NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 26a0144n.06
Case No. 24-1163
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Mar 18, 2026 KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR v. ) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF ) MICHIGAN AT DETROIT EDDIE LEE NAILOR, III, ) Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION )
Before: BOGGS, SILER, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
SILER, Circuit Judge. Defendant Eddie Nailor appeals his conviction under 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1) for possession of a firearm as a felon. Specifically, Nailor argues that the statute of
conviction is unconstitutional on its face and as applied. We AFFIRM.
I. Background
Before the instant conviction, Nailor garnered a substantial state criminal record. At age
19, Nailor pled guilty to possession of marijuana or synthetic equivalents. Two years later, Nailor
pled guilty by nolo contendere to armed robbery. During that offense, Nailor’s accomplice pointed
a firearm at the victim’s head before taking his belongings. Subsequently, Nailor committed the
following crimes: (1) allowing an unlicensed person to operate a motor vehicle, (2) carrying
concealed weapons, (3) firearm possession by a felon, (4), possession of ammunition by a felon,
and (5) disorderly person jostling.
Then, in December 2022, Nailor committed the offense at issue here. As relevant,
restaurant employees told police that a vehicle had entered the restaurant’s drive through with a No. 24-1163, United States v. Nailor
gun in plain sight. The driver also had a bottle of alcohol between his legs. A short time later,
police officers spotted the vehicle and conducted a traffic stop.
Upon approaching the vehicle, an officer observed Nailor behind the wheel. When asked,
Nailor denied having a weapon and refused to exit the vehicle. The woman in the passenger’s seat
then began shouting; both occupants refused to provide identification.
Eventually, backup arrived at the scene and approached the passenger’s side of the vehicle.
After the woman exited the vehicle, an officer spotted a firearm under the passenger’s seat. The
officer yelled, “[G]un!” One of the officers then grabbed Nailor and attempted to pull him from
the vehicle, but Nailor resisted. Despite Nailor’s resistance, the officer extracted him from the
vehicle.
Law enforcement identified the firearm as a Sig Sauer 9mm semi-automatic pistol and
found 12 rounds in the magazine. The officers also discovered a large amount of marijuana in the
console area of the vehicle.
Following the incident, the government indicted Nailor on one count of being a felon in
possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Pretrial, Nailor filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. At a hearing on the motion,
Nailor’s counsel stated that “we do emphasize that this is an as applied challenge[]” to “18 U.S.C.
922(g)(1).” In response, the government stated that Nailor had only briefed a facial challenge.
But Nailor represented that his original brief had clearly asserted an as-applied challenge: “The
phrase ‘as applied’ . . . appears at least three or four times in our briefing. So it was clear that we
were making an ‘as applied’ challenge.” And Nailor had already attempted to correct the
government’s misunderstanding in his reply brief: “The government’s response . . . incorrectly
2 No. 24-1163, United States v. Nailor
states that Mr. Nailor is making a facial challenge to . . . 18 U.S.C. 922 (g)(1).” Upon hearing the
arguments, the court ordered supplemental briefing to address Nailor’s as-applied claim.
After supplemental briefing, the district court denied Nailor’s motion to dismiss. In its
order, the district court analyzed Nailor’s claim under United States v. Carey, 602 F.3d 738 (6th
Cir. 2010), and found that Nailor’s as-applied challenge failed.1
Subsequently, Nailor pled guilty without a plea agreement to the indicted offense. The
district court imposed a sentence of 37 months.2
II. Standard of Review
This court reviews de novo the denial of a motion challenging the constitutionality of a
federal statute. United States v. Goins, 118 F.4th 794, 797 (6th Cir. 2024).
III. Discussion
A. Nailor’s facial challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)
On appeal, Nailor first contends that § 922(g)(1) is overbroad and vague. In response, the
government argues that Nailor’s facial claim is reviewed for plain error and that binding Sixth
Circuit precedent forecloses all facial challenges to § 922(g)(1).
At the motion-to-dismiss hearing, the parties disagreed whether Nailor had raised a facial
or as-applied challenge to § 922(g)(1). Because of the disagreement, the district court directed
both parties to supplement the original briefing to focus on the as-applied claim.
