UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4547
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
DWAYNE STINSON,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Liam O’Grady, District Judge. (1:17-cr-00211-LO-1)
Submitted: January 24, 2020 Decided: February 26, 2020
Before KEENAN, FLOYD, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Geremy C. Kamens, Federal Public Defender, Todd M. Richman, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Ann Mason Rigby, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant. G. Zachary Terwilliger, United States Attorney, Whitney Russell, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Dwayne Stinson appeals his conviction and 240-month sentence after he entered a
conditional guilty plea to one count of sexual exploitation of children, in violation of 18
U.S.C. §§ 2251(a)(e), 2256(2) (2018). In accordance with the parties’ agreement, Stinson
asserts on appeal that the district court erred when it denied his motion to suppress evidence
seized pursuant to a search warrant. As he did before the district court, Stinson argues that
four factual statements that tended to establish probable cause were false and/or misleading
and, thus, the search warrant issued in reliance on those statements was invalid and required
the district court to exclude the evidence seized. Finding no error, we affirm.
In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we “review legal conclusions de
novo and factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Seerden, 916 F.3d 360, 365 (4th
Cir. 2019). “In doing so, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Government.” Id. This court must also “‘give due weight to inferences drawn from those
facts by resident judges and law enforcement officers.’” United States v. Wharton, 840
F.3d 163, 168 (4th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Lewis, 606 F.3d 193, 197 (4th Cir.
2010)).
“When reviewing factual findings for clear error, we particularly defer to a district
court’s credibility determinations, for it is the role of the district court to observe witnesses
and weigh their credibility during a pre-trial motion to suppress.” United States v. Palmer,
820 F.3d 640, 653 (4th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). Thus,
“[a] court reviewing for clear error may not reverse a lower court’s finding of fact simply
because it would have decided the case differently. Rather, a reviewing court must ask
2 whether, on the entire evidence, it is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake
has been committed.” United States v. Wooden, 693 F.3d 440, 451 (4th Cir. 2012) (internal
quotation marks and brackets omitted).
In this regard, “[a]n accused is generally not entitled to challenge the veracity of a
facially valid search warrant affidavit” by way of a motion to suppress. United States v.
Allen, 631 F.3d 164, 171 (4th Cir. 2011). “In its decision in Franks v. Delaware, however,
the Supreme Court carved out a narrow exception to this rule, whereby an accused is
entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the veracity of statements in the affidavit.” Id.
(referring to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56 (1978)). Under Franks, a
defendant is entitled to suppression of evidence seized if, during an evidentiary hearing,
“perjury or reckless disregard is established by the defendant by a preponderance of the
evidence, and, with the affidavit’s false material set to one side, the affidavit’s remaining
content is insufficient to establish probable cause[.]” Franks, 438 U.S. at 156. Thus, to
establish a Franks violation, a defendant must prove of both intentionality and materiality.
United States v. Lull, 824 F.3d 109, 114-15 (4th Cir. 2016) (recognizing that, “[t]o establish
a Franks violation, a defendant must prove that the affiant either intentionally or recklessly
made a materially false statement or that the affiant intentionally or recklessly omitted
material information from the affidavit”).
To establish the intentionality prong under Franks, a defendant “must show by a
preponderance of the evidence that [the affiant] omitted information with the intent to
mislead the magistrate or that he omitted the information with reckless disregard of whether
it would make the affidavit misleading.” Id. at 115. The defendant’s burden in the context
3 of an omission is high “because an affiant cannot be expected to include in an affidavit
every piece of information gathered in the course of an investigation.” Id. (internal
quotation marks and brackets omitted). Omitted information is material if it was
“necessary to the finding of probable cause.” Id. at 117 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In assessing the materiality of the omitted information, we consider the “totality of the
circumstances, evaluating the affidavit as a whole and all circumstances set forth within.”
Id. at 118 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Importantly, the Supreme Court has stressed that because of the presumption of
validity with respect to a search warrant affidavit, conclusory allegations of a defect are
insufficient, and defendants must offer proof by a preponderance of intentional or reckless
falsehood to prevail. Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56, 171. “Allegations of negligence or
innocent mistake are insufficient.” Id. at 171. We find that Stinson failed to meet the
exacting burden of establishing the district court erred when it credited law enforcement’s
testimony that the statements contained in the affidavit were honest representations and
recollections of a seasoned law enforcement officer.
