Opinions of the United 1997 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
1-30-1997
United States v. Figueroa Precedential or Non-Precedential:
Docket 96-1421
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No. 96-1421
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JUAN FIGUEROA,
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Crim. No. 95-00504)
Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) December 10, 1996
BEFORE: BECKER, MANSMANN, and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges
(Filed: January 30, l997)
Michael R. Stiles United States Attorney Robert R. Calo Assistant United States Attorney Walter S. Batty, Jr. Assistant United States Attorney Chief of Appeals 615 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19106
Attorneys for Appellee
Mark D. Mungello 103 LaCosta Drive Blackwood, NJ 08012
Attorney for Appellant
OPINION OF THE COURT
GREENBERG, Circuit Judge.
1 Appellant Juan Figueroa appeals from the sentence
imposed by the district court after he pleaded guilty to bank
robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). Figueroa argues
that the district court erred by enhancing his offense level by
two levels for an express threat of death under United States
Sentencing Guideline § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). We will affirm and hold
that a written statement Figueroa presented to a bank teller
during the robbery informing the teller that he possessed a gun
constituted an express threat of death and subjected him to a 2-
level enhancement under section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F).
1. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
Figueroa was indicted for violation of 18 U.S.C. §
2113(a) and 18 U.S.C. § 2, and thus the district court had
subject matter jurisdiction over this prosecution. We have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). A
defendant may appeal a sentence imposed by a district court if
the sentence "was imposed in violation of law [or] was imposed as
a result of an incorrect application of the sentencing
guidelines. . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(1) and (2). We exercise
plenary review over the district court’s interpretation and
application of the Sentencing Guidelines. United States v.
Hallman, 23 F.3d 821, 823 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 115 S.Ct. 216
(1994). If, however, the district court's application of the
Guidelines was based on factual analysis, we will reverse for
clear error only. Id. In this case we regard the issue as
2 involving the interpretation and application of the Guidelines so
we exercise plenary review.
2. Background
On April 24, 1995, Figueroa entered the Meridian Bank
at 1470 East High Street in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and
approached a bank teller. His co-defendant, Marcellus Hammond,
waited in a car outside the bank. Figueroa gave a note written
by Hammond on a white napkin to the teller which read "I have a
gun. Give me all the money." The note had some other writing to
the effect that Figueroa needed a bag for the money. The teller
gave Figueroa $2,379.00, and Figueroa left the bank.
On September 14, 1995, a grand jury indicted Figueroa
for committing robbery against Meridian Bank in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2113(a) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Figueroa entered a plea of
guilty to violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) on October 5, 1995.
On May 16, 1996, the district court sentenced Figueroa to 40
months imprisonment, five years supervised release, a $50.00
special assessment, and $2,379.00 in restitution. At the
sentencing, Figueroa objected to the section
2B3.1(b)(2)(F) 2-level enhancement for an express threat of
death. On May 20, 1996, Figueroa filed this appeal.
3. Discussion
U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1 provides that the base offense level
for robbery is 20. Subsection (b) then lists several offense
characteristics for which the court should apply specific
3 enhancements. Under section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F), "if an express
threat of death was made [during the commission of the offense],
increase by 2 levels." The commentary to the Guidelines further
explicates, through illustration, the meaning of "express threat
of death": An 'express threat of death,' as used in subsection (b)(2)(F), may be in the form of an oral or written statement, act, gesture, or combination thereof. For example, an oral or written demand using words such as 'Give me the money or I will kill you', 'Give me the money or I will pull the pin on the grenade I have in my pocket', 'Give me the money or I will shoot you', 'Give me the money or else (where the defendant draws his hand across his throat in a slashing motion)', or 'Give me the money or you are dead' would constitute an express threat of death. The court should consider that the intent of the underlying provision is to provide an increased offense level for cases in which the offender(s) engaged in conduct that would instill in a reasonable person, who is a victim of the offense, significantly greater fear than that necessary to constitute an element of the offense of robbery.
This commentary is binding on a court unless it violates the
Constitution or a federal statute, is inconsistent with the
guideline, or clearly misinterprets the guideline. Stinson v.
United States, 508 U.S. 36, 38, 113 S.Ct. 1913, 1915 (1993). In
this case none of these exceptions applies, so the commentary is
binding and this appeal turns on our application of it.
Figueroa argues that he should not be subjected to the
2-level enhancement of section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) because his written
note merely stated that he possessed a gun, but did not contain
any threat to use the gun. He contends that "the comments and
the caselaw construing this Section all require something more
than a single statement or communication that the actor is in
4 possession of a weapon; [Figueroa's] position is that there must
be, at a minimum, some words or physical gestures from which it
could be reasonably inferred by the victim that the Defendant
intends to actually use his weapon in the event that the victim
fails to comply with the actor's directive." Br. at 4.
In response, the Government argues that the statement
"I have a gun" is an express threat of death because the
reasonable inference to be drawn from that statement is that the
person will use the gun if his demands are not satisfied. The
Government argues further that by informing the teller he had a
gun, Figueroa "instilled significantly greater fear [in the
teller] than would have occurred had he merely made a demand for
money, which is the only act necessary to satisfy the element of
a taking by force, violence, and intimidation." Br. at 7-8. For
these reasons, the Government contends that Figueroa's conduct
qualifies as an express threat of death, subject to a 2-level
enhancement.
The application of section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) presents a
question of first impression in this court. However, we are
guided by the opinions of other courts of appeals. As in the
examples presented in the commentary, in none of these cases are
the facts exactly like those in this case, but the principles
they enunciate persuade us that Figueroa's statement that he had
a gun was an "express threat of death" within the meaning of
section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F).
The majority of the courts of appeals which have
interpreted and applied section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) have held that the
5 defendant can make an express threat of death without explicitly
threatening to kill the victim. Their reasoning has turned on a
reading of the word "express" combined with adherence to the
commentary's instruction to consider the reasonable perceptions
of the recipient of the threat. For example, one court has
explained that "express" need not be read as meaning distinct or
explicit, but rather also can be interpreted reasonably as
"clear." United States v. Robinson, 86 F.3d 1197, 1200 (D.C.
Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). Defining "express" to mean
“clear” has enabled the courts to focus on the reasonable
implications of, and inferences from, the defendant's words or
actions. Id. at 1203.1 The courts thus have concluded that an
“express threat need not be specific in order to instill the
requisite level of fear in a reasonable person." United States
v. France, 57 F.3d 865, 868 (9th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted).
The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has
emphasized that the "crucial determination. . . is whether a
1 The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit explained in Robinson that it believed its interpretation of section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) to be stricter than that of the Courts of Appeals of the Eighth and Ninth Circuits as set forth in United States v. Cadotte, 57 F.3d 661, 662 (8th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S.Ct. 783 (1996), and United States v. Strandberg, 952 F.2d 1149, 1151 (9th Cir. 1991). Robinson, 86 F.3d at 1203. The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit felt that those courts focused too narrowly on the victim's perception and thereby ignored the requirement that the threat be "express," however defined. Id. We are not forced to choose between these formulas, but we do not agree that the guideline's requirement that the threat be express has been discarded by the Courts of Appeals for the Eighth and Ninth Circuits. Instead, they have molded what the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit views as two factors, that there be an express threat and that it is reasonable for the victim to infer his life is in danger, into one inquiry.
6 reasonable victim would fear for his or her life because of the
robber’s actions." United States v. Murray, 65 F.3d 1161, 1166
n.3 (4th Cir. 1995). Similarly, the Court of Appeals for the
Ninth Circuit has explained that what "is determinative is
whether a reasonable person, given the conduct of the defendant
and the context in which it occurred, would experience
significantly greater fear than the level of intimidation
necessary to constitute an element of the offense of robbery."