Despite the initial confusion, the record shows that Nailor never raised a facial challenge
in the district court. Nailor used the words “as applied” throughout the briefing process and during
1 After the judgment in Nailor’s case, this court issued its opinion in United States v. Williams, 113 F.4th 637 (6th Cir. 2024), where it mandated a new test for as-applied challenges to § 922(g)(1). 2 At sentencing, Nailor and his counsel affirmed that they did not have any “objections, additions, corrections or deletions” to the presentence report.
3 No. 24-1163, United States v. Nailor
the motion-to-dismiss hearing. Related, Nailor never used the word “facial” in reference to §
922(g)(1), and in his reply brief, Nailor disputed the government’s position that he was making a
facial challenge. So, Nailor consistently raised only one claim, the as-applied claim.
Because Nailor now makes a facial challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)—a challenge he did
not raise in the district court—plain-error review applies. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); see United States
v. Miller, 734 F.3d 530, 536 (6th Cir. 2013). Under that standard, we may reverse “only if there
is (1) an error (2) that is plain, (3) that affected the party's substantial rights, and (4) that seriously
affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Henry,
797 F.3d 371, 374 (6th Cir. 2015) (quotation omitted).
Although Nailor attempts to further his facial claim, he has not addressed the plain-error
factors. And he cannot satisfy those factors. The reason is simple: In a binding opinion, this court
addressed facial challenges to § 922(g)(1) and found that this provision is “constitutional on its
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 26a0144n.06
Case No. 24-1163
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Mar 18, 2026 KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR v. ) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF ) MICHIGAN AT DETROIT EDDIE LEE NAILOR, III, ) Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION )
Before: BOGGS, SILER, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
SILER, Circuit Judge. Defendant Eddie Nailor appeals his conviction under 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1) for possession of a firearm as a felon. Specifically, Nailor argues that the statute of
conviction is unconstitutional on its face and as applied. We AFFIRM.
I. Background
Before the instant conviction, Nailor garnered a substantial state criminal record. At age
19, Nailor pled guilty to possession of marijuana or synthetic equivalents. Two years later, Nailor
pled guilty by nolo contendere to armed robbery. During that offense, Nailor’s accomplice pointed
a firearm at the victim’s head before taking his belongings. Subsequently, Nailor committed the
following crimes: (1) allowing an unlicensed person to operate a motor vehicle, (2) carrying
concealed weapons, (3) firearm possession by a felon, (4), possession of ammunition by a felon,
and (5) disorderly person jostling.
Then, in December 2022, Nailor committed the offense at issue here. As relevant,
restaurant employees told police that a vehicle had entered the restaurant’s drive through with a No. 24-1163, United States v. Nailor
gun in plain sight. The driver also had a bottle of alcohol between his legs. A short time later,
police officers spotted the vehicle and conducted a traffic stop.
Upon approaching the vehicle, an officer observed Nailor behind the wheel. When asked,
Nailor denied having a weapon and refused to exit the vehicle. The woman in the passenger’s seat
then began shouting; both occupants refused to provide identification.
Eventually, backup arrived at the scene and approached the passenger’s side of the vehicle.
After the woman exited the vehicle, an officer spotted a firearm under the passenger’s seat. The
officer yelled, “[G]un!” One of the officers then grabbed Nailor and attempted to pull him from
the vehicle, but Nailor resisted. Despite Nailor’s resistance, the officer extracted him from the
vehicle.
Law enforcement identified the firearm as a Sig Sauer 9mm semi-automatic pistol and
found 12 rounds in the magazine. The officers also discovered a large amount of marijuana in the
console area of the vehicle.
Following the incident, the government indicted Nailor on one count of being a felon in
possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Pretrial, Nailor filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. At a hearing on the motion,
Nailor’s counsel stated that “we do emphasize that this is an as applied challenge[]” to “18 U.S.C.
922(g)(1).” In response, the government stated that Nailor had only briefed a facial challenge.
But Nailor represented that his original brief had clearly asserted an as-applied challenge: “The
phrase ‘as applied’ . . . appears at least three or four times in our briefing. So it was clear that we
were making an ‘as applied’ challenge.” And Nailor had already attempted to correct the
government’s misunderstanding in his reply brief: “The government’s response . . . incorrectly
2 No. 24-1163, United States v. Nailor
states that Mr. Nailor is making a facial challenge to . . . 18 U.S.C. 922 (g)(1).” Upon hearing the
arguments, the court ordered supplemental briefing to address Nailor’s as-applied claim.
