NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 21 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 19-10171
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 17−cr−00114−LRH−CBC−1 v.
DEVENDRA PATEL, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Larry R. Hicks, United States District Judge, Presiding.
Submitted May 11, 2020** San Francisco, California
Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and FRIEDLAND and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.
Defendant Dr. Devendra Patel pled guilty to one count of distribution of a
controlled substance in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C). Patel was
sentenced to 37 months in prison and fined $500,000. He appeals his sentence. We
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and affirm.1
1. Patel claims the government breached the plea agreement, but he did not
raise this claim below. We ordinarily review for plain error claims not raised
before the district court. See United States v. Maldonado, 215 F.3d 1046, 1051 (9th
Cir. 2000). But even assuming without deciding that Patel is entitled to de novo
review, United States v. Plascencia-Orozco, 852 F.3d 910, 916 (9th Cir. 2017)
(noting we have applied de novo and clear error review for plea agreements), we
conclude that the government did not breach the plea agreement.
Patel complains that the government improperly advocated for a vulnerable
victim enhancement. But here, the United States Attorney’s Office, the entity
bound by the plea agreement, never advocated for a vulnerable victim
enhancement. And, the record does not show that the United States Attorney’s
Office “was in any way responsible for encouraging the probation officer to
include a higher offense level recommendation than was contained in the plea
agreement, or that [the prosecutor] induced the district court to pursue [the higher]
recommendation.” United States v. Allen, 434 F.3d 1166, 1175 (9th Cir. 2006). The
plea agreement expressly authorized the parties to “provide additional information”
about Patel’s criminal conduct to the Probation Office and the district court, which
1 We reject Patel’s request to expand the record on appeal, and we only consider the documents in the record before the district court. Fed. R. App. P. 10(a); see also United States v. Walter-Eze, 869 F.3d 891, 907 n.3 (9th Cir. 2017). 2 the FBI did. See United States v. Mondragon, 228 F.3d 978, 980 (9th Cir. 2000)
(“A plea agreement is a contract; the government is held to the literal terms of the
agreement.”). And the government does not violate a plea agreement when a
prosecutor presents a witness on the district court’s request and the district court
asks the questions, nor can Patel argue that the FBI agent “should not have
answered the district court’s questions.”2 Allen, 434 F.3d at 1175.
2. We generally “do not review challenges to the effectiveness of defense
counsel on direct appeal” except under narrow circumstances. United States v.
Rahman, 642 F.3d 1257, 1259 (9th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). The two
exceptions are “unusual cases where (1) the record on appeal is sufficiently
developed to permit determination of the issue, or (2) the legal representation is so
inadequate that it obviously denies a defendant his Sixth Amendment right to
counsel.” Id. at 1260. These exceptions do not apply here. Accordingly, we decline
to review Patel’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.3
3. We review the district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de
novo, its factual findings for clear error, and its application of the Sentencing
Guidelines to the facts for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Gasca-Ruiz,
2 The FBI agent did not volunteer any information about the sentencing enhancement until the district court specifically asked. 3 Our decision not to review this challenge is without prejudice to Patel’s right to raise an ineffective assistance claim “in a subsequent collateral attack.” Rahman, 642 F.3d at 1260. 3 852 F.3d 1167, 1170-71 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc).
The district court did not clearly err in finding that Patel prescribed opioids
to Whitaker because it can rely on hearsay evidence if there is “some minimal
indicia of reliability.” United States v. Littlesun, 444 F.3d 1196, 1200 (9th Cir.
2006) (quotation omitted). Gentry was a percipient witness and had no reason to
lie. See United States v. Marin-Cuevas, 147 F.3d 889, 895 (9th Cir. 1998). Her
statement thus had indicia of reliability.
Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in concluding the vulnerable
victim enhancement applied based on its factual findings. See United States v.
Haggard, 41 F.3d 1320, 1326 (9th Cir. 1994) (the court may consider “all harm”
caused by the defendant to an individual even if that harm was “not an element of .
. . the crime[] of which [defendant] was convicted . . . .”). Here the district court
considered not just the harm from the opioid prescription but also associated harm
from the stress test and Patel’s statement that part of Whitaker’s heart was “dead.”
The district court’s conclusion was supported by the record.
Finally, the district court made no factual findings about the total number of
medically unnecessary stress tests, and also never found Patel responsible for
patient deaths. Rather, the district court noted for the record that the number of
patient deaths would not impact any of its rulings. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(B).
4. Patel’s sentence is substantively reasonable. Reviewing for abuse of
4 discretion, we will “reverse only if the [district] court applied an incorrect legal
rule or if the sentence was illogical, implausible, or without support in inferences
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 21 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 19-10171
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 17−cr−00114−LRH−CBC−1 v.
DEVENDRA PATEL, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Larry R. Hicks, United States District Judge, Presiding.
Submitted May 11, 2020** San Francisco, California
Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and FRIEDLAND and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.