France, 57 F.3d at 866-67 (citing United States v. Strandberg,
952 F.2d 1149, 1151 (9th Cir. 1991)) (footnote omitted). These
courts therefore have found that statements that defendants
possessed weapons or would shoot, as well as gestures simulating
the appearance of a gun, are express threats of death within the
meaning of section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). See Robinson, 86 F.3d at 1202
(defendant's statements that he would shoot someone if not given
the money constituted express threats of death because they
reasonably could be interpreted as threats to kill); France, 57
F.3d at 867-68 (defendant’s statement that he had dynamite
qualified as express threat of death); Murray, 65 F.3d at 1167
(defendant's statement "I have a gun pointed at you" constituted
express threat of death); United States v. Hunn, 24 F.3d 994,
997 (7th Cir. 1994) ("a bank robber's pointing his hand through
his coat pocket, while claiming to have a gun, can be a sentence-
enhancing, death threat expression"); United States v. Lambert,
995 F.2d 1006, 1008 (10th Cir.) (instruction to teller to put
money in the bag or "'the person behind me will shoot someone'"
is an express threat of death), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 926, 114
7 S.Ct. 333 (1993); United States v. Smith, 973 F.2d 1374, 1377-78
(8th Cir. 1992) (defendant's statement that teller would not want
to find out if defendant's demand for money was a joke, combined
with defendant's holding his hand under his coat as if holding a
gun, qualified for section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) enhancement); United
States v. Strandberg, 952 F.2d, 1149, 1151-52 (9th Cir. 1991)
(statement to teller that if she pulled alarm defendant's "friend
would start shooting" constituted express threat of death).
These courts often have focused their attention on how a
reasonable victim would be affected by the threat.
It appears that only the Courts of Appeals for the
Eleventh and Sixth Circuit have applied a stricter definition of
"express threat of death." The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh
Circuit has held that "the threat must be directly and distinctly
stated or expressed rather than implied or left to inference, and
the threat 'must be of death, or activity that would cause the
victim to be in reasonable apprehension of his or her life. . .
.'" United States v. Moore, 6 F.3d 715, 721-22 (11th Cir. 1993)
(citation omitted) (holding that statement that defendant had a
gun and nothing to lose was not an express threat of death).2 The 2 In Moore, the court relied in part on United States v. Tuck, 964 F.2d 1079 (11th Cir. 1992). In Tuck, the court found that the commentary's reference to the fear instilled in the victim by the threat was potentially inconsistent with the guideline and, in any event, not binding upon the court. Tuck, 964 F.2d at 1081. The Tuck court reconciled the commentary and guideline by reading the commentary as applying the enhancement “only to defendants who have engaged in conduct that would instill in the victim a reasonable fear for his or her life." Id. Stinson overrules Tuck to the extent Tuck held that the guidelines should be interpreted like legislative history. This flaw does not in itself undermine the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit's reasoning, because in later cases, such as Moore, the court did
8 Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit recently has adopted the
reasoning of the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit to
hold that "to satisfy the qualifier 'express,' a defendant's
statement must distinctly and directly indicate that the
defendant intends to kill or otherwise cause the death of the
victim." United States v. Alexander, 88 F.3d 427, 431 (6th Cir.
1996) (footnote omitted).
We reject the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh
Circuit's definition of "express threat of death" as too narrow.
See also Hunn, 24 F.3d at 997 (finding the Court of Appeals for
the Eleventh Circuit's reading of section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F)
"unnecessarily cramped"); France, 57 F.3d at 868 (same). Reading
"express" as "clear," as the Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia Circuit suggests, reconciles the text of section
2B3.1(b)(2)(F) with the accompanying commentary. Robinson, 86
F.3d at 1200. If the word "express" were read to require an
explicit, precise statement of a defendant’s intent to kill, the
commentary’s direction to analyze the perception of the victim
would be undermined.
Moreover, the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh
Circuit's interpretation of the guideline could result in
disparate sentences for defendants who commit the same crimes.
Under its reasoning, a defendant could escape the effect of
section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) because of his brevity or random choice of
consider whether the robber's threat reasonably would instill greater fear in the victim than the robbery alone (without the threat) would have.
9 words; that is, he could avoid the 2-level enhancement simply
because he wrote a shorter note or spoke less than another
defendant, choosing only to announce that he would shoot the
victim rather than threaten to kill the victim. In the calmer
atmosphere of a sentencing colloquy, the different wordings may
seem significant; however, in the tense environment of a bank
robbery, the differences are truly only semantic and negligible.