After supplemental briefing, the district court denied Nailor’s motion to dismiss. In its
order, the district court analyzed Nailor’s claim under United States v. Carey, 602 F.3d 738 (6th
Cir. 2010), and found that Nailor’s as-applied challenge failed.1
Subsequently, Nailor pled guilty without a plea agreement to the indicted offense. The
district court imposed a sentence of 37 months.2
II. Standard of Review
This court reviews de novo the denial of a motion challenging the constitutionality of a
federal statute. United States v. Goins, 118 F.4th 794, 797 (6th Cir. 2024).
III. Discussion
A. Nailor’s facial challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)
On appeal, Nailor first contends that § 922(g)(1) is overbroad and vague. In response, the
government argues that Nailor’s facial claim is reviewed for plain error and that binding Sixth
Circuit precedent forecloses all facial challenges to § 922(g)(1).
At the motion-to-dismiss hearing, the parties disagreed whether Nailor had raised a facial
or as-applied challenge to § 922(g)(1). Because of the disagreement, the district court directed
both parties to supplement the original briefing to focus on the as-applied claim.
Despite the initial confusion, the record shows that Nailor never raised a facial challenge
in the district court. Nailor used the words “as applied” throughout the briefing process and during
1 After the judgment in Nailor’s case, this court issued its opinion in United States v. Williams, 113 F.4th 637 (6th Cir. 2024), where it mandated a new test for as-applied challenges to § 922(g)(1). 2 At sentencing, Nailor and his counsel affirmed that they did not have any “objections, additions, corrections or deletions” to the presentence report.
3 No. 24-1163, United States v. Nailor
the motion-to-dismiss hearing. Related, Nailor never used the word “facial” in reference to §
922(g)(1), and in his reply brief, Nailor disputed the government’s position that he was making a
facial challenge. So, Nailor consistently raised only one claim, the as-applied claim.
Because Nailor now makes a facial challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)—a challenge he did
not raise in the district court—plain-error review applies. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); see United States
v. Miller, 734 F.3d 530, 536 (6th Cir. 2013). Under that standard, we may reverse “only if there
is (1) an error (2) that is plain, (3) that affected the party's substantial rights, and (4) that seriously
affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Henry,
797 F.3d 371, 374 (6th Cir. 2015) (quotation omitted).
Although Nailor attempts to further his facial claim, he has not addressed the plain-error
factors. And he cannot satisfy those factors. The reason is simple: In a binding opinion, this court
addressed facial challenges to § 922(g)(1) and found that this provision is “constitutional on its
face.” United States v. Williams, 113 F.4th 637, 662 (6th Cir. 2024). Since Williams, we have
rejected facial challenges identical to the one raised by Nailor because “we are in no position to
second-guess binding precedent.” United States v. Williams, No. 24-1244, 2025 WL 1089531, at
*2 (6th Cir. Apr. 11, 2025). Therefore, because binding precedent has foreclosed all facial claims
against § 922(g)(1), Nailor’s facial claim fails.
B. Nailor’s as-applied challenge to § 922(g)(1)
For the as-applied challenge, Nailor spends most of his time criticizing this court’s decision
in Williams.3 113 F.4th at 662. Beyond this criticism, Nailor argues that he is not dangerous. The
government argues the contrary based on Nailor’s criminal history.
3 This court is bound by Williams unless an inconsistent decision of the Supreme Court requires modification of the decision, or the Sixth Circuit sitting en banc overrules Williams. See United States v. Elbe, 774 F.3d 885, 891 (6th Cir. 2014).
4 No. 24-1163, United States v. Nailor
The Second Amendment provides that “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms . . .
shall not be infringed.” U.S. Const. amend. II. Despite that unqualified language, “the right
secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited.” District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S.
570, 626 (2008). Laws consistent with public-safety principles underpinning the Nation’s tradition
of firearm regulation remain constitutional. United States v. Rahimi, 602 U.S. 680, 692 (2024).
