United States v. Doe

Opinion

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS

81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; 3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH    1R Y  !  s2+1 '2(  'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW  1 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI.HQWXFN\DW&RYLQJWRQ 1Rn:LOOLDP2%HUWHOVPDQ'LVWULFWsXGJH $UJXHG0D\ 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG6HSWHPEHU %HIRUH0225(DQG*,/0$1&LUFXLWsXGJHV 0F.($*8('LVWULFWsXGJH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ $5*8('  *DU\ s 6HUJHQW 2j+$5$ 58%(5* 7$

7KH +RQRUDEOH 'DYLG : 0F.HDJXH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH :HVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 0LFKLJDQ VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ

  8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 1R

67$7(6$77251(<&RYLQJWRQ.HQWXFN\IRU$SSHOOHH 21 %5,()  *DU\ s 6HUJHQW 2j+$5$ 58%(5* 7$

LPPDWHULDO ZKHWKHU 'RH ZLHOGHG WKH JXQ LQWHQGLQJ WR URE *UHHQKHZDQWHGWRSXUFKDVHDKDOIRXQFHRIFUDFNFRFDLQH /OR\G RU LQ UHWDOLDWLRQ IRU D WKUHDW WR KLV EURWKHU EHFDXVH DQG*UHHQLQIRUPHG/OR\GWKHSULFHZRXOGEH*UHHQ 'RHjVXVHRIWKH7HFHPSRZHUHGKLPWRWDNHE\WKUHDWRI IXUWKHUDJUHHGWRPHHW/OR\GDWWKH6DUDWRJD%DUWRFRQFOXGH IRUFH WKH FUDFN WKDW /OR\G KDG MXVW SXUFKDVHG IURP *UHHQ WKHWUDQVDFWLRQODWHUWKDWHYHQLQJ )XUWKHUPRUHDOWKRXJKWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRWILQGWKDW'RH ZDVLQYROYHGLQ D GUXJFRQVSLUDF\WKHFRXUWFOHDUO\IRXQG $WURXJKO\SPDFDUGURYHXSWRWKH6DUDWRJD%DU 'RHj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jVGHFLVLRQ *UHHQ EXW ZDV UHSHDWHGO\ LQWHUUXSWHG DV *UHHQ DQVZHUHG HOHFWURQLFSDJHV$WVRPHSRLQWGXULQJWKLVWLPH'RHOHIWWKH ,,,&21&/86,21 EDUUHWXUQHGWRWKHFDUDQGWKHQUHHQWHUHGWKHEDUDQGZDLWHG MXVW RXWVLGH WKH EDFN URRP ZKHUH /OR\G DQG *UHHQ ZHUH )RUWKHUHDVRQVVHWIRUWKDERYHZH$)),50WKHGLVWULFW VSHDNLQJ0HDQZKLOH*UHHQJDYH/OR\GWKHFUDFNFRFDLQH FRXUWjVDGMXGLFDWLRQRIMXYHQLOHGHOLQTXHQF\ /OR\GSDLG*UHHQDQGWKHWZRGLVFXVVHGWKHSRVVLELOLW\RI GRLQJPRUHEXVLQHVVZLWKHDFKRWKHU :KLOHWKH\ZHUHVSHDNLQJ/OR\GQRWLFHG*UHHQORRNLQJDW 'RHZKRZDVVWLOOVWDQGLQJMXVWRXWVLGHWKHURRP:LWKLQD PLQXWH'RHFDPHXSEHKLQG/OR\GDQGSRLQWHGD7HFVHPL DXWRPDWLFKDQGJXQLQ/OR\GjVIDFH'RHDFFXVHG/OR\GRI WKUHDWHQLQJWRUREKLVEURWKHU/OR\GVZRUHWKDWKHKDGQHYHU WKUHDWHQHGWRURE'RHjVEURWKHUDQGEHJJHG*UHHQWRWHOO'RH WKDWLWZDVQRWWUXH5HIXVLQJ*UHHQVWHSSHGRXWRIWKHZD\ $FFRUGLQJWR/OR\G'RHjVDQG*UHHQjVLQGLIIHUHQFHWRKLV SOHDVPDGHLWFOHDUWKDWWKHLULQWHQWLRQZDVWRUREKLPRIWKH FUDFNKHKDGMXVWSXUFKDVHG $IWHUILUVWGHPDQGLQJWKHFUDFNIURP/OR\G'RHWKHQWRRN WKHFUDFNIURPKLPDWJXQSRLQW'RHDOVRJUDEEHG/OR\GDQG DFWHGDVLIWRVWULNHKLPEXWGLGQRWGRVR'RHWKHQRUGHUHG /OR\GWRJHWLQWKHFRUQHURIWKHURRP7KLQNLQJKHZDVDERXW  8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 