It would be reasonable for the teller who is the target of a
bank robbery to interpret "I will shoot you" and "I will kill
you" as identical statements indicating that the teller's life is
in jeopardy. We believe that Moore seized on a distinction
without a difference, and in light of the commentary's direction
to consider the effect of the threat upon the reasonable victim,
we find the reasoning of the Courts of Appeals for the Fourth,
Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and District of Columbia Circuits
more persuasive.
We recognize that most of the cases we have cited
involved a more detailed statement than an announcement such as
that here that the defendant possessed a weapon. Yet there are
cases where courts have held that such a possessory statement,
accompanied by little else, is sufficient to qualify for the
section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) enhancement. The Court of Appeals for the
Eighth Circuit has held that a defendant who told a bank teller
who did not accede immediately to his demands that he had a .357
magnum in his pocket and no one would be hurt if she gave him the
money was subject to a section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) enhancement.
United States v. Cadotte, 57 F.3d 661 (8th Cir. 1995), cert.
10 denied, 116 S.Ct. 783 (1996). In France, the court held that a
robber's statement that he had dynamite constituted an express
threat of death, although the court expressly refused to
determine whether section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) would apply to a
defendant who stated he had a gun. France, 57 F.3d at 865-68.
In this case, Figueroa presented a written note to the
teller that stated he had a gun but he did not communicate any
explicit intention to use the weapon.3 However, it is not
unreasonable for a bank teller, confronted by a robber demanding
money, and, as here, claiming to have a gun, to fear that his or
her life is in danger. During the sentencing colloquy, the
district court imagined aloud how a bank teller would perceive
this situation: I think the purpose of this was, I think to allow an enhancement where a reasonable person felt by looking at the person in the eye, normally in this situation, as well, the wrongdoer is very close to the teller. You go to a bank, the counter is there, the glass is there, sometimes the teller is as close as 24, 30 inches away. So you put all of these things together, the person's head and the top part of the body is looking at a person 24 inches away or so with a gun, it seems to me, that is the sort of a thing that would place a reasonable person in fear of this, a death threat, that would seem so to me. . . . [H]ere is a person, eyeball to eyeball, that close, that says, I have a gun, give me the money. I think that’s what it is for. 3 In fact, Figueroa claims that he did not have a gun at the time of the robbery, and this claim appears to be uncontested. Br. at 2. However, this fact does not affect the applicability of section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). See, e.g., United States v. Jones, 83 F.3d 927, 929 (7th Cir. 1996) (“But the fact that he may have actually been unarmed is of no consequence provided he instilled in the tellers significantly greater fear than that necessary to constitute an element of the offense of robbery.") (internal quotation marks omitted); Murray, 65 F.3d at 1167; Hunn, 24 F.3d at 997 n.5; Cadotte, 57 F.3d at 662.
11 App. at 16-17. A teller confronted by a robber is in a tense and
frightening situation; moreover, once a weapon is introduced, the
level of fear intensifies. "If a person robbed a bank by
delivering a note to a teller stating something like 'give me the
money and keep your mouth shut,' an enhancement would be
inappropriate. But once a robber starts embellishing -- 'I have
a gun -- I'm not afraid to use it -- don't pull any alarms' --
he's asking for an enhancement under the guidelines because those
sorts of comments place a teller, who is seriously vulnerable, in
a position of enhanced fear." Jones, 83 F.3d at 929.
The Government argues that common sense dictates that
the inference to be drawn from a statement that a robber
possesses a gun is that he is willing to use it. Br. at 7. This
is a logical inference, and one that a reasonable recipient of
the statement likely would draw. The Court of Appeals for the
Fourth Circuit has held that a robber's statement that she has a
gun pointed at the teller is tantamount to threatening to shoot
the teller. Murray, 65 F.3d at 1167; see also Robinson, 86 F.3d
at 1202.
We think that the logic of those cases applies here.
