Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 12-13094 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:11-cr-00135-WSD-LTW-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
ERNEST EDGAR BLACK,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(April 16, 2013)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 2 of 6
Following a two-day trial, a jury convicted Ernest Edgar Black on thirteen
counts of mail fraud 1 and one count of Social Security fraud.2 He appeals, seeking
the reversal of his convictions for lack of evidence sufficient to convict or,
alternatively, a new trial on the ground that the District Court erred in overruling
his Batson 3 objection to the Government’s exercise of peremptory challenges. We
affirm.
I.
The Government contended that Black applied for and knowingly collected
social security benefits on his son’s behalf during a time when Black’s son did not
live with him, and instead of using the money for his son’s benefit, he converted it
to his own use. Black’s ex-wife testified that Black applied for and collected social
security benefits for their son without telling her. The son testified that he lived
with his mother during the period that Black collected benefits for him, that Black
never told him about the benefits, and that he was not in contact with Black at that
time. A Social Security Administration representative who processed Black’s
applications for the benefits also testified, and the Government introduced a record
of the benefits checks sent to Black via U.S. mail.
Black argues that this evidence was insufficient because (1) Black’s former
wife had a motive to lie and (2) the Government failed to provide documentary 1 18 U.S.C. § 1341. 2 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(5). 3 Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). 2 Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 3 of 6
evidence of how Black allegedly spent the benefits that he collected on behalf of
his son.
We review a defendant’s challenge to sufficiency of the evidence de novo.
We will not overturn a jury’s verdict unless no trier of fact could have found guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Hill, 643 F.3d 807, 856 (11th Cir.
2011). The question is not whether reasonable minds must have found guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt, but whether they could have done so. United States v.
Bacon, 598 F.3d 772, 775 (11th Cir. 2010). Weighing witnesses’ credibility is
within the jury’s province, and the jury may believe or disbelieve any part or all of
a witness’s testimony. United States v. Prince, 883 F.2d 953, 959 n.3
(11th Cir. 1989). We draw all reasonable inferences “and resolve all questions of
credibility” in the verdict’s favor. Hill, 643 F.3d at 856.
Representative payee fraud requires proof that the defendant (1) applied to
receive payment for the benefit of another; (2) received such a payment; and (3)
willfully and knowingly converted that payment or any part of it to use other than
for the use and benefit of the beneficiary. See 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(5). Mail fraud
consists of the following elements: (1) intentional participation in a scheme to
defraud someone of money or property; and (2) use of the mail in furtherance of
that scheme. Hill, 643 F.3d at 858.
3 Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 4 of 6
Black’s sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument rests primarily on the
credibility of his former wife’s testimony. The argument fails because, as noted
above, credibility is within the province of the jury, and we resolve all questions of
credibility in favor of the verdict. Hill, 643 F.3d at 856; Prince, 83 F.2d at 959 n.3.
Even if Black’s ex-wife had a motive to lie, the jury was entitled to believe her
testimony. Moreover, the Government did not need to prove specifically how
Black spent the benefits checks in order to sustain a conviction for representative
payee fraud, only that Black knowingly and willfully converted the payments (or
any part of them) to a use other than his son’s support and care. See 42
U.S.C. § 408(a)(5). In sum, we affirm the § 408(a)(5) convictions.
II.
Black argues that the court erred in overruling his Batson objection to the
Government’s exercise of five peremptory strikes against white venirepersons. In
Batson, the Supreme Court held that the use of peremptory strikes due to a
prospective juror’s race denies such person his or her constitutional right to equal
protection of the laws. United States v. Hill, 643 F.3d 807, 837 (11th Cir. 2011). A
trial court uses a three-part inquiry to determine if race motivated a party’s strikes.
Id. First, the court must determine if the party challenging the strikes has made out
a prima facie case by showing facts sufficient to support an inference of
discriminatory motive. Id. Second, if the party made a prima facie showing, the
4 Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 5 of 6
striking party must then offer a race-neutral explanation. Id. Nevertheless, the
party challenging the strikes has the ultimate burden of persuasion. Id. Third, the
court evaluates the purported reason’s persuasiveness to determine if, considering
all relevant circumstances, the objecting party has met its burden. Id.
When Black objected to the Government’s strike of the five whites, the
Government responded that it struck them not because of their race, but whether
they were childless, and, if not, whether their children were grown. The court
determined that Black had not made out a prima facie case of racial discrimination,
but, in any event, it accepted the Government’s proffered nondiscriminatory
reasons for its strikes.
In reviewing the resolution of a Batson challenge, we give great deference to
the trial court’s finding as to the existence of a prima facie case. United States v.
Allen-Brown, 243 F.3d 1293, 1296 (11th Cir. 2001). Its determination as to why a
venireperson is excused is a finding of fact which we review for clear error. Id.
In determining whether the evidence before the trial court created an
inference of discrimination, we consider (1) whether members of the relevant
racial group served unchallenged on the jury; (2) whether the striking party struck
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 12-13094 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:11-cr-00135-WSD-LTW-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
ERNEST EDGAR BLACK,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(April 16, 2013)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 2 of 6
Following a two-day trial, a jury convicted Ernest Edgar Black on thirteen
counts of mail fraud 1 and one count of Social Security fraud.2 He appeals, seeking
the reversal of his convictions for lack of evidence sufficient to convict or,
alternatively, a new trial on the ground that the District Court erred in overruling
his Batson 3 objection to the Government’s exercise of peremptory challenges. We
affirm.