After hearing testimony from Stinson and both agents who conducted the knock-
and-talk interview, and after listening to the portions of the interview that were recorded,
the district court expressly credited the affiant’s testimony, which included explaining a
mistake contained in the affidavit and the affiant’s assurance that, based on the interview
and the context in which Stinson made his statements, the affiant stood by the veracity of
the statements he made in the affidavit. Thus, the district court credited the affiant’s
testimony that when Stinson said: “I do think some of those girls on there were underage[,]”
4 the affiant understood Stinson to be referring to child pornography on the website Stinson
used to view live transmissions from the Philippines.
The district court’s findings were based on credibility determinations to which this
Court should defer. Palmer, 820 F.3d at 653. This is especially true where, as here, the
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4547
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
DWAYNE STINSON,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Liam O’Grady, District Judge. (1:17-cr-00211-LO-1)
Submitted: January 24, 2020 Decided: February 26, 2020
Before KEENAN, FLOYD, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Geremy C. Kamens, Federal Public Defender, Todd M. Richman, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Ann Mason Rigby, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant. G. Zachary Terwilliger, United States Attorney, Whitney Russell, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Dwayne Stinson appeals his conviction and 240-month sentence after he entered a
conditional guilty plea to one count of sexual exploitation of children, in violation of 18
U.S.C. §§ 2251(a)(e), 2256(2) (2018). In accordance with the parties’ agreement, Stinson
asserts on appeal that the district court erred when it denied his motion to suppress evidence
seized pursuant to a search warrant. As he did before the district court, Stinson argues that
four factual statements that tended to establish probable cause were false and/or misleading
and, thus, the search warrant issued in reliance on those statements was invalid and required
the district court to exclude the evidence seized. Finding no error, we affirm.
In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we “review legal conclusions de
novo and factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Seerden, 916 F.3d 360, 365 (4th
Cir. 2019). “In doing so, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Government.” Id. This court must also “‘give due weight to inferences drawn from those
facts by resident judges and law enforcement officers.’” United States v. Wharton, 840
F.3d 163, 168 (4th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Lewis, 606 F.3d 193, 197 (4th Cir.
2010)).
“When reviewing factual findings for clear error, we particularly defer to a district
court’s credibility determinations, for it is the role of the district court to observe witnesses
and weigh their credibility during a pre-trial motion to suppress.” United States v. Palmer,
820 F.3d 640, 653 (4th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). Thus,
“[a] court reviewing for clear error may not reverse a lower court’s finding of fact simply
because it would have decided the case differently. Rather, a reviewing court must ask
2 whether, on the entire evidence, it is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake
has been committed.” United States v. Wooden, 693 F.3d 440, 451 (4th Cir. 2012) (internal
quotation marks and brackets omitted).
In this regard, “[a]n accused is generally not entitled to challenge the veracity of a
facially valid search warrant affidavit” by way of a motion to suppress. United States v.
Allen, 631 F.3d 164, 171 (4th Cir. 2011). “In its decision in Franks v. Delaware, however,
the Supreme Court carved out a narrow exception to this rule, whereby an accused is
entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the veracity of statements in the affidavit.” Id.
(referring to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56 (1978)). Under Franks, a
defendant is entitled to suppression of evidence seized if, during an evidentiary hearing,
“perjury or reckless disregard is established by the defendant by a preponderance of the
evidence, and, with the affidavit’s false material set to one side, the affidavit’s remaining
content is insufficient to establish probable cause[.]” Franks, 438 U.S. at 156. Thus, to
establish a Franks violation, a defendant must prove of both intentionality and materiality.
United States v. Lull, 824 F.3d 109, 114-15 (4th Cir. 2016) (recognizing that, “[t]o establish
a Franks violation, a defendant must prove that the affiant either intentionally or recklessly
made a materially false statement or that the affiant intentionally or recklessly omitted
material information from the affidavit”).
To establish the intentionality prong under Franks, a defendant “must show by a
preponderance of the evidence that [the affiant] omitted information with the intent to
mislead the magistrate or that he omitted the information with reckless disregard of whether
it would make the affidavit misleading.” Id. at 115. The defendant’s burden in the context
3 of an omission is high “because an affiant cannot be expected to include in an affidavit
every piece of information gathered in the course of an investigation.” Id. (internal
quotation marks and brackets omitted). Omitted information is material if it was
“necessary to the finding of probable cause.” Id. at 117 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In assessing the materiality of the omitted information, we consider the “totality of the
circumstances, evaluating the affidavit as a whole and all circumstances set forth within.”