When a robber announces, by word or by action, that he possesses
a gun, he also is communicating to the reasonable victim his
intention to use that weapon. After all, what is the purpose of
announcing the presence of the weapon other than to convey to the
victim that the weapon will be used unless the victim complies
with the robber's demands? Surely the robber does not announce
that he has a weapon for his own defense. Even if there is no
12 gun, or if the defendant actually never would use the gun, the
victim alerted that there is a gun is justified in believing it
exists and will be used, and that his or her life is therefore in
danger. The commentary to section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) has directed
our attention to the reasonable belief of the victim, and we find
it is reasonable for a bank teller to interpret a defendant's
statement of possession of a gun as a threat to his or her life.
Our interpretation of section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) is also
consistent with the underlying purpose of the Guidelines: to
create a more systematic and equitable sentencing scheme. A
defendant might find simply announcing the existence of the weapon
sufficiently effective to cause the victim bank teller to act
quickly and quietly. If section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) applies only to
the defendant who explicitly communicates his intention to use the
weapon if necessary, the result will be disparate sentences for
defendants who have committed the same crime using the same means
but who have differed in their verbosity or articulateness. The
commentary directs our attention to the perspective of the victim
for a reason; it is the effect of the threat, not its actual
wording, which triggers the 2-level enhancement under section
2B3.1(b)(2)(F).
The note Figueroa presented to the bank teller stating
that he wanted the money and that he had a gun, reasonably would
have been perceived by the teller as communicating Figueroa's
intention to use the weapon. The teller therefore reasonably
would have believed that Figueroa endangered her life. Figueroa's
13 statement constituted an express threat of death subject to a 2-
level enhancement under § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F).
While we do not doubt that our result is correct under
section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) and the commentary as it is now written, we
take note of the circumstance that the United States Sentencing
Commission has proposed an amendment to the commentary to make
clear that the Commission's intent has been in accord with the
majority position we now are joining: This amendment adopts the majority view and clarifies the Commission's intent to enhance offense levels for defendants whose intimidation of the victim exceeds that amount necessary to constitute an element of a robbery offense. The amendment deletes the reference to 'express' in § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) and provides for a two-level enhancement 'if a threat of death was made'.
Proposed Amendment to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, 60 Crim.
L. Rep. (BNA) 2019, 2035 (Jan. 15, 1997). Inasmuch as we never
before have addressed the application of section 2B1.3(b)(2)(F)
and the majority of the courts of appeals already have adopted the
position taken by the Commission in the clarifying amendment, it
is entirely appropriate for us to consider the amendment as
further support for our holding. See United States v. Bertoli, 40
F.3d 1384, 1404-06 (3d Cir. 1994); United States v. Ofchinick, 877
F.2d 251, 257 n.9 (3d Cir. 1989).
4. Conclusion
U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) applies to a defendant who
announces in the course of a robbery, either by word or action,
that he has a gun. Figueroa is thus eligible for the 2-level
14 enhancement under section 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). Accordingly, the
district court properly applied and construed section
2B3.1(b)(2)(F) when sentencing Figueroa. Therefore, we will
affirm the judgment of conviction and sentence of May 16, 1996.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. JUAN FIGUEROA, No. 96-1421
BECKER, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I.
The majority concludes that the defendant's statement
to a bank teller -- "I have a gun; give me all the money" --
constituted an "express threat of death" so as to justify a two-
level increase above the base offense level for robbery under the
Sentencing Guidelines. See 1995 U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). In
contrast to the majority -- which spins out an intricate
15 explanation for this counter-intuitive holding -- I think the case
is very simple.
The majority rests its holding on the last sentence of
the relevant Guideline Commentary, which reads: The court should consider that the intent of the underlying provision is to provide an increased offense level for cases in which the offender(s) engaged in conduct that would instill in a reasonable person, who is a victim of the offense, significantly greater fear than that necessary to constitute an element of the offense of robbery.
Id. § 2B3.1, comment., application note 6. The language in the
Commentary appears to allow an increase above the base offense
level if there is any threat of death, express or implied.
