United States v. Dennis Franklin

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedJuly 17, 2018
Docket16-1580
StatusPublished

This text of United States v. Dennis Franklin (United States v. Dennis Franklin) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Dennis Franklin, (7th Cir. 2018).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ Nos. 16‐1580 & 16‐1872 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

DENNIS FRANKLIN & SHANE SAHM, Defendants‐Appellants. ____________________

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. Nos. 3:14‐CR‐00128 & 3:15‐CR‐00110 — James D. Peterson, Chief Judge. ____________________

SUBMITTED FOR REHEARING APRIL 11, 2018 — DECIDED JULY 17, 2018 ____________________

Before KANNE and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.* PER CURIAM. The defendant‐appellants’ petition for panel rehearing is GRANTED, and the opinion and judgment is‐ sued February 26, 2018, are VACATED. Pursuant to Circuit

* Circuit Judge Posner heard argument but retired on September 2, 2017,

and did not participate in the decision of this case. A quorum of the panel continues to hear and decide the case under 28 U.S.C. § 46(d). 2 Nos. 16‐1580 & 16‐1872

Rule 52 and Wis. Stat. § 821.01, we request that the Wisconsin Supreme Court answer a question of Wisconsin law that should control our decision in these appeals of federal sen‐ tences under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). See generally 884 F.3d 331 (7th Cir. 2018) (panel opin‐ ion). The question concerns the location provisions of the Wis‐ consin burglary statute, which provides as follows: Whoever intentionally enters any of the follow‐ ing places without the consent of the person in lawful possession and with intent to steal or commit a felony in such place is guilty of a Class F felony: (a) Any building or dwelling; or (b) An enclosed railroad car; or (c) An enclosed portion of any ship or vessel; or (d) A locked enclosed cargo portion of a truck or trailer; or (e) A motor home or other motorized type of home or a trailer home, whether or not any person is living in any such home; or (f) A room within any of the above. Wis. Stat. § 943.10(1m). Our question, see below at 14, is whether the different lo‐ cation subsections (a)–(f) identify alternative elements of bur‐ glary or instead only identify alternative means of committing burglary. See, e.g., State v. Hendricks, 379 Wis.2d 549, 565–72, Nos. 16‐1580 & 16‐1872 3

906 N.W.2d 666, 673–77 (Wis. 2018) (deciding similar question under child enticement statute, Wis. Stat. § 948.07). The question may seem obscure or even arcanely meta‐ physical, at least without a fair amount of background infor‐ mation about the federal Armed Career Criminal Act, its ref‐ erence to burglary convictions, and several related cases. (See below.) But, despite the layers of federal sentencing precedent that frame this issue, this is at bottom a controlling question of State criminal law. The answer to this question controls not only the validity of these appellants’ federal sentences; it also affects how Wisconsin juries must be instructed, what jurors must agree upon unanimously, and how double jeopardy protections may apply. I. The Armed Career Criminal Act The key substantive provision of the Armed Career Crim‐ inal Act states: In the case of a person who violates section 922(g) of this title [unlawful possession, receipt, shipment, or transportation of firearms] and has three previous convictions by any court referred to in section 922(g)(1) of this title for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different from one another, such per‐ son shall be fined under this title and impris‐ oned not less than fifteen years[.] 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) (emphasis added). The normal sentence for unlawful possession of a firearm under § 922(g) is a maximum of ten years in prison. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2). A defendant with three qualifying convic‐ 4 Nos. 16‐1580 & 16‐1872

tions for violent felonies, however, falls under the § 924(e) en‐ hancement quoted above and faces a mandatory minimum of fifteen years in prison. See United States v. Bennett, 863 F.3d 679, 680 (7th Cir. 2017). The maximum becomes life in prison. What qualifies as a conviction for a “violent felony” under § 924(e)? The statutory definition reads: the term “violent felony” means any crime pun‐ ishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year … that— (i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the per‐ son of another; or (ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another[.] 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B) (emphasis added). A. “Generic” Burglary and the “Categorical Method” So a felony conviction for “burglary” counts toward the three violent felonies that can trigger the severe sentences un‐ der the Armed Career Criminal Act. What counts as a “burglary”? The federal statute contains no specific definition. The Supreme Court of the United States addressed that problem in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990). State burglary laws vary a great deal: some do not re‐ quire unlawful entry; others extend the crime to vehicles and even vending machines. Id. at 590–91, 599, and 580, citing United States v. Hill, 863 F.2d 1575, 1582 n.5 (11th Cir. 1989). Taylor held that a State’s label of “burglary” does not control. Nos. 16‐1580 & 16‐1872 5

Id. at 590. Instead, Taylor adopted a “generic” definition of burglary for purposes of § 924(e): “an unlawful or unprivi‐ leged entry into, or remaining in, a building or other struc‐ ture, with intent to commit a crime.” Id. at 598. Taylor also decided how federal courts should analyze a State’s burglary statute, and that method can be counter‐intu‐ itive. Taylor held that courts must use a formal “categorical approach” that “look[s] only to the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the prior offense.” Id. at 602. The cate‐ gorical approach focuses on “the elements of the statute of conviction, not … the facts of each defendant’s conduct.” Id. at 601. Limiting the inquiry to statutory elements flows from the text of the Armed Career Criminal Act, which “refers to ‘a person who … has three previous convictions’ for—not a per‐ son who has committed—three previous violent felonies or drug offenses.” Id. at 600 (emphasis added), quoting 18 U.S.C. 924(e)(1). Taylor added, however, that the sentencing court could “go beyond the mere fact of conviction in a narrow range of cases where a jury was actually required to find all the elements of generic burglary”—such as entry of a building. In this narrow range of cases, the court may look to charging documents or jury instructions to determine the crime of conviction. Id. at 602.

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