WREHVKRW/OR\GUDQRXWRIWKHEDUWRWKHXQGHUFRYHUSROLFH &'HOLQTXHQF\'HWHUPLQDWLRQ FDU )LQDOO\ 'RH DUJXHV WKDW WKH HYLGHQFH VXEPLWWHG E\ WKH 6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ 'RH DQG *UHHQ UDQ WR WKHLU FDU DQG JRYHUQPHQWDWWULDOZDVLQDGHTXDWHIRUWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWWR DWWHPSWHGWRIOHH$IWHUDEULHISXUVXLWWKHFDUFDUU\LQJ'RH SURSHUO\ DGMXGJH KLP GHOLQTXHQW  'RH FRQWHQGV WKDW WKH DQG*UHHQZDVVWRSSHGE\WDVNIRUFHRIILFHUVDQG'RHZDV GLVWULFWFRXUWmVWUXJJOHGlZLWKWKHHYLGHQFHSUHVHQWHGE\WKH IRXQGVHDWHGLQWKHGULYHUj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m>7@KHVWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZIRUVXIILFLHQF\RIWKHHYLGHQFHLQ LQWHUYLHZLQJRQHRUWZRRIWKHRWKHUVWKHDJHQWDVFHUWDLQHG DQDSSHDOIURPDIHGHUDOMXYHQLOHDGMXGLFDWLRQLVLGHQWLFDOWR 'RHjVLGHQWLW\DQGKLVDJHUHDGKLPKLV0LUDQGDULJKWVDQG WKDWLQIHGHUDOFULPLQDODSSHDOVl8QLWHG6WDWHVY'H WKHQLQTXLUHGZKHWKHUKHZLVKHGWRWDON'RHLQGLFDWHGKH /HRQ)GWK&LU,QUHYLHZLQJWKH ZDVZLOOLQJWRWDONDQGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLQWHUYLHZLQJRIILFHU VXIILFLHQF\ RI WKH HYLGHQFH DIWHU D EHQFK WULDO mWKH WHVW LV QHYHUDVNHGIRUDQDWWRUQH\7KHDJHQWDVNHG'RHZKHUHKH µZKHWKHUWKHHYLGHQFHLVVXIILFLHQWWRMXVWLI\WKHWULDOMXGJHDV OLYHG'RHUHSOLHGWKDWKHOLYHGLQ1HZSRUWZLWKIULHQGV7KH WULHURIIDFWLQFRQFOXGLQJEH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWWKDWWKH )%,DJHQWLQTXLUHGZKHWKHUKHOLYHGZLWKKLVPRWKHU'RH GHIHQGDQWZDVJXLOW\jl8QLWHG6WDWHVY%DVKDZ)G DQVZHUHG mQRl  7KH FDVH DJHQW GLG QRW DWWHPSW WR YHULI\ WK&LUTXRWLQJ8QLWHG6WDWHVY*DOOR 'RHjVUHVLGHQFHEXWGLGFDOO'RHjVPRWKHUODWHUWKDWHYHQLQJ )GWK&LU ,QDFULPLQDOEHQFKWULDO mIDFWXDO ILQGLQJV PDGH E\ WKH WULDO MXGJH VWDQG XQOHVV $FFRUGLQJWRWKH)%,DJHQW'RHjVRQO\FRQFHUQH[SUHVVHG GHWHUPLQHGWREHVRFOHDUO\HUURQHRXVDVWRMXVWLI\RYHUWXUQLQJ GXULQJ WKH LQWHUYLHZ ZDV WKH SRWHQWLDO FRQVHTXHQFHV RI WKHFRQYLFWLRQl8QLWHG6WDWHVY%D\GRXQ)G FRRSHUDWLQJZKHWKHUKLVVWDWHPHQWVZRXOGEHSUHVHQWHGLQ WK&LU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jV GHWHUPLQDWLRQ ZDV mFOHDUO\ HUURQHRXVl  ,QGHHG WKHUH LV DPSOH HYLGHQFH WR 2Q sDQXDU\   'RH ZDV FKDUJHG LQ D MXYHQLOH VXSSRUWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHFLVLRQWRDGMXGJH'RHDMXYHQLOH LQIRUPDWLRQZLWKYDULRXVDFWVRIGHOLQTXHQF\FRQVSLULQJZLWK GHOLQTXHQW7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWZDVHQWLWOHGWRGHWHUPLQHIURP 3DXO*UHHQDQG$QWKRQ\+DUGHQWRGLVWULEXWHRQHKDOIRXQFH WKH WDSH UHFRUGLQJ RI WKH LQFLGHQW WKDW 'RH KDG XWLOL]HG D RI FUDFN FRFDLQH LQ YLRODWLRQ RI  86& †  DQG ILUHDUPUDWKHUWKDQDSRROFXHWRWKUHDWHQ/OR\G)RUSXUSRVHV †D FDUU\LQJDILUHDUPLQUHODWLRQWRDGUXJWUDIILFNLQJ RI WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV GHOLQTXHQF\ GHWHUPLQDWLRQ LW LV RIIHQVHLQYLRODWLRQRI86&†FDQGNQRZLQJO\  8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 

7KHRIILFHUVjIDLOXUHWRWLPHO\QRWLI\'RHjVPRWKHURIKLV SRVVHVVLQJDKDQGJXQLQYLRODWLRQRI86&†['RH DUUHVWLVSURSHUO\FRQVLGHUHGWREHDPDWHULDOFLUFXPVWDQFHIRU ZDV DUUDLJQHG RQ sDQXDU\    7KHUHDIWHU WKH 'RHjV\RXWKVXJJHVWVKHPD\KDYHEHQHILWWHGIURPSDUHQWDO JRYHUQPHQWVRXJKWWRSURVHFXWH'RHDVDQDGXOWE\PDNLQJD VXSSRUW LQ UHVSRQGLQJ WR SROLFH TXHVWLRQLQJ  6HH +DOH\ Y PRWLRQ WR WUDQVIHU ZKLFK WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHQLHG  'RH 2KLR86UHFRJQL]LQJVLJQLILFDQFH ZDLYHGWKHGD\WULDOGHDGOLQHDQGWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWJUDQWHG RIVXEMHFWjVDJHLQDVVHVVLQJYROXQWDULQHVV1HYHUWKHOHVV DPRWLRQIRUDVL[GD\FRQWLQXDQFHVRXJKWE\'RH 'RH IDLOV WR DGGXFH DQ\ HYLGHQFH WKDW KLV FRQIHVVLRQ ZDV FRHUFHGRUPRWLYDWHGE\DQ\WKLQJRWKHUWKDQDNQRZLQJDQG $W WULDO 'RH PRYHG WR VXSSUHVV KLV FRQIHVVLRQ RQ WKH YROXQWDU\GHVLUHWRRIIHULQIRUPDWLRQWRWKHDXWKRULWLHVLQWKH JURXQG WKDW LW ZDV LQYROXQWDU\ EHFDXVH WKH DXWKRULWLHV KDG KRSHRIUHFHLYLQJOHQLHQF\ QHLWKHUVHFXUHGDZDLYHUIURPKLPQRUFRQWDFWHGKLVPRWKHU SULRUWRTXHVWLRQLQJKLP$IWHUFRQVLGHULQJWKHWHVWLPRQ\RI 7XUQLQJWRWKHSDUWLFXODUFLUFXPVWDQFHVRI'RHjVDUUHVWDQG WKHSDUWLHVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLQTXLUHGZKHWKHU'RHKDGDQ\ VXEVHTXHQW FRQILQHPHQW ZH ILQG WKDW WKH UHFRUG SURYLGHV HYLGHQFHWRVXSSRUWKLVPRWLRQ'RHGLGQRWSUHVHQWDQ\VXFK VWURQJ VXSSRUW IRU WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV DGPLVVLRQ RI 'RHjV HYLGHQFHDQGWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHGWKHPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV FRQIHVVLRQ)URPWKHWLPHRIKLVDUUHVWRQsDQXDU\ $W WKH FRQFOXVLRQ RI WKH WULDO WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW IRXQG 'RH 'RH ZDV ZHOODZDUH RI WKH QDWXUH RI WKH SRWHQWLDO FKDUJHV JXLOW\RIFDUU\LQJDILUHDUPGXULQJDQGLQUHODWLRQWRDGUXJ DJDLQVWKLPDVWKH7HFDVVDXOWSLVWROZDVIRXQGLQFKHVIURP WUDIILFNLQJRIIHQVHDVFKDUJHGLQ&RXQW,RIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ KLVIHHWXQGHUWKHGULYHUjVVHDW7KHJRYHUQPHQWORGJHGWKH DQGDGMXGJHGKLPWREHDMXYHQLOHGHOLQTXHQW7KHGLVWULFW MXYHQLOHLQIRUPDWLRQDJDLQVW'RHRQsDQXDU\DQG'RH FRXUWVXEVHTXHQWO\VHQWHQFHG'RHWRMXYHQLOHGHWHQWLRQXQWLO ZDVDUUDLJQHGWZRGD\VODWHU3ULRUWREHLQJTXHVWLRQHGDWWKH KHWXUQV\HDUVROG 1HZSRUW3ROLFHVWDWLRQ'RHZDVUHDGKLV0LUDQGDULJKWVDQG WKHQDJUHHGWRVSHDNZLWKWKH)%,FDVHDJHQW6LJQLILFDQWO\ ,,$1$/<6,6 'RHKDGDVXEVWDQWLDOKLVWRU\RILQYROYHPHQWLQWKHMXYHQLOH MXVWLFHV\VWHPDQGDSSHDUVQRWWRKDYHEHHQQDLYHO\LJQRUDQW $sXGLFLDO5HYLHZ RIKLVULJKWV7KHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHWKDW'RHHYHUDVNHGIRU HLWKHU DQ DWWRUQH\ RU KLV PRWKHU  0RUHRYHU QR HYLGHQFH 'RH UDLVHV WKUHH LVVXHV RQ DSSHDO WZR RI WKHP SUHVHQW VXJJHVWVWKDWWKHRIILFHUVGHOLEHUDWHO\SRVWSRQHGFDOOLQJKLV TXHVWLRQVRIILUVWLPSUHVVLRQLQWKLV&LUFXLW,QLWLDOO\ZHPXVW PRWKHULQRUGHUWRH[HUWXQGXHLQIOXHQFH)XUWKHUPRUHXQOLNH GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUDGLVWULFWFRXUWPD\UHYLHZWKHGHFLVLRQRI WKH GHIHQGDQW LQ +DOH\ 'RH ZDV QRW NHSW LQ LVRODWLRQ RU WKH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDOWRFHUWLI\WKHH[LVWHQFHRIDmVXEVWDQWLDO LQWHUURJDWHGIRUDQH[WHQVLYHDPRXQWRIWLPH)LQDOO\'RH )HGHUDOLQWHUHVWlMXVWLI\LQJWKHH[HUFLVHRIIHGHUDOMXULVGLFWLRQ QHLWKHU FODLPVWKDWKLVFRQIHVVLRQZDVFRHUFHGE\SK\VLFDO RYHU D MXYHQLOH SXUVXDQW WR WKH sXYHQLOH sXVWLFH DQG WKUHDWVQRUWKDWWKHDXWKRULWLHVFRQIXVHGRUWULFNHGKLPLQWR 'HOLQTXHQF\3UHYHQWLRQ$FWRI'HWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHU PDNLQJLQFULPLQDWLQJVWDWHPHQWV*LYHQWKHVHFLUFXPVWDQFHV DQ H[HFXWLYH GHFLVLRQ LV VXEMHFW WR MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ LV D WKH FDVH ODZ FLWHG E\ 'RH LV UHDGLO\ GLVWLQJXLVKDEOH $FFRUGLQJO\ ZH XQHTXLYRFDOO\ FRQFOXGH WKDW 'RHjV FRQIHVVLRQZDVNQRZLQJO\PDGHRIKLVRZQIUHHZLOOHYHQ DVVXPLQJ ZLWKRXW GHFLGLQJ WKDW D YLRODWLRQ RI †   8 GHILQHG E\ WKH $FW D mµMXYHQLOHj LV D SHUVRQ ZKR KDV QRW DWWDLQHG

RFFXUUHGZKHQWKHDXWKRULWLHVIDLOHGWRFRQWDFW'RHjVPRWKHU KLV HLJKWHHQWK ELUWKGD\ RU IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI SURFHHGLQJV DQG GLVSRVLWLRQ XQGHU WKLV FKDSWHU IRU DQ DOOHJHG DFW RI MXYHQLOH GHOLQTXHQF\ D SHUVRQ DIWHUOHDUQLQJWKDWKHZDVDMXYHQLOH7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWWKXV ZKR KDV QRW DWWDLQHG KLV WZHQW\ILUVW ELUWKGD\l  86& † 

FRPPLWWHGQRHUURULQGHQ\LQJ'RHjVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV sXYHQLOH GHOLQTXHQF\ mLV WKH YLRODWLRQ RI D ODZ RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV FRPPLWWHG E\ D SHUVRQ SULRU WR KLV HLJKWHHQWK ELUWKGD\l ,G  8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 

TXHVWLRQ RI ODZ ZKLFK WKH &RXUW UHYLHZV GH QRYR  7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ6HH8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH)G 6XSUHPH&RXUWKDVFRQVLVWHQWO\KHOGmWKDWMXGLFLDOUHYLHZRI WK&LUDIIjGHQEDQF)GWK&LU H[HFXWLYH DFWLRQ µZLOO QRW EH FXW RII XQOHVV WKHUH LV D +HUH'RHZDVDUUHVWHGE\PHPEHUVRIDMRLQW)%,DQG SHUVXDVLYH UHDVRQ WR EHOLHYH WKDW VXFK ZDV WKH SXUSRVH RI ORFDOODZHQIRUFHPHQWWDVNIRUFHDQGWDNHQWRDORFDOSROLFH &RQJUHVVjl  *XWLHUUH] GH 0DUWLQH] Y /DPDJQR  86 VWDWLRQDIWHUKLVDUUHVW7KHUHKHZDVTXHVWLRQHGE\WKH)%, TXRWLQJ$EERWW/DERUDWRULHVY*DUGQHU FDVHDJHQWDVVLJQHGWRWKHWDVNIRUFH'RHZDVQRWKHOGLQD 86 VHHDOVR'LHEROGY8QLWHG6WDWHV IHGHUDO IDFLOLW\ QRU DUUHVWHG H[FOXVLYHO\ E\ IHGHUDO DJHQWV )GWK&LU $FFRUGLQJO\ XQGHU WKH IDFWV RI WKLV UHFRUG LW LV QRW FOHDU ZKHWKHU'RHZDVLQIHGHUDOFXVWRG\DVFRQWHPSODWHGE\ 7KLV &RXUW KDV QRW \HW FRQVLGHUHG ZKHWKHU WKH $WWRUQH\ 86&†,IQRWWKHQ'RHjVDUUHVWZRXOGQRWWULJJHUWKH *HQHUDOjV FHUWLILFDWLRQ WKDW D IHGHUDO MXYHQLOH SURVHFXWLRQ SDUHQWDOQRWLILFDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWVRI† SUHVHQWVDmVXEVWDQWLDO)HGHUDOLQWHUHVWlPDGHSXUVXDQWWR 86&†LVVXEMHFWWRMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ:LWKRQO\RQH :H QHHG QRW GHWHUPLQH KRZHYHU ZKHWKHU 'RH ZDV LQ H[FHSWLRQWKRVH&RXUWVRI$SSHDOVWKDWKDYHFRQIURQWHGWKH IHGHUDOFXVWRG\WRGHFLGHWKHLQVWDQWFDVHDQGZHWKHUHIRUH TXHVWLRQ KDYH KHOG WKH WH[W RI †  GRHV QRW FRQIHU DQ\ UHIUDLQIURPGRLQJVR(YHQDVVXPLQJZLWKRXWGHFLGLQJWKDW SRZHU RI MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ WR WKH FRXUWV RYHU WKH IDFWXDO 'RHjVDUUHVWE\PHPEHUVRIDMRLQWVWDWHDQGIHGHUDOWDVNIRUFH DFFXUDF\RIWKH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDOjVFHUWLILFDWLRQ6HH8QLWHG DPRXQWHGWRIHGHUDOFXVWRG\IRUSXUSRVHVRI†DQGWKDW 6WDWHVY6PLWK)GVW&LU8QLWHG6WDWHV WKHIDLOXUHWRWLPHO\QRWLI\KLVPRWKHUZDVLQYLRODWLRQRIWKH Y9DQFLHU)GQG&LUFHUWGHQLHG86 $FW'RHDGGXFHVQRDXWKRULW\IRUWKHSURSRVLWLRQWKDWWKLV ,PSRXQGHG)GUG&LU8QLWHG YLRODWLRQ UHTXLUHV SHU VH H[FOXVLRQ RI KLV VXEVHTXHQW 6WDWHVYsXYHQLOH1R)GWK&LUFHUWGHQLHG FRQIHVVLRQ7KHDGPLVVLELOLW\RI'RHjVVWDWHPHQWVLVVWLOOD 868QLWHG6WDWHVYsDUUHWW)G IXQFWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU WKH\ ZHUH NQRZLQJO\ DQG YROXQWDULO\ WK&LUFHUWGHQLHG86 8QLWHG PDGH6HH0F&DOOY'XWWRQ)G  WK&LU 6WDWHV Y sXYHQLOH 0DOH s$s  )G   WK ,QGHHGWKHUHFRUGSUHVHQWVDPSOHHYLGHQFHWRVXSSRUW &LU FHUW GHQLHG  86   8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y WKHJRYHUQPHQWjVFRQWHQWLRQWKDWWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVRI'RHjV ,'3)GWK&LU,QUH6HDOHG&DVH FRQIHVVLRQEHDUVXIILFLHQWLQGLFLDRIYROXQWDULQHVVWRZDUUDQW )G'&&LU LWV DGPLVVLRQ  ,Q GHFLGLQJ ZKHWKHU D FRQIHVVLRQ ZDV YROXQWDULO\PDGHZHFRQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJIDFWRUVWKH 7KH)RXUWK&LUFXLWjVGHFLVLRQLQ8QLWHG6WDWHVYsXYHQLOH WLPH EHWZHHQ WKH GHIHQGDQWjV DUUHVW DQG DUUDLJQPHQW  0DOH)GWK&LULVWKHVROHRSLQLRQ ZKHWKHU WKH GHIHQGDQW NQHZ WKH QDWXUH RI WKH FKDUJHG RU KROGLQJWRWKHFRQWUDU\DQG'RHXUJHVWKH&RXUWWRDGRSWLWV VXVSHFWHGRIIHQVHZKHWKHUWKHGHIHQGDQWZDVDGYLVHGWKDW DSSURDFK DQG KROG WKH $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDOjV FHUWLILFDWLRQ LV KH ZDV QRW UHTXLUHG WR PDNH DQ\ VWDWHPHQWV DQG WKDW KLV VXEMHFWWRMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ'RHPDLQWDLQVWKDWWKHGLVWULFW VWDWHPHQWV FRXOG EH XVHG DJDLQVW KLP  ZKHWKHU WKH FRXUW LPSURSHUO\ H[HUFLVHG LWV MXULVGLFWLRQ EHFDXVH WKH GHIHQGDQWZDVDGYLVHGRIKLVULJKWWRWKHDVVLVWDQFHRIFRXQVHO $WWRUQH\*HQHUDOjVFHUWLILFDWLRQRIVXEVWDQWLDO)HGHUDOLQWHUHVW EHIRUHEHLQJTXHVWLRQHGDQGZKHWKHUWKHGHIHQGDQWZDV ZLWKRXW WKH DVVLVWDQFH RI FRXQVHO ZKHQ TXHVWLRQHG   6HH 8QLWHG6WDWHVY:HHNOH\)GWK&LU ,QHIIHFWWKH&RXUWFRQVLGHUVWKHWRWDOLW\RIWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHV WRHYDOXDWHZKHWKHUDFRQIHVVLRQZDVYROXQWDULO\PDGH,G  8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 