Explaining what laws are consistent with our Nation’s tradition of firearm regulation, this
court held in Williams that the government may constitutionally apply § 922(g)(1) to “dangerous”
felons. 113 F.4th at 657–58. Dangerousness turns on a defendant’s “specific characteristics” and
“entire criminal record.” Id. at 657. Further, Williams stated that certain crimes, such as robbery,
would be “at least strong evidence that an individual is dangerous, if not totally dispositive on the
question.” Id. at 658. Throughout the dangerousness inquiry, the burden rests on the defendant.
Id. at 662. To prevail, Nailor thus must “show he’s not dangerous.” Id.
Applying Williams here, Nailor’s criminal record, the circumstances of his offenses, and
the nature of the instant offense all suggest that he is dangerous. Williams stated that a robbery
conviction would make it very difficult for defendants to “overcome the presumption that they are
dangerous.” 113 F.4th at 658. And Nailor pled nolo contendere to a charge of armed robbery
after he and another robbed a victim at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nailor committed a series of other
crimes: allowing an unlicensed person to drive, carrying concealed weapons, firearm possession
as a felon, ammunition possession as a felon, and disorderly person jostling. On their own, these
later crimes do not necessarily establish Nailor’s dangerousness. But these “crimes must be
viewed in the context of someone who ha[s] already proven himself to be violent.” United States
v. Robinson, No. 24-1469, 2025 WL 2105111, at *2 (6th Cir. July 28, 2025). Stated differently,
Nailor’s later criminal activity shows a lack of reform.
5 No. 24-1163, United States v. Nailor
Furthermore, the circumstances of his offenses, especially the instant offense, confirm that
Nailor is dangerous within the meaning of Williams. Nailor possessed a gun while driving with a
bottle of alcohol between his legs and had a substantial quantity of marijuana in the center console.
Such activity establishes that he is dangerous—particularly since he was on probation when he
engaged in this conduct. United States v. Oravets, No. 24-3817, 2025 WL 2682632, *2 (6th Cir.
Sept. 19, 2025) (stating that violating § 922(g)(1) while on probation is an “independent ground”
for disarming a defendant).
To overcome the evidence of dangerousness, Nailor first notes that
his marijuana-possession charge does not indicate dangerousness because marijuana possession is
now permitted in Michigan. Nailor next emphasizes that he did not admit guilt for the armed
robbery conviction because he pled nolo contendere to the charge and that he was young when he
committed the offense. For his remaining criminal history, Nailor argues that these crimes are
insignificant. Finally, Nailor states that this court should not consider the facts of the instant
conviction.
Nailor has not overcome the evidence that he is dangerous. For one, this court need not
consider Nailor’s possession-of-marijuana conviction; his armed-robbery conviction is far more
serious and sufficient to show dangerousness. See Williams, 113 F.4th at 658. And Nailor’s
emphasis that he did not admit guilt because he pled nolo contendere to the armed robbery is
unconvincing. Williams did not limit courts to considering only guilty pleas and verdicts. See id.
at 658 n.12. Additionally, “we are not confined to the fact of conviction alone[] but may consider
how an offense was committed.” United States v. Morton, 123 F.4th 492, 499 (6th Cir. 2024). On
this point, the facts of the armed robbery—as recounted in the uncontested presentence report—
show that Nailor participated in robbing a person at gunpoint. This is patently dangerous.
6 No. 24-1163, United States v. Nailor
Nailor’s argument that he was young when he committed armed robbery also proves little.
Again, Nailor’s later criminal conduct, particularly the instant offense, shows that he has not
changed since early adulthood. Furthermore, Nailor’s assertion that this court may not consider
the circumstances of the instant offense is simply untrue. See Morton, 123 F.4th at 499. So, Nailor
has not overcome the evidence that he is dangerous, and his as-applied claim must therefore fail.
C. Nailor’s request for remand
Despite the weight of his criminal history, Nailor asks that we remand on the motion to
dismiss so that the district court can apply Williams. But “in cases where the district court rejected
a defendant’s as-applied challenge to § 922(g)(1) prior to Williams, we have repeatedly found that
remand is unnecessary if the evidence in the record shows that the defendant is dangerous.” United
States v. White, No. 24-2064, 2025 WL 2060869, at *3 (6th Cir. July 23, 2025) (collecting cases).
The record here confirms that Nailor is dangerous, so we deny Nailor’s request for remand.
IV. Conclusion
For the above reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.