UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v. Criminal Action No. 21-679 (JEB)
ROBERT WAYNE DENNIS,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Defendant Robert Wayne Dennis is charged with multiple counts for his participation in
the January 6, 2021, insurrection at the U.S. Capitol. He now seeks dismissal of several of these
charges on a variety of infirm grounds that have been persuasively rejected by this Court and
others in this district. The Court will accordingly deny his Motion.
I. Background
Defendant has been indicted on nine counts. The charges are: Civil Disorder, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 231(a)(3) (Count I); Assaulting, Resisting, or Impeding Certain Officers, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1) (Counts II, III, and IV); Entering and Remaining in a
Restricted Building or Grounds, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(1) (Count V); Disorderly
and Disruptive Conduct in a Restricted Building or Grounds, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1752(a)(2) (Count VI); Engaging in Physical Violence in a Restricted Building or Grounds, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(4) (Count VII); Disorderly Conduct in a Capitol Building, in
violation of 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2)(D) (Count VIII); and an Act of Physical Violence in the
Capitol Grounds or Buildings, in violation of 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2)(F) (Count IX). See ECF
No. 13 (Indictment).
1 Dennis now seeks dismissal of several of the charges against him. His Motion targets
Counts I, V, VI, VII, and VIII for varied reasons. See ECF No. 28 (MTD).
II. Legal Standard
Prior to trial, a defendant may move to dismiss an indictment or information on the basis
that there is a “defect in the indictment or information” including a “failure to state an offense.”
Fed. R. Crim P. 12(b)(3)(B)(v). “The operative question is whether the allegations, if proven,
would be sufficient to permit a jury to” conclude that the defendant committed the criminal
offense as charged. United States v. Sanford, Ltd., 859 F. Supp. 2d 102, 107 (D.D.C. 2012);
United States v. Bowdoin, 770 F. Supp. 2d 142, 146 (D.D.C. 2011). An indictment “is sufficient
if it, first, contains the elements of the offense charged and fairly informs a defendant of the
charge against which he must defend, and, second, enables him to plead an acquittal or
conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the same offense.” Hamling v. United States, 418
U.S. 87, 117 (1974). A court accordingly cabins its analysis to “the face of the indictment and,
more specifically, the language used to charge the crimes.” United States v. Sunia, 643 F. Supp.
2d 51, 60 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting United States v. Sharpe, 438 F.3d 1257, 1263 (11th Cir. 2006))
(emphases omitted).
III. Analysis
The Court separately addresses Defendant’s myriad arguments.
A. Overbreadth and Vagueness
Dennis first attacks Count I of the Indictment (Civil Disorder, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 231(a)(3)) as overbroad under the First Amendment and vague under the Fifth. That count
charges:
On or about January 6, 2021, within the District of Columbia, ROBERT WAYNE DENNIS[ ] committed and attempted to commit
2 an act to obstruct, impede, and interfere with a law enforcement officer, that is, Officer J.S., an officer from the Metropolitan Police Department, lawfully engaged in the lawful performance of his/her official duties incident to and during the commission of a civil disorder which in any way and degree obstructed, delayed, and adversely affected commerce and the movement of any article and commodity in commerce and the conduct and performance of any federally protected function.
Indictment at 1–2. The civil-disorder statute under which the Government brings this charge
reads:
Whoever commits or attempts to commit any act to obstruct, impede, or interfere with any fireman or law enforcement officer lawfully engaged in the lawful performance of his official duties incident to and during the commission of a civil disorder which in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or adversely affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function—
Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
18 U.S.C. § 231(a)(3).
Criminal statutes “that make unlawful a substantial amount of constitutionally protected
conduct may be held facially invalid even if they also have legitimate application.” City of
Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 459 (1987). Specifically, the First Amendment bars laws that
“punish[ ] a ‘substantial’ amount of protected free speech, ‘judged in relation to the statute’s
plainly legitimate sweep,’” and for which no “limiting construction” is available. Virginia v.
Hicks, 539 U.S. 113, 118–19 (2003) (quoting Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 613, 615
(1973)). Section 231(a)(3) “must be scrutinized with particular care” for overbreadth. City of
Houston, 482 U.S. at 459. “[T]he mere fact[,]” however, “that one can conceive of some
impermissible applications of a statute is not sufficient to render it susceptible to an overbreadth
challenge.” Members of City Council of L.A. v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 800
(1984).
3 Defendant’s argument that “Section 231(a)(3) extends to a substantial amount of
constitutionally protected speech and expressive conduct, well in excess of the law’s legitimate
sweep[,]” MTD at 15, is a word-for-word recitation of the overbreadth challenge to the same law
that this Court previously rejected in United States v. Mostofsky, 579 F. Supp. 3d 9, 22 (D.D.C.