However, that Commentary is not binding on the court if it is
inconsistent with the Guideline or if it clearly misinterprets the
Guideline. See Stinson v. United States, 113 S. Ct. 1913, 1918
(1993) ("If, for example, commentary and the guideline it
interprets are inconsistent in that following one will result in
violating the dictates of the other, the Sentencing Reform Act
itself commands compliance with the guideline."). I believe that
the Commentary at issue is either inconsistent with or clearly
misinterprets the relevant Guideline text, which provides: if an express threat of death was made [during the commission of the robbery], increase by 2 levels.
1995 U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F) (emphasis added).
The Guideline itself, then, allows the increase only if
the threat is express. Therefore, as I understand Stinson, only
an express threat of death will satisfy § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F),
16 regardless of the language in the Commentary. The adjective
"express" is defined as: directly and distinctly stated or expressed rather than implied or left to inference . . . Definite, Clear, Explicit, Unmistakable . . .
Webster's Third New International Dictionary 803 (1966). There is
no way, I submit, that the defendant's statement meets that
definition. It may be an implied threat, but it is surely not an
express threat.
I could elaborate upon these views, but they have
recently been articulated quite forcefully by the Sixth Circuit in
United States v. Alexander, 88 F.3d 427, 428-31 (6th Cir. 1996),
and by Judge Easterbrook, dissenting in United States v. Hunn, 24
F.3d 994, 999-1000 (7th Cir. 1994) (Easterbrook, J., dissenting).4
Judge Easterbrook put it best: The Sentencing Commission set out to distinguish degrees of threats. Saying that you have a gun does not invariably induce a fear of death. To separate ordinary references to guns, and the apprehension they produce, from the terror that a threat of death yields, the Sentencing Commission provided that only an "express threat of death" justifies the two-level increase. An implication from words and gestures is not enough. Only what the bandit says or conveys in signs, not what the victim reads into shadings of "I have a gun," is an "express" threat. Anything else dissolves the difference between posturing and genuine threats of death.
. . . .
Threats lie along a continuum of seriousness and gravity. Yet the Sentencing Commission did not compose a multi-factor approach or ask the courts to balance objectives. It created a dichotomy between "express" and "implied" 4 In his dissenting opinion in United States v. Cadotte, 57 F.3d 661 (8th Cir. 1995), Judge Morris Arnold also expressed his view that the threat of death need be express to satisfy § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). See id. at 662 (Arnold, J., dissenting).
17 threats of death. . . . [F]eigning is ordinary for a bank robbery. It may have placed the teller in fear of harm, but harm is not death, and an inference from the announcement of a weapon is not an "express" threat. The application note shows . . . that a conditional threat can be "express"; if, as the majority holds, an implied conditional threat also qualified, then "express" has been read out of the Guideline.
Id. (emphasis in original). I endorse these views; hence I
respectfully dissent.
II.
Having been alerted to the Judicial uncertainty over
the import of § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F), the Sentencing Commission has
recently proposed amendments to that Guideline and the Commentary
thereto. See Proposed Amendments to the Federal Sentencing
Guidelines, 60 Crim. L. Rep. (BNA) 2019, 2034 (Jan. 15, 1997).
Significantly, the amendment deletes from the Guideline itself
reference to "express" in the clause "an express threat of death."
That clause is the source of the difficulty I identified in Part
I. This deletion suggests that, whatever the Commission's
intention may originally have been (the Commission writes that the
amendments are crafted "to clarif[y] the Commission's intent to
enhance offense levels for defendants whose intimidation of the
victim exceeds that amount necessary to constitute an element of a
robbery offense"), its original drafting prevented the courts from
uniformly effectuating that intention. That the Commission had to
remove "express" from the Guideline itself, in order now to ensure
uniform application of the Guideline in the courts, makes clear
that the original Commentary was without legal force. The
Commission impliedly recognizes that the Commentary was
18 inconsistent with the Guideline text, the very inconsistency Judge
Easterbrook described in Hunn.
In sum, while in cases that arise after the effective
date of the Amendment (assuming that it passes) the district
courts will be authorized to impose an upward adjustment on the
basis of any intimidation of the victim that exceeds that amount
necessary to constitute an element of a robbery offense, in the
present case the Guideline must be construed to require an express
threat of death. Because the record contains no evidence of such
a threat, I would vacate the judgment and remand for resentencing.