NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______
No. 08-1320 ______
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
LARRY DAVIS, Appellant ______
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Crim. No. 04-00680-09) District Judge: Honorable Jan E. DuBois ______
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) June 24, 2011
Before: BARRY, AMBRO, and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges
(Filed: July 13, 2011) ______
OPINION OF THE COURT ______
VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted Larry Davis guilty of conspiracy to distribute more than five kilograms
of cocaine and substantive cocaine distribution offenses. Davis argues that the evidence was
insufficient to prove the conspiracy charge and that the District Court improperly admitted
evidence at trial. For the reasons which follow, we will affirm.
I. On April 13, 2005, a Grand Jury returned a Fifty-Three Count Superseding Indictment
against Davis and eight other co-defendants.1 Count One charged all defendants with conspiracy
to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine in Philadelphia and Delaware Counties from
July 2003 through October 2004, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A).
Additionally, Davis was charged with distribution of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§
841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C) and distribution of cocaine within 1,000 of a school in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C) and 860(a).
The Superseding Indictment alleged a large-scale cocaine distribution conspiracy. At the
top of the conspiracy was defendant Tyrone Smith, who obtained large quantities of cocaine and
distributed it to defendant William Green, who in turn redistributed it to defendant Louis Stillis.
Stillis then distributed the cocaine to street-level cocaine sellers like Davis. Davis and his co-
conspirators then sold then cocaine to street-level buyers in the Toby Farms neighborhood of
Delaware County, Pennsylvania.
Davis and three co-defendants went to trial on January 3, 2007. At the close of the
Government‟s case, Davis moved for judgment of acquittal, but the District Court denied the
motion. The jury convicted Davis on all counts. On January 23, 2008, the District Court
sentenced Davis to 120 months‟ imprisonment. Davis timely appealed.2
II.
On appeal, Davis argues: (1) that the evidence was insufficient to prove his membership
in the conspiracy; (2) that the evidence was insufficient to prove he conspired to distribute five or
1 Five co-defendants pled guilty. Davis and three co-defendants – Louis Stillis, Tyrone Trader, and Jamal Rideout – were convicted at trial. 2 The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 2 more kilograms of cocaine; and (3) that the District Court abused its discretion by admitting
certain evidence. We reject Davis‟ arguments.
A.
Davis first challenges his conspiracy conviction, arguing that the evidence was
insufficient to prove his membership in the conspiracy. When reviewing a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e must sustain the verdict if, viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the Government, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Rawlins, 606 F.3d 73, 80 (3d
Cir. 2010) (quotations and citation omitted).
“The elements of a charge of conspiracy are: (1) „a unity of purpose between the alleged
conspirators;‟ (2) „an intent to achieve a common goal;‟ and (3) „an agreement to work together
toward that goal.‟” United States v. Pressler, 256 F.3d 144, 149 (3d Cir. 2001) (quoting United
States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 197 (3d Cir. 1999)). “A conspiratorial agreement can be proved
circumstantially based upon reasonable inferences drawn from actions and statements of the
conspirators . . . .” United States v. McKee, 506 F.3d 225, 238 (3d Cir. 2007).
The evidence was sufficient to prove Davis participated in the conspiracy as a street-level
drug dealer. Kenneth Wilson, a co-defendant who pled guilty, testified at trial that he delivered
cocaine from Stillis to Davis. Supp. App. 307. Davis then repeatedly sold cocaine to street-level
customers who also purchased cocaine from other members of the conspiracy. Additionally, the
conspirators worked together to evade detection. On one occasion, Stillis called Davis and told
Davis to “shut it down” because police had arrested some other individuals. Id. at 1157. When
Davis asked who had been arrested, Stillis replied, “They didn‟t get nobody on our squad[,]
man.” Id. The jury could have inferred a conspiratorial agreement between Stillis and Davis
3 from Stillis‟ reference to “our squad.” This conversation demonstrates “mutual trust,” a factor
indicative of a conspiracy. Gibbs, 190 F.3d at 199. Finally, wiretapped phone conversations
showed an “established method of payment.” Id. Davis gave proceeds of his drug sales to
Stillis, Supp. App. 1138, Stillis imposed a sales quota on Davis, id. at 1152, and Stillis collected
money from Davis, id. at 1156. The jury could reasonably infer a buyer-seller relationship from
these conversations, and we have found the existence of a conspiracy in less obvious
circumstances. See United States v. Iglesias, 535 F.3d 150, 156 (3d Cir. 2008) (buyer-seller
conspiracy existed where buyer only bought drugs from a seller “once or twice” and where the
seller fronted drugs to the buyer and awaited payment until after sales). Accordingly, the
evidence was sufficient for a reasonable juror to infer Davis‟ membership in the conspiracy.
B.
Davis next argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove he conspired to distribute
five or more kilograms of cocaine. The jury found as much in response to the District Court‟s
interrogatory. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, we think a
rational juror could have found Davis guilty. Multiple street-level buyers testified they bought
cocaine from Davis, and William Green, a co-defendant, supplied both Stillis and Davis with
cocaine.
Moreover, Davis was liable for all reasonably foreseeable criminal offenses committed
by his co-conspirators during the course of, and in furtherance of, the drug conspiracy. See
Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 646-48 (1946). Considering Davis‟ conspiratorial
relationship with Stillis, it was reasonably foreseeable to Davis that the conspiracy involved
more than five kilograms of cocaine. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to prove Davis
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______
No. 08-1320 ______
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
LARRY DAVIS, Appellant ______
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Crim. No. 04-00680-09) District Judge: Honorable Jan E. DuBois ______
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) June 24, 2011
Before: BARRY, AMBRO, and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges
(Filed: July 13, 2011) ______
OPINION OF THE COURT ______
VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted Larry Davis guilty of conspiracy to distribute more than five kilograms
of cocaine and substantive cocaine distribution offenses. Davis argues that the evidence was
insufficient to prove the conspiracy charge and that the District Court improperly admitted
evidence at trial. For the reasons which follow, we will affirm.
I. On April 13, 2005, a Grand Jury returned a Fifty-Three Count Superseding Indictment
against Davis and eight other co-defendants.1 Count One charged all defendants with conspiracy
to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine in Philadelphia and Delaware Counties from
July 2003 through October 2004, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A).
Additionally, Davis was charged with distribution of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§
841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C) and distribution of cocaine within 1,000 of a school in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C) and 860(a).
The Superseding Indictment alleged a large-scale cocaine distribution conspiracy. At the
top of the conspiracy was defendant Tyrone Smith, who obtained large quantities of cocaine and
distributed it to defendant William Green, who in turn redistributed it to defendant Louis Stillis.
Stillis then distributed the cocaine to street-level cocaine sellers like Davis. Davis and his co-
conspirators then sold then cocaine to street-level buyers in the Toby Farms neighborhood of
Delaware County, Pennsylvania.
Davis and three co-defendants went to trial on January 3, 2007. At the close of the
Government‟s case, Davis moved for judgment of acquittal, but the District Court denied the
motion. The jury convicted Davis on all counts. On January 23, 2008, the District Court
sentenced Davis to 120 months‟ imprisonment. Davis timely appealed.2
II.
On appeal, Davis argues: (1) that the evidence was insufficient to prove his membership
in the conspiracy; (2) that the evidence was insufficient to prove he conspired to distribute five or
1 Five co-defendants pled guilty. Davis and three co-defendants – Louis Stillis, Tyrone Trader, and Jamal Rideout – were convicted at trial. 2 The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 2 more kilograms of cocaine; and (3) that the District Court abused its discretion by admitting
certain evidence. We reject Davis‟ arguments.
A.
Davis first challenges his conspiracy conviction, arguing that the evidence was
insufficient to prove his membership in the conspiracy. When reviewing a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e must sustain the verdict if, viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the Government, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Rawlins, 606 F.3d 73, 80 (3d
Cir. 2010) (quotations and citation omitted).