Id. at 118 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Importantly, the Supreme Court has stressed that because of the presumption of
validity with respect to a search warrant affidavit, conclusory allegations of a defect are
insufficient, and defendants must offer proof by a preponderance of intentional or reckless
falsehood to prevail. Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56, 171. “Allegations of negligence or
innocent mistake are insufficient.” Id. at 171. We find that Stinson failed to meet the
exacting burden of establishing the district court erred when it credited law enforcement’s
testimony that the statements contained in the affidavit were honest representations and
recollections of a seasoned law enforcement officer.
After hearing testimony from Stinson and both agents who conducted the knock-
and-talk interview, and after listening to the portions of the interview that were recorded,
the district court expressly credited the affiant’s testimony, which included explaining a
mistake contained in the affidavit and the affiant’s assurance that, based on the interview
and the context in which Stinson made his statements, the affiant stood by the veracity of
the statements he made in the affidavit. Thus, the district court credited the affiant’s
testimony that when Stinson said: “I do think some of those girls on there were underage[,]”
4 the affiant understood Stinson to be referring to child pornography on the website Stinson
used to view live transmissions from the Philippines.
The district court’s findings were based on credibility determinations to which this
Court should defer. Palmer, 820 F.3d at 653. This is especially true where, as here, the
affidavit was drafted immediately following the interview, and this court has recognized
that “[m]ere imprecision does not, by itself, show falsity.” United States v. Moody, 931
F.3d 366, 372 (4th Cir. 2019) (“[W]arrant affidavits are normally drafted by nonlawyers in
the midst and haste of a criminal investigation [and t]hey must be interpreted in a
commonsense manner, neither held to the standard of what judges or lawyers feel they
would have written if given the opportunity nor judged as an entry in an essay contest.”
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)), cert. denied, __ S. Ct. __, 2020 WL
129894 (U.S. Jan. 13, 2020) (No. 19-6753).
Moreover, we, too, have reviewed the audio recording of law enforcement’s knock-
and-talk interview of Stinson and find that the district court’s decision to credit the affiant’s
testimony to be fully supported by the record. Contrary to Stinson’s argument that the
affiant wrongfully inferred that Stinson was referring to the webcam sessions when he
made the “underage” comment, a review of the audio recording of the interview confirms
that Stinson clearly made the “underage” admission and then immediately continued to
discuss his use of the webcam sessions and his methods of payment for using those
sessions. We thus reject Stinson’s argument that the magistrate judge erroneously found
probable cause by ratifying law enforcement’s inferences rather than his own.
5 Moreover, based on the totality of the record, no evidence exists to suggest that law
enforcement intentionally or recklessly misrepresented the allegations in the search warrant
affidavit. Indeed, although Stinson bore the burden of persuasion by a preponderance
standard at the Franks hearing, Stinson offered no evidence establishing that the material
statements at issue were either intentionally or recklessly misleading or false. As we have
expressly stated, a defendant must show both objective falsity and subjective intent through
concrete evidence, not mere allegation or argument:
[A] defendant cannot rely on a purely subjective disagreement with how the affidavit characterizes the facts. Rather, there must be evidence showing that the statements at issue are objectively false[,] . . . [and he] must provide facts—not mere conclusory allegations—indicating that the officer subjectively acted with intent to mislead, or with reckless disregard for whether the statements would mislead, the magistrate.
Moody, 931 F.3d at 370-71. Crucially, Stinson never denied that he admitted to viewing
live sex shows of minors during the knock-and-talk interview. This admission, in
conjunction with the unobjectionable affidavit allegations regarding the existence of an
investigation into individuals using Xoom to pay to watch pornography and Stinson’s
admissions that he used Xoom to pay to watch pornography, was sufficient to establish
probable cause to support the search warrant. Cf. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236
(1983) (“[T]he traditional standard for review of an issuing magistrate’s probable cause
determination has been that so long as the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding
that a search would uncover evidence of wrongdoing, the Fourth Amendment requires no
more.” (internal quotation marks, ellipses, and brackets omitted)).
6 Based on the foregoing, we affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with
oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the
materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED