NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ________________
No. 20-3587 ________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
DEXTON BRUNSON,
Appellant ________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania (D. C. No. 1-17-cr-00068-001) District Judge: Honorable John E. Jones, III ________________
Argued on January 10, 2023
Before: JORDAN, PHIPPS and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: June 1, 2023)
Brianna K. Edwards David R. Fine (ARGUED) K&L Gates 17 North Second Street 18th Floor Harrisburg, PA 17101
Counsel for Appellant William A. Behe Carlo D. Marchioli (ARGUED) Office of United States Attorney Middle District of Pennsylvania 228 Walnut Street, P.O. Box 11754 220 Federal Building and Courthouse Harrisburg, PA 17101
Counsel for Appellee
________________
OPINION* ________________
ROTH, Circuit Judge
I.
Agents arrested Dexton Brunson in his home. During a security sweep, they found
small chunks of marijuana on the hallway floor and a one-dollar bill with a white powdery
substance in Brunson’s pocket. One of the agents instructed Trooper Rodney Fink to apply
for a search warrant. Trooper Fink’s search warrant application stated that “while securing
the pants of Defendant[,] [the police] located a baggie containing cocaine.” 1 A local
magistrate judge signed a warrant authorizing a search of Brunson’s home, during which
police recovered drugs, money, jewelry, and other assets.
A grand jury indicted Brunson, and the District Court appointed Samuel Rivera to
represent Brunson. Rivera moved to suppress, and the District Court held an evidentiary
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. 1 Appx. 002A, 066A; United States v. Brunson, 2020 WL 6710207, at *1 (M.D. Pa. Nov. 16, 2020). 2 hearing. The court challenged Rivera’s need to question anyone besides Trooper Fink,
because “to call [additional] witnesses . . . seems inapt.” 2 Trooper Fink testified that his
prior description of the cocaine as having been found inside a baggie—as opposed to inside
a one-dollar bill—was a mistake. On cross-examination, Rivera focused on the timing of
the search. Rivera asked no additional questions of Trooper Fink and presented no
witnesses of his own.
The District Court denied Brunson’s motion because he failed to make a showing
to overcome the presumption of validity under Franks v. Delaware.3 Brunson then entered
into a plea agreement with the government. After noting that he was displeased with the
plea agreement and with Rivera’s representation, Brunson and the government entered into
a new, conditional plea agreement. The agreement permitted Brunson to withdraw his
guilty plea if we ruled in Brunson’s favor on his appeal of the suppression motion. Brunson
pleaded guilty and appealed. We affirmed the District Court’s denial of the motion to
suppress.
Brunson then brought a § 2255 habeas petition, alleging that he was denied his Sixth
Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel at his suppression hearing. The District
Court denied Brunson’s petition without holding a hearing and declined to enter a
certificate of appealability. We granted Brunson’s motion for a certificate of appealability
to determine whether the District Court should have held an evidentiary hearing under §
2 Appx. 041A; Appx. 040A (noting that the court was “not inclined to sit and listen to testimony”). 3 438 U.S. 154 (1978). 3 2255. Because the record conclusively establishes that Brunson is not entitled to habeas
relief, we will affirm.
II.
Section 2255 directs a district court to conduct promptly an evidentiary hearing
“[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the
prisoner is entitled to no relief.”4 To show ineffective assistance of counsel, a movant must
demonstrate their counsel’s performance was deficient and the deficiency prejudiced the
movant.5 Thus, a hearing is not required where “a nonfrivolous claim clearly fails to
demonstrate either deficiency of counsel’s performance or prejudice to the defendant.” 6
The record conclusively establishes that Brunson’s claim fails under Strickland’s
first prong. The deficiency prong asks whether counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness.7 Courts are hesitant to question counsel’s decisions,
as “there is a strong presumption that counsel [focused on particular issues] for tactical
4 United States v. Arrington, 13 F.4th 331, 334 (3d Cir. 2021) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255); see also United States v. McCoy, 410 F.3d 124, 134 (3d Cir. 2005) (explaining that a § 2255 motion may only “be dismissed without a hearing [only] if (1) the petitioner’s allegations, accepted as true, would not entitle the petitioner to relief, or (2) the allegations cannot be accepted as true because they are contradicted by the record, inherently incredible, or conclusions rather than statements of fact”) (alteration in original) (quoting Engelen v. United States, 68 F.3d 238, 240 (8th Cir. 1995)). 5 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Arrington, 13 F.4th at 334. 6 Arrington, 13 F.4th at 334. Brunson need not prove deficiency or prejudice; he “must simply allege a set of facts that is not frivolous or clearly contradicted by the record and that demonstrates (if assumed to be true) that he would plausibly be entitled to relief under Strickland.” Id. at 335. 7 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88. 4 reasons rather than through sheer neglect”8 and that their conduct “falls within the wide
range of reasonable professional assistance.”9 To overcome that presumption, the
challenger must show that the posited strategy did not motivate counsel or that counsel’s
“actions could never be considered part of a sound strategy.” 10
Brunson fails to overcome this presumption as a matter of law. The District Court
points to several well-reasoned and appropriate tactical strategies to support Rivera’s
actions.11 First, the record demonstrates that further questioning about Trooper Fink’s
characterization of the cocaine would have been futile.12 Second, the record conclusively
supports Rivera’s strategic decision not to call the other officers, Wilson, and Brunson
regarding the marijuana. 13 Because the record demonstrates at least two unchallenged
8 Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 8 (2003) (recognizing that counsel need not pursue every legal strategy but may “focus on some issues to the exclusion of others”). 9 United States v. Booth, 432 F.3d 542, 546 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688–89); Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690 (“[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable.”). 10 Thomas v.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ________________
No. 20-3587 ________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
DEXTON BRUNSON,
Appellant ________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania (D. C. No. 1-17-cr-00068-001) District Judge: Honorable John E. Jones, III ________________
Argued on January 10, 2023
Before: JORDAN, PHIPPS and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: June 1, 2023)
Brianna K. Edwards David R. Fine (ARGUED) K&L Gates 17 North Second Street 18th Floor Harrisburg, PA 17101
Counsel for Appellant William A. Behe Carlo D. Marchioli (ARGUED) Office of United States Attorney Middle District of Pennsylvania 228 Walnut Street, P.O. Box 11754 220 Federal Building and Courthouse Harrisburg, PA 17101
Counsel for Appellee
________________
OPINION* ________________
ROTH, Circuit Judge
I.
Agents arrested Dexton Brunson in his home. During a security sweep, they found
small chunks of marijuana on the hallway floor and a one-dollar bill with a white powdery
substance in Brunson’s pocket. One of the agents instructed Trooper Rodney Fink to apply
for a search warrant. Trooper Fink’s search warrant application stated that “while securing
the pants of Defendant[,] [the police] located a baggie containing cocaine.” 1 A local
magistrate judge signed a warrant authorizing a search of Brunson’s home, during which
police recovered drugs, money, jewelry, and other assets.
A grand jury indicted Brunson, and the District Court appointed Samuel Rivera to
represent Brunson. Rivera moved to suppress, and the District Court held an evidentiary
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. 1 Appx. 002A, 066A; United States v. Brunson, 2020 WL 6710207, at *1 (M.D. Pa. Nov. 16, 2020). 2 hearing. The court challenged Rivera’s need to question anyone besides Trooper Fink,
because “to call [additional] witnesses . . . seems inapt.” 2 Trooper Fink testified that his
prior description of the cocaine as having been found inside a baggie—as opposed to inside
a one-dollar bill—was a mistake. On cross-examination, Rivera focused on the timing of
the search. Rivera asked no additional questions of Trooper Fink and presented no
witnesses of his own.
The District Court denied Brunson’s motion because he failed to make a showing
to overcome the presumption of validity under Franks v. Delaware.3 Brunson then entered
into a plea agreement with the government. After noting that he was displeased with the
plea agreement and with Rivera’s representation, Brunson and the government entered into
a new, conditional plea agreement. The agreement permitted Brunson to withdraw his
guilty plea if we ruled in Brunson’s favor on his appeal of the suppression motion. Brunson
pleaded guilty and appealed. We affirmed the District Court’s denial of the motion to
suppress.
Brunson then brought a § 2255 habeas petition, alleging that he was denied his Sixth
Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel at his suppression hearing. The District
Court denied Brunson’s petition without holding a hearing and declined to enter a
certificate of appealability. We granted Brunson’s motion for a certificate of appealability
to determine whether the District Court should have held an evidentiary hearing under §
2 Appx. 041A; Appx. 040A (noting that the court was “not inclined to sit and listen to testimony”). 3 438 U.S. 154 (1978). 3 2255. Because the record conclusively establishes that Brunson is not entitled to habeas
relief, we will affirm.
II.
Section 2255 directs a district court to conduct promptly an evidentiary hearing
“[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the
prisoner is entitled to no relief.”4 To show ineffective assistance of counsel, a movant must
demonstrate their counsel’s performance was deficient and the deficiency prejudiced the
movant.5 Thus, a hearing is not required where “a nonfrivolous claim clearly fails to
demonstrate either deficiency of counsel’s performance or prejudice to the defendant.” 6
The record conclusively establishes that Brunson’s claim fails under Strickland’s
first prong. The deficiency prong asks whether counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness.7 Courts are hesitant to question counsel’s decisions,
as “there is a strong presumption that counsel [focused on particular issues] for tactical
4 United States v. Arrington, 13 F.4th 331, 334 (3d Cir. 2021) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255); see also United States v. McCoy, 410 F.3d 124, 134 (3d Cir. 2005) (explaining that a § 2255 motion may only “be dismissed without a hearing [only] if (1) the petitioner’s allegations, accepted as true, would not entitle the petitioner to relief, or (2) the allegations cannot be accepted as true because they are contradicted by the record, inherently incredible, or conclusions rather than statements of fact”) (alteration in original) (quoting Engelen v. United States, 68 F.3d 238, 240 (8th Cir. 1995)). 5 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Arrington, 13 F.4th at 334. 6 Arrington, 13 F.4th at 334. Brunson need not prove deficiency or prejudice; he “must simply allege a set of facts that is not frivolous or clearly contradicted by the record and that demonstrates (if assumed to be true) that he would plausibly be entitled to relief under Strickland.” Id. at 335. 7 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88. 4 reasons rather than through sheer neglect”8 and that their conduct “falls within the wide
range of reasonable professional assistance.”9 To overcome that presumption, the
challenger must show that the posited strategy did not motivate counsel or that counsel’s
“actions could never be considered part of a sound strategy.” 10
Brunson fails to overcome this presumption as a matter of law. The District Court
points to several well-reasoned and appropriate tactical strategies to support Rivera’s
actions.11 First, the record demonstrates that further questioning about Trooper Fink’s
characterization of the cocaine would have been futile.12 Second, the record conclusively
supports Rivera’s strategic decision not to call the other officers, Wilson, and Brunson
regarding the marijuana. 13 Because the record demonstrates at least two unchallenged
8 Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 8 (2003) (recognizing that counsel need not pursue every legal strategy but may “focus on some issues to the exclusion of others”). 9 United States v. Booth, 432 F.3d 542, 546 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688–89); Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690 (“[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable.”). 10 Thomas v. Varner, 428 F.3d 491, 499 (3d Cir. 2005). 11 Brunson contends that “no conceivable strategy . . . would justify counsel’s lackadaisical performance.” Reply at 3. However, he does not engage with the strategies the District Court and government posit. 12 The District Court found “no evidence from which to infer that Trooper Fink inserted this misstatement in a knowing or deliberate way,” and Trooper Fink’s statement was not necessary to the finding of probable cause as “the remainder of the affidavit still establishes probable cause to issue a search warrant.” Appx. 008A, 70A. 13 The record plainly contradicts Wilson and Brunson’s statements regarding the existence of marijuana and thus cannot be accepted as true. See McCoy, 410 F.3d at 134. The court would have had no reason to accept Wilson’s and Brunson’s “self-serving” statements. See Appx. 009A. In fact, Wilson’s affidavit does not dispute the existence of marijuana at the time of Brunson’s arrest as she was not home. Moreover, Brunson’s affidavit does not dispute the odor of marijuana. 5 tactical reasons for Rivera’s conduct, we find that the record conclusively demonstrates
that Rivera’s conduct was not deficient. Thus, Brunson does not meet his burden.14
For the above reasons, we will affirm the order of the District Court.
14 Because Brunson fails at step one, we need not address prejudice. 6