QRWLILHGSULRUWR'RHjVDSSHDUDQFHEHIRUHWKHPDJLVWUDWHMXGJH LQKLVFDVHIDLOVWRVHWIRUWKDQ\IDFWXDODOOHJDWLRQVWRVXSSRUW RQWKHLQIRUPDWLRQKHDUJXHVWKDWVXFKQRWLFHZDVLQHIIHFWLYH WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVH[HUFLVHRIMXULVGLFWLRQ EHFDXVH LW ZDV JLYHQ RQO\ DIWHU KH KDG DOUHDG\ PDGH LQFULPLQDWLQJ VWDWHPHQWV  7KHUHIRUH 'RH DVVHUWV KLV )DFHGZLWKDTXHVWLRQRIVWDWXWRU\FRQVWUXFWLRQZHWXUQWR FRQIHVVLRQ ZDV LQYROXQWDULO\ PDGH DQG VKRXOG KDYH EHHQ H[DPLQHERWKWKHUHOHYDQWVWDWXWRU\ODQJXDJHDQG FDVHODZ VXSSUHVVHGE\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW ZKLFKVHUYHWRGHILQHWKHVFRSHRIIHGHUDOMXULVGLFWLRQXQGHU WKH$FW7KHERXQGDULHVRIIHGHUDOMXULVGLFWLRQRYHUMXYHQLOHV &LWLQJ8QLWHG6WDWHVY.HUU)GWK&LU DUHVHWIRUWKLQ86&†ZKLFKSURYLGHV DQG8QLWHG6WDWHVYsXYHQLOH0DOH)GWK &LU  WKH JRYHUQPHQW UHVSRQGV E\ DUJXLQJ WKDW WKH $MXYHQLOHDOOHJHGWRKDYHFRPPLWWHGDQDFWRIMXYHQLOH SURWHFWLRQVRIWKH$FWDUHQRWWULJJHUHGXQWLOWKHMXYHQLOHKDV GHOLQTXHQF\ RWKHU WKDQ D YLRODWLRQ RI ODZ FRPPLWWHG EHHQ FKDUJHG E\ DQ LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLWK D IHGHUDO FULPH  ,Q ZLWKLQWKHVSHFLDOPDULWLPHDQGWHUULWRULDOMXULVGLFWLRQRI DGGLWLRQWKHJRYHUQPHQWXUJHVXVWRKROGWKDWWKHIDLOXUHWR WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV IRU ZKLFK WKH PD[LPXP DXWKRUL]HG QRWLI\ D SDUHQW GRHV QRW DXWRPDWLFDOO\ UHQGHU D MXYHQLOHjV WHUPRILPSULVRQPHQWGRHVQRWH[FHHGVL[PRQWKVVKDOO FRQIHVVLRQLQYROXQWDU\5DWKHULQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK0LOOHUY QRWEHSURFHHGHGDJDLQVWLQDQ\FRXUWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV 6WDWHRI0DU\ODQG)GWK&LUDQG XQOHVVWKH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDODIWHULQYHVWLJDWLRQFHUWLILHV 5RQH Y :\ZULFN  )G  WK &LU  WKH WRWKHDSSURSULDWHGLVWULFWFRXUWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVWKDW JRYHUQPHQWDYHUVVXFKIDLOXUHVKRXOGEHEXWRQHIDFWIRUWKH WKHMXYHQLOHFRXUWRURWKHUDSSURSULDWHFRXUWRID6WDWH FRXUW WR FRQVLGHU LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ ZKHWKHU LQFULPLQDWLQJ GRHV QRW KDYH MXULVGLFWLRQ RU UHIXVHV WR DVVXPH VWDWHPHQWVZHUHYROXQWDULO\PDGHLQOLJKWRIWKHWRWDOLW\RIWKH MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU VDLG MXYHQLOH ZLWK UHVSHFW WR VXFK FLUFXPVWDQFHV DOOHJHGDFWRIMXYHQLOHGHOLQTXHQF\WKH6WDWHGRHVQRW KDYH DYDLODEOH SURJUDPV RU VHUYLFHV DGHTXDWH IRU WKH $OWKRXJKWKHSDUWLHVIUDPHWKHLVVXHDVZKHWKHUDYLRODWLRQ QHHGVRIMXYHQLOHVRUWKHRIIHQVHFKDUJHGLVDFULPH RI †  QHFHVVDULO\ LQYDOLGDWHV D FRQIHVVLRQ RWKHUZLVH RI YLROHQFH WKDW LV D IHORQ\ RU DQ RIIHQVH GHVFULEHG LQ YROXQWDULO\PDGHZHTXHVWLRQZKHWKHUIRUSXUSRVHVRI 6HFWLRQRIWKH&RQWUROOHG6XEVWDQFHV$FW86& 86&†'RHZDVLQIHGHUDOmFXVWRG\lDWDOO%\LWV RUVHFWLRQDRUE  WHUPVWKHQRWLILFDWLRQSURYLVLRQRI†FRPHVLQWRSOD\  RU  RI WKH &RQWUROOHG 6XEVWDQFHV ,PSRUW DQG RQO\DIWHUDMXYHQLOHLVWDNHQLQWRmFXVWRG\lE\DQmDUUHVWLQJ ([SRUW$FW86&DE  RIILFHUl  3DUVLQJ WKH ODQJXDJH RI  †  OHDGV WR WKH  VHFWLRQ[RUVHFWLRQEJRUKRI FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW IHGHUDO FXVWRG\ LH D IHGHUDO DUUHVW RQ D IHGHUDO FKDUJH LV D QHFHVVDU\ FRQGLWLRQ WR WKH VWDWXWHjV  7KH $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDOjV FHUWLILFDWLRQ ZDV ILOHG sDQXDU\   DQG SURYLGHV LQ WRWR  ,Q UHOHYDQW SDUW  86& †  SURYLGHV &RPHV QRZ sRVHSK / )DPXODUR 8QLWHG 6WDWHV $WWRUQH\ IRU WKH :KHQHYHU D MXYHQLOH LV WDNHQ LQWR FXVWRG\ IRU DQ DOOHJHG DFW (DVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI .HQWXFN\ ZKR DIWHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ DQG RI MXYHQLOH GHOLQTXHQF\ WKH DUUHVWLQJ RIILFHU VKDOO LPPHGLDWHO\ SXUVXDQW WR WKH SURYLVLRQV RI 7LWOH  8QLWHG 6WDWHV &RGH DGYLVH VXFK MXYHQLOH RI KLV OHJDO ULJKWV LQ ODQJXDJH 6HFWLRQ  KHUHE\ FHUWLILHV WR WKLV FRXUW WKDW WKH RIIHQVHV IRU FRPSUHKHQVLYH WR D MXYHQLOH DQG VKDOO LPPHGLDWHO\ QRWLI\ WKH ZKLFK WKLV MXYHQLOH >sRKQ 'RH@ LV FKDUJHG KHUHLQ E\ $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO DQG WKH MXYHQLOHjV SDUHQWV JXDUGLDQ RU ,QIRUPDWLRQ LQFOXGH D FULPH RI YLROHQFH WKDW LV D IHORQ\ XQGHU FXVWRGLDQ RI VXFK FXVWRG\ 7KH DUUHVWLQJ RIILFHU VKDOO DOVR QRWLI\ WKH ODZV RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV DQG WKDW WKHUH LV D VXEVWDQWLDO WKH SDUHQWV JXDUGLDQ RU FXVWRGLDQ RI WKH ULJKWV RI WKH MXYHQLOH )HGHUDO LQWHUHVW LQ WKH FDVH DQG WKH RIIHQVH WR ZDUUDQW WKH DQG RI WKH QDWXUH RI WKH DOOHJHG RIIHQVH H[HUFLVH RI )HGHUDO MXULVGLFWLRQ  8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH 

WKLVWLWOHDQGWKDWWKHUHLVDVXEVWDQWLDO)HGHUDOLQWHUHVWLQ UHYLHZRIFHUWLILFDWLRQDVLWGLGIRUWUDQVIHUULQJSURFHHGLQJV WKHFDVHRUWKHRIIHQVHWRZDUUDQWWKHH[HUFLVHRI)HGHUDO IRUMXYHQLOHVZKRHOHFWWREHWUHDWHGDVDQDGXOWLQ†LI MXULVGLFWLRQ LWKDGLQWHQGHGWRGRVR,G)LQDOO\DVWDWXWHjVIDLOXUHWR SURYLGH DQ\ VWDQGDUGV IRU MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ LQGLFDWHV WKDW  86& †   ,Q FKDOOHQJLQJ WKH VXIILFLHQF\ RI WKH &RQJUHVVGLGQRWLQWHQGIRUWKHFRXUWVWRUHYLHZDQH[HFXWLYH $WWRUQH\*HQHUDOjVLQYHVWLJDWLRQ'RHFRQWHQGVWKDWXQGHUWKH GHFLVLRQ6HHsXYHQLOH0DOHs$s)GDW7KHVH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK RI  86& †  WKH $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO WH[WXDO LQIHUHQFHV FRXSOHG ZLWK WKH WUDGLWLRQDO GHIHUHQFH PXVW PDNH D mIDFWXDO VKRZLQJl RI WKH VXEVWDQWLDO )HGHUDO DIIRUGHG E\ WKH FRXUWV WR SURVHFXWRULDO GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ LQWHUHVW LQYROYHG mLQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKH RWKHU SURFHGXUDO RYHUFRPHWKHJHQHUDOSUHVXPSWLRQLQIDYRURIMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ FRQVLGHUDWLRQVl RIH[HFXWLYHDFWLRQ6HH:D\WHY8QLWHG6WDWHV 86 6&W/(GGUHFRJQL]LQJ 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWEHORZDJUHHGZLWKWKH)RXUWK&LUFXLWjV WKHmGHFLVLRQWRSURVHFXWHLVSDUWLFXODUO\LOOVXLWHGWRMXGLFLDO DQDO\VLV LQ sXYHQLOH 0DOH  VXVWDLQHG REMHFWLRQV WR WKH UHYLHZl PDJLVWUDWHMXGJHjVUHSRUWDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQDQGUXOHGWKDW WKH $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDOjV FHUWLILFDWLRQ LV VXEMHFW WR MXGLFLDO ,QDVPXFK DV WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH )RXUWK &LUFXLW DQG WKH UHYLHZ1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWUHIXVHGWRGLVPLVVWKH GLVWULFWFRXUWDUHGLUHFWO\FRQWUDU\WRRXURZQUHDVRQLQJVHW LQIRUPDWLRQEHFDXVHLWIRXQGWKDWWKHmVHULRXVQDWXUHRIWKH IRUWKDERYHZHUHMHFWWKHPLQRULW\DSSURDFK:HWKXVMRLQ DOOHJHGFULPHDQGIHGHUDOSROLFLHVDLPHGDWFXUWDLOLQJVXFK WKHPDMRULW\RI&RXUWVRI$SSHDOVDQGKROGWKDWWKH$WWRUQH\ RIIHQVHVl MXVWLILHG WKH H[HUFLVH RI IHGHUDO MXULVGLFWLRQ *HQHUDOjVGHFLVLRQWRFHUWLI\DmVXEVWDQWLDO)HGHUDOLQWHUHVWl 'LVDJUHHLQJ ZLWK WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV UHDVRQLQJ EXW QRW LWV LQ D MXYHQLOH SURVHFXWLRQ PD\ QRW EH UHYLHZHG IRU IDFWXDO UHVXOWWKHJRYHUQPHQWXUJHVWKLV&RXUWWRDGRSWWKHDQDO\VLV DFFXUDF\$OWKRXJKWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUURQHRXVO\UHOLHGXSRQ HPSOR\HG E\ WKH RYHUZKHOPLQJ PDMRULW\ RI FLUFXLW FRXUWV sXYHQLOH0DOHLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKDWWKH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDOjV ZKLFKKDYHKHOGWKDWWKHFOHDULPSOLFDWLRQRI†LVWKDW FHUWLILFDWLRQ ZDV UHYLHZDEOH IRU LWV IDFWXDO DFFXUDF\ WKH WKH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDOjVFHUWLILFDWLRQRIDVXEVWDQWLDOIHGHUDO GLVWULFW FRXUW SURSHUO\ SURFHHGHG WR WULDO RQ WKH RIIHQVHV LQWHUHVWLVDQRQUHYLHZDEOHDFWRISURVHFXWRULDOGLVFUHWLRQ FKDUJHGLQWKHLQGLFWPHQW+HQFHZHUHMHFW'RHjVILUVWFODLP RIHUURU :HFRQFOXGHWKHJRYHUQPHQWjVSRVLWLRQDFFXUDWHO\UHIOHFWV &RQJUHVVjLQWHQWDVHQDFWHGLQ†$FORVHUHDGLQJRIWKH %$GPLVVLELOLW\RI'RHjV&RQIHVVLRQ VWDWXWHjV VWUXFWXUH DQG WH[W VXSSRUWV WKH FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW &RQJUHVV GLG QRW LQWHQG WKDW WKH $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDOjV 'RHQH[WDUJXHVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGE\DGPLWWLQJ FHUWLILFDWLRQRIWKHH[LVWHQFHRIDVXEVWDQWLDOIHGHUDOLQWHUHVW LQWR HYLGHQFH WKH )%, FDVH DJHQWjV WHVWLPRQ\ WKDW 'RH EH VXEMHFW WR MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ IRU WKH VXIILFLHQF\ RI WKH DFNQRZOHGJHG XVLQJ WKH 7HF WR WKUHDWHQ /OR\G  6HFWLRQ XQGHUO\LQJIDFWV6HH6PLWK)GDW$FFRUGLQJWR UHTXLUHVWKDWZKHQDMXYHQLOHLVWDNHQLQWRFXVWRG\WKH WKHSODLQODQJXDJHTXRWHGDWOHQJWKDERYH†UHTXLUHVWKH DUUHVWLQJRIILFHUPXVWERWKDGYLVHWKHPLQRURIKLVOHJDOULJKWV $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO WR XQGHUWDNH DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ DQG WKHQ DQG DOVR mLPPHGLDWHO\ QRWLI\ WKH    MXYHQLOHjV SDUHQWV VLPSO\mFHUWLI\lWKDWWKHUHLVDmVXEVWDQWLDO)HGHUDOLQWHUHVWLQ JXDUGLDQRUFXVWRGLDQRIVXFKFXVWRG\l86&† WKH FDVH RU WKH RIIHQVHl  1R ODQJXDJH VXSSRUWV 'RHjV 'RH DVVHUWV WKDW WKH JRYHUQPHQWjV IDLOXUH WR QRWLI\ KLV DUJXPHQWWKDWWKHJRYHUQPHQWPXVWPDNHDIDFWXDOVKRZLQJ FXVWRGLDO SDUHQW SULRU WR TXHVWLRQLQJ KLP FRQVWLWXWHG D LQ RUGHU WR FDUU\ LWV EXUGHQ XQGHU †   )XUWKHUPRUH YLRODWLRQRI†WKDWUHQGHUVKLVFRQIHVVLRQLQYROXQWDU\ &RQJUHVVFOHDUO\FRXOGKDYHFKRVHQWRSURYLGHIRUMXGLFLDO DQGWKXVLQDGPLVVLEOH0RUHRYHUDOWKRXJK'RHjVPRWKHUZDV