Defendant Dr. Devendra Patel pled guilty to one count of distribution of a
controlled substance in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C). Patel was
sentenced to 37 months in prison and fined $500,000. He appeals his sentence. We
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and affirm.1
1. Patel claims the government breached the plea agreement, but he did not
raise this claim below. We ordinarily review for plain error claims not raised
before the district court. See United States v. Maldonado, 215 F.3d 1046, 1051 (9th
Cir. 2000). But even assuming without deciding that Patel is entitled to de novo
review, United States v. Plascencia-Orozco, 852 F.3d 910, 916 (9th Cir. 2017)
(noting we have applied de novo and clear error review for plea agreements), we
conclude that the government did not breach the plea agreement.
Patel complains that the government improperly advocated for a vulnerable
victim enhancement. But here, the United States Attorney’s Office, the entity
bound by the plea agreement, never advocated for a vulnerable victim
enhancement. And, the record does not show that the United States Attorney’s
Office “was in any way responsible for encouraging the probation officer to
include a higher offense level recommendation than was contained in the plea
agreement, or that [the prosecutor] induced the district court to pursue [the higher]
recommendation.” United States v. Allen, 434 F.3d 1166, 1175 (9th Cir. 2006). The
plea agreement expressly authorized the parties to “provide additional information”
about Patel’s criminal conduct to the Probation Office and the district court, which
1 We reject Patel’s request to expand the record on appeal, and we only consider the documents in the record before the district court. Fed. R. App. P. 10(a); see also United States v. Walter-Eze, 869 F.3d 891, 907 n.3 (9th Cir. 2017). 2 the FBI did. See United States v. Mondragon, 228 F.3d 978, 980 (9th Cir. 2000)
(“A plea agreement is a contract; the government is held to the literal terms of the
agreement.”). And the government does not violate a plea agreement when a
prosecutor presents a witness on the district court’s request and the district court
asks the questions, nor can Patel argue that the FBI agent “should not have
answered the district court’s questions.”2 Allen, 434 F.3d at 1175.
2. We generally “do not review challenges to the effectiveness of defense
counsel on direct appeal” except under narrow circumstances. United States v.
Rahman, 642 F.3d 1257, 1259 (9th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). The two
exceptions are “unusual cases where (1) the record on appeal is sufficiently
developed to permit determination of the issue, or (2) the legal representation is so
inadequate that it obviously denies a defendant his Sixth Amendment right to
counsel.” Id. at 1260. These exceptions do not apply here. Accordingly, we decline
to review Patel’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.3
3. We review the district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de
novo, its factual findings for clear error, and its application of the Sentencing
Guidelines to the facts for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Gasca-Ruiz,
2 The FBI agent did not volunteer any information about the sentencing enhancement until the district court specifically asked. 3 Our decision not to review this challenge is without prejudice to Patel’s right to raise an ineffective assistance claim “in a subsequent collateral attack.” Rahman, 642 F.3d at 1260. 3 852 F.3d 1167, 1170-71 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc).
The district court did not clearly err in finding that Patel prescribed opioids
to Whitaker because it can rely on hearsay evidence if there is “some minimal
indicia of reliability.” United States v. Littlesun, 444 F.3d 1196, 1200 (9th Cir.
2006) (quotation omitted). Gentry was a percipient witness and had no reason to
lie. See United States v. Marin-Cuevas, 147 F.3d 889, 895 (9th Cir. 1998). Her
statement thus had indicia of reliability.
Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in concluding the vulnerable
victim enhancement applied based on its factual findings. See United States v.
Haggard, 41 F.3d 1320, 1326 (9th Cir. 1994) (the court may consider “all harm”
caused by the defendant to an individual even if that harm was “not an element of .
. . the crime[] of which [defendant] was convicted . . . .”). Here the district court
considered not just the harm from the opioid prescription but also associated harm
from the stress test and Patel’s statement that part of Whitaker’s heart was “dead.”
The district court’s conclusion was supported by the record.
Finally, the district court made no factual findings about the total number of
medically unnecessary stress tests, and also never found Patel responsible for
patient deaths. Rather, the district court noted for the record that the number of
patient deaths would not impact any of its rulings. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(B).
4. Patel’s sentence is substantively reasonable. Reviewing for abuse of
4 discretion, we will “reverse only if the [district] court applied an incorrect legal
rule or if the sentence was illogical, implausible, or without support in inferences
that may be drawn from the facts in the record.” United States v. Martinez-Lopez,
864 F.3d 1034, 1043-44 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (citation and quotation marks
omitted). The district court properly considered the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors,
and adequately explained the sentence it selected. See United States v. Carty, 520
F.3d 984, 993 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (listing examples of procedural errors).
The district court properly balanced the factors, including Patel’s lack of criminal
history and the seriousness of his crime, and discussed the sentencing factors it
found significant. The district court listened to the parties’ sentencing disparity
arguments and “must have believed that there was not much more to say” about
Patel’s request for probation. Id. at 995 (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S.
338, 358 (2007)). And the district court was not “required to sentence at a variance
with the sentencing guidelines.” Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d at 1044 (quotations
omitted).
Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing a $500,000
fine. This amount was well within the indicated Sentencing Guidelines range, and
the district court could consider all relevant conduct when determining the proper
sentence. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 1B1.3 (U.S. Sentencing
Comm’n 2018).
5 AFFIRMED.