“The elements of a charge of conspiracy are: (1) „a unity of purpose between the alleged
conspirators;‟ (2) „an intent to achieve a common goal;‟ and (3) „an agreement to work together
toward that goal.‟” United States v. Pressler, 256 F.3d 144, 149 (3d Cir. 2001) (quoting United
States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 197 (3d Cir. 1999)). “A conspiratorial agreement can be proved
circumstantially based upon reasonable inferences drawn from actions and statements of the
conspirators . . . .” United States v. McKee, 506 F.3d 225, 238 (3d Cir. 2007).
The evidence was sufficient to prove Davis participated in the conspiracy as a street-level
drug dealer. Kenneth Wilson, a co-defendant who pled guilty, testified at trial that he delivered
cocaine from Stillis to Davis. Supp. App. 307. Davis then repeatedly sold cocaine to street-level
customers who also purchased cocaine from other members of the conspiracy. Additionally, the
conspirators worked together to evade detection. On one occasion, Stillis called Davis and told
Davis to “shut it down” because police had arrested some other individuals. Id. at 1157. When
Davis asked who had been arrested, Stillis replied, “They didn‟t get nobody on our squad[,]
man.” Id. The jury could have inferred a conspiratorial agreement between Stillis and Davis
3 from Stillis‟ reference to “our squad.” This conversation demonstrates “mutual trust,” a factor
indicative of a conspiracy. Gibbs, 190 F.3d at 199. Finally, wiretapped phone conversations
showed an “established method of payment.” Id. Davis gave proceeds of his drug sales to
Stillis, Supp. App. 1138, Stillis imposed a sales quota on Davis, id. at 1152, and Stillis collected
money from Davis, id. at 1156. The jury could reasonably infer a buyer-seller relationship from
these conversations, and we have found the existence of a conspiracy in less obvious
circumstances. See United States v. Iglesias, 535 F.3d 150, 156 (3d Cir. 2008) (buyer-seller
conspiracy existed where buyer only bought drugs from a seller “once or twice” and where the
seller fronted drugs to the buyer and awaited payment until after sales). Accordingly, the
evidence was sufficient for a reasonable juror to infer Davis‟ membership in the conspiracy.
B.
Davis next argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove he conspired to distribute
five or more kilograms of cocaine. The jury found as much in response to the District Court‟s
interrogatory. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, we think a
rational juror could have found Davis guilty. Multiple street-level buyers testified they bought
cocaine from Davis, and William Green, a co-defendant, supplied both Stillis and Davis with
cocaine.
Moreover, Davis was liable for all reasonably foreseeable criminal offenses committed
by his co-conspirators during the course of, and in furtherance of, the drug conspiracy. See
Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 646-48 (1946). Considering Davis‟ conspiratorial
relationship with Stillis, it was reasonably foreseeable to Davis that the conspiracy involved
more than five kilograms of cocaine. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to prove Davis
conspired to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine.
4 C.
Last, Davis argues that the District Court abused its discretion by admitting evidence
seized from Tyrone Smith‟s residence, including kilogram wrappers, a money counter, drug
scales, and other paraphernalia. During opening arguments, the Government stated that Smith
was the conspiracy‟s supplier. Over Davis‟ objection, the District Court permitted Pennsylvania
State Trooper Michael Skahill to testify about the evidence from Smith‟s residence. Davis
contends the evidence was irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial. The Government responds that the
District Court properly admitted the evidence to corroborate Green‟s testimony that Smith
supplied him with large quantities of cocaine. We agree with the Government.
We review the District Court‟s admission of evidence for abuse of discretion. United
States v. Bobb, 471 F.3d 491, 497 (3d Cir. 2006). First, the evidence obtained from Smith‟s
residence was relevant. “„Relevant evidence‟ means evidence having any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or
less probable . . . .” Federal Rule of Evidence 401. This threshold is “not high.” United States
v. Kemp, 500 F.3d 257, 295 (3d Cir. 2007) (quotations and citation omitted). Here, the evidence
from Smith‟s residence was relevant to the Government‟s alleged chain of distribution and
tended to make the existence of the conspiracy more probable.
Nor did the evidence unfairly prejudice Davis. “Although relevant, evidence may