I.
The Government contended that Black applied for and knowingly collected
social security benefits on his son’s behalf during a time when Black’s son did not
live with him, and instead of using the money for his son’s benefit, he converted it
to his own use. Black’s ex-wife testified that Black applied for and collected social
security benefits for their son without telling her. The son testified that he lived
with his mother during the period that Black collected benefits for him, that Black
never told him about the benefits, and that he was not in contact with Black at that
time. A Social Security Administration representative who processed Black’s
applications for the benefits also testified, and the Government introduced a record
of the benefits checks sent to Black via U.S. mail.
Black argues that this evidence was insufficient because (1) Black’s former
wife had a motive to lie and (2) the Government failed to provide documentary 1 18 U.S.C. § 1341. 2 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(5). 3 Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). 2 Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 3 of 6
evidence of how Black allegedly spent the benefits that he collected on behalf of
his son.
We review a defendant’s challenge to sufficiency of the evidence de novo.
We will not overturn a jury’s verdict unless no trier of fact could have found guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Hill, 643 F.3d 807, 856 (11th Cir.
2011). The question is not whether reasonable minds must have found guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt, but whether they could have done so. United States v.
Bacon, 598 F.3d 772, 775 (11th Cir. 2010). Weighing witnesses’ credibility is
within the jury’s province, and the jury may believe or disbelieve any part or all of
a witness’s testimony. United States v. Prince, 883 F.2d 953, 959 n.3
(11th Cir. 1989). We draw all reasonable inferences “and resolve all questions of
credibility” in the verdict’s favor. Hill, 643 F.3d at 856.
Representative payee fraud requires proof that the defendant (1) applied to
receive payment for the benefit of another; (2) received such a payment; and (3)
willfully and knowingly converted that payment or any part of it to use other than
for the use and benefit of the beneficiary. See 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(5). Mail fraud
consists of the following elements: (1) intentional participation in a scheme to
defraud someone of money or property; and (2) use of the mail in furtherance of
that scheme. Hill, 643 F.3d at 858.
3 Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 4 of 6
Black’s sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument rests primarily on the
credibility of his former wife’s testimony. The argument fails because, as noted
above, credibility is within the province of the jury, and we resolve all questions of
credibility in favor of the verdict. Hill, 643 F.3d at 856; Prince, 83 F.2d at 959 n.3.
Even if Black’s ex-wife had a motive to lie, the jury was entitled to believe her
testimony. Moreover, the Government did not need to prove specifically how
Black spent the benefits checks in order to sustain a conviction for representative
payee fraud, only that Black knowingly and willfully converted the payments (or
any part of them) to a use other than his son’s support and care. See 42
U.S.C. § 408(a)(5). In sum, we affirm the § 408(a)(5) convictions.
II.
Black argues that the court erred in overruling his Batson objection to the
Government’s exercise of five peremptory strikes against white venirepersons. In
Batson, the Supreme Court held that the use of peremptory strikes due to a
prospective juror’s race denies such person his or her constitutional right to equal
protection of the laws. United States v. Hill, 643 F.3d 807, 837 (11th Cir. 2011). A
trial court uses a three-part inquiry to determine if race motivated a party’s strikes.
Id. First, the court must determine if the party challenging the strikes has made out
a prima facie case by showing facts sufficient to support an inference of
discriminatory motive. Id. Second, if the party made a prima facie showing, the
4 Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 5 of 6
striking party must then offer a race-neutral explanation. Id. Nevertheless, the
party challenging the strikes has the ultimate burden of persuasion. Id. Third, the
court evaluates the purported reason’s persuasiveness to determine if, considering
all relevant circumstances, the objecting party has met its burden. Id.
When Black objected to the Government’s strike of the five whites, the
Government responded that it struck them not because of their race, but whether
they were childless, and, if not, whether their children were grown. The court
determined that Black had not made out a prima facie case of racial discrimination,
but, in any event, it accepted the Government’s proffered nondiscriminatory
reasons for its strikes.
In reviewing the resolution of a Batson challenge, we give great deference to
the trial court’s finding as to the existence of a prima facie case. United States v.
Allen-Brown, 243 F.3d 1293, 1296 (11th Cir. 2001). Its determination as to why a
venireperson is excused is a finding of fact which we review for clear error. Id.
In determining whether the evidence before the trial court created an
inference of discrimination, we consider (1) whether members of the relevant
racial group served unchallenged on the jury; (2) whether the striking party struck
all of the relevant racial group from the venire—or at least, as many as the striker
had strikes; and (3) whether there was a substantial disparity between the
percentage of jurors of one race struck and the percentage of their representation
5 Case: 12-13094 Date Filed: 04/16/2013 Page: 6 of 6
on the jury. United States v. Ochoa-Vasquez, 428 F.3d 1015, 1044-45 (11th Cir.
2005). The only evidence Black points to as establishing a prima facie case is the
Government’s use of five of its peremptory strikes to excuse white venirepersons.
Obviously, that evidence alone did not give rise to an inference that the strikes
were racially discriminatory. Black’s claim of Batson
error therefore fails.
AFFIRMED.