5 18 U.S.C.
§ 921(a)(14) (1994). Because the two statutes are in pari materia, we rely on this
definition in construing 18 U.S.C. § 842(i). To do otherwise would “emasculate
Congress’ purpose” of protecting the public from explosive materials. Schook,
337 F.2d at 567. We hold that section 842(i) covers those persons charged by
information, including Mr. Fillman.
Mr. Fillman contends we should apply the rule of lenity if we find the
statute ambiguous. This rule “requires that unclear penal statutes must be
construed in favor of the accused.” Mahn v. Gunter, 978 F.2d 599, 601 (10th Cir.
1992). However, “[t]he rule’s application is limited to cases where, after
reviewing all available relevant materials, the court is still left with an ambiguous
4 18 U.S.C.§ 922(n) is a subpart of Chapter 44 which regulates firearms, including explosive devices. See 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(4)(A). 5 The definition of “indictment” to include “information” has remained unchanged since Congress defined the term in 1968. See 18 U.S.C. § 921 (a) (14) (1994). However, Congress has altered other subsections. When 18 U.S.C. § 842(i) was enacted into law in 1970, it was most similar to 18 U.S.C. § 922 (h), which was passed in 1968. This provision made it unlawful for any person under indictment to receive firearms that had been shipped in interstate commerce. In 1986, Congress amended the Act, and now section 922(n) instead of section 922 (h) regulates that conduct. See Pub. L. No. 99-308 § 102, 100 Stat. 452 (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. § 922 (1994)).
-6- statute.” United States v. Wilson, 10 F.3d 734, 736 (10th Cir. 1993) (citing Smith
v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 239(1993)); see also Mahn, 978 F.2d at 601.
Section 842(i)’s most logical construction is also that supported by relevant
material, i.e., the definition of indictment in section 921(a) to include an
information. Consequently, we see no need to resort to the rule of lenity.
III.
Because we conclude that 18 U.S.C. § 842 (i) applies to Mr. Fillman , we
AFFIRM his conviction. 6
6 In a supplemental pro se brief on appeal, Mr. Fillman contends the government violated 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2) by promising leniency to a witness in the case in exchange for his testimony. We do not consider issues raised for the first time on appeal. See Pierce v. Shorty Small’s of Branson, Inc., 137 F.3d 1190, 1192 (10th Cir. 1998).
-7-