2021), another January 6 case. The Court explained there that “the ‘strong medicine of
overbreadth invalidation’ is not necessary here because the statute’s potentially unconstitutional
applications are few compared to its legitimate ones.” Id. (quoting Hicks, 539 U.S. at 120)
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
Dennis’s next grievance with Count I is that § 231(a)(3) is unconstitutionally vague. He
contends that the law “is replete with vague and imprecise terms that fail to provide a person of
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v. Criminal Action No. 21-679 (JEB)
ROBERT WAYNE DENNIS,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Defendant Robert Wayne Dennis is charged with multiple counts for his participation in
the January 6, 2021, insurrection at the U.S. Capitol. He now seeks dismissal of several of these
charges on a variety of infirm grounds that have been persuasively rejected by this Court and
others in this district. The Court will accordingly deny his Motion.
I. Background
Defendant has been indicted on nine counts. The charges are: Civil Disorder, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 231(a)(3) (Count I); Assaulting, Resisting, or Impeding Certain Officers, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1) (Counts II, III, and IV); Entering and Remaining in a
Restricted Building or Grounds, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(1) (Count V); Disorderly
and Disruptive Conduct in a Restricted Building or Grounds, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1752(a)(2) (Count VI); Engaging in Physical Violence in a Restricted Building or Grounds, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(4) (Count VII); Disorderly Conduct in a Capitol Building, in
violation of 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2)(D) (Count VIII); and an Act of Physical Violence in the
Capitol Grounds or Buildings, in violation of 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2)(F) (Count IX). See ECF
No. 13 (Indictment).
1 Dennis now seeks dismissal of several of the charges against him. His Motion targets
Counts I, V, VI, VII, and VIII for varied reasons. See ECF No. 28 (MTD).
II. Legal Standard
Prior to trial, a defendant may move to dismiss an indictment or information on the basis
that there is a “defect in the indictment or information” including a “failure to state an offense.”
Fed. R. Crim P. 12(b)(3)(B)(v). “The operative question is whether the allegations, if proven,
would be sufficient to permit a jury to” conclude that the defendant committed the criminal
offense as charged. United States v. Sanford, Ltd., 859 F. Supp. 2d 102, 107 (D.D.C. 2012);
United States v. Bowdoin, 770 F. Supp. 2d 142, 146 (D.D.C. 2011). An indictment “is sufficient
if it, first, contains the elements of the offense charged and fairly informs a defendant of the
charge against which he must defend, and, second, enables him to plead an acquittal or
conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the same offense.” Hamling v. United States, 418
U.S. 87, 117 (1974). A court accordingly cabins its analysis to “the face of the indictment and,
more specifically, the language used to charge the crimes.” United States v. Sunia, 643 F. Supp.
2d 51, 60 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting United States v. Sharpe, 438 F.3d 1257, 1263 (11th Cir. 2006))
(emphases omitted).
III. Analysis
The Court separately addresses Defendant’s myriad arguments.
A. Overbreadth and Vagueness
Dennis first attacks Count I of the Indictment (Civil Disorder, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 231(a)(3)) as overbroad under the First Amendment and vague under the Fifth. That count
charges:
On or about January 6, 2021, within the District of Columbia, ROBERT WAYNE DENNIS[ ] committed and attempted to commit
2 an act to obstruct, impede, and interfere with a law enforcement officer, that is, Officer J.S., an officer from the Metropolitan Police Department, lawfully engaged in the lawful performance of his/her official duties incident to and during the commission of a civil disorder which in any way and degree obstructed, delayed, and adversely affected commerce and the movement of any article and commodity in commerce and the conduct and performance of any federally protected function.
Indictment at 1–2. The civil-disorder statute under which the Government brings this charge
reads:
Whoever commits or attempts to commit any act to obstruct, impede, or interfere with any fireman or law enforcement officer lawfully engaged in the lawful performance of his official duties incident to and during the commission of a civil disorder which in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or adversely affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function—
Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
18 U.S.C. § 231(a)(3).
Criminal statutes “that make unlawful a substantial amount of constitutionally protected
conduct may be held facially invalid even if they also have legitimate application.” City of
Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 459 (1987). Specifically, the First Amendment bars laws that
“punish[ ] a ‘substantial’ amount of protected free speech, ‘judged in relation to the statute’s
plainly legitimate sweep,’” and for which no “limiting construction” is available. Virginia v.
Hicks, 539 U.S. 113, 118–19 (2003) (quoting Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 613, 615
(1973)). Section 231(a)(3) “must be scrutinized with particular care” for overbreadth. City of
Houston, 482 U.S. at 459. “[T]he mere fact[,]” however, “that one can conceive of some
impermissible applications of a statute is not sufficient to render it susceptible to an overbreadth
challenge.” Members of City Council of L.A. v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 800
(1984).
3 Defendant’s argument that “Section 231(a)(3) extends to a substantial amount of
constitutionally protected speech and expressive conduct, well in excess of the law’s legitimate
sweep[,]” MTD at 15, is a word-for-word recitation of the overbreadth challenge to the same law
that this Court previously rejected in United States v. Mostofsky, 579 F. Supp. 3d 9, 22 (D.D.C.
2021), another January 6 case. The Court explained there that “the ‘strong medicine of
overbreadth invalidation’ is not necessary here because the statute’s potentially unconstitutional
applications are few compared to its legitimate ones.” Id. (quoting Hicks, 539 U.S. at 120)
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
Dennis’s next grievance with Count I is that § 231(a)(3) is unconstitutionally vague. He
contends that the law “is replete with vague and imprecise terms that fail to provide a person of
ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what conduct is prohibited,” MTD at 10,
pointing as examples to the phrases “any act to obstruct, impede, or interfere” and “incident to
and during the commission of a civil disorder.” Id. at 10–11. Defendant goes on to argue that
the law’s lack of a “scienter/mens rea element weighs in further favor of the statute’s
unconstitutionality.” Id. at 11.
These arguments parrot those that have been offered and rejected in other January 6 cases
in this district. To begin, Defendant is incorrect that the statute lacks a scienter requirement. As
courts in this District have previously observed, the statute “punishes only acts ‘performed with
the specific purpose to “obstruct, impede, or interfere with” firefighters or law enforcement.’”
United States v. McHugh, 583 F. Supp. 3d 1, 25 (D.D.C. 2022) (construing § 231(a)(3) to require
specific intent). Dennis’s purported examples of vague statutory terms are similarly
unconvincing. As Judge John Bates explained in McHugh: “An ordinary person would have an
intuitive understanding of what is proscribed by a ban on obstructing, impeding, or interfering
4 with law enforcement.” Id. at 27. “Civil disorder,” for its part, “has a fulsome statutory
definition: ‘any public disturbance involving acts of violence by assemblages of three or more
persons, which causes an immediate danger of or results in damage or injury to the property or
person of any other individual.’” Id. at 26 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 232(1)). The challenged phrases
therefore do not “tie[ ] criminal culpability to . . . wholly subjective judgments without statutory
definitions, narrowing context, or settled legal meanings.” United States v. Williams, 553 U.S.
285, 306 (2008). The Court thus joins all others in this district that have found this argument
unpersuasive. See, e.g., McHugh, 583 F. Supp. 3d at 26 (rejecting January 6 defendant’s
vagueness and overbreadth challenges to § 231(a)(3)); United States v. Williams, No. 21-618,
2022 WL 2237301, at *3–7 (D.D.C. June 22, 2022) (same); United States v. Bingert, No. 21-91,
2022 WL 1659163, at *12 (D.D.C. May 25, 2022) (same).
B. Applicability of § 1752
Dennis next seeks dismissal of Counts V, VI, and VII, all of which allege violations of 18
U.S.C. § 1752. That statute penalizes entering or disrupting business in a “restricted building or
grounds.” The statute then defines that phrase:
(1) the term “restricted buildings or grounds” means any posted, cordoned off, or otherwise restricted area—
(A) of the White House or its grounds, or the Vice President’s official residence or its grounds;
(B) of a building or grounds where the President or other person protected by the Secret Service is or will be temporarily visiting; or
(C) of a building or grounds so restricted in conjunction with an event designated as a special event of national significance.
18 U.S.C. § 1752(c)(1)(A)–(C). The thrust of Defendant’s argument is that § 1752 permits only
the Secret Service to restrict access to the Capitol and that it did not do so on January 6. In the
5 alternative, he maintains that the statute does not apply here “because former Vice President
Pence was not ‘temporarily visiting’ the Capitol building on January 6, 2021.” MTD at 19.
This Court rejected the first of these arguments in Mostofsky, 579 F. Supp. 3d at 27–28
(“The text plainly does not require that the Secret Service be the entity to restrict or cordon off a
particular area.”), and the second in United States v. Ballenger, No. 21-719, 2022 WL 14807767,
at *2 (D.D.C Oct. 26, 2022) (“Many judges in this district have disagreed with [the] suggestion
that Vice President Pence was not temporarily visiting the Capitol, given that this term logically
describes what he was doing on January 6.”). It does so again here.
C. Sufficiency
Defendant also raises a litany of sufficiency challenges to Counts I, VII, and VIII. For
example, he maintains that Count I is defective because it does not allege facts that relate to
interstate commerce or a federally protected function. See MTD at 7. Yet an indictment need
not allege facts that establish all elements of an offense. “It is generally sufficient that an
indictment set forth the offense in the words of the statute itself, as long as ‘those words of
themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the
elements necessary to constitute the offence intended to be punished.’” Hamling, 418 U.S. at
117 (quoting United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611, 612 (1882)). “[T]o be sufficient, [it] need
only inform the defendant of the precise offense of which he is accused so that he may prepare
his defense and plead double jeopardy in any further prosecution for the same offense.” United
States v. Verrusio, 762 F.3d 1, 13 (D.C. Cir. 2014). As this Court has explained in rejecting a
similar challenge in an insurrection case, the Indictment here is sufficient because it “set[s] out in
clear and unambiguous terms” the offenses with which Defendant is charged. Ballenger, 2022
WL 14807767, at *1. These contentions hold no water either.
6 * * *
While Defendant raises a multitude of arguments for dismissal, he presents none that
have not already been rejected in January 6 cases by either this Court or others in this district —
cases that Defendant does not cite, let alone distinguish. This Motion thus meets the same fate as
its predecessors.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. A
separate Order so stating will issue this day.
s/ James E. Boasberg JAMES E. BOASBERG United States District Judge Date: December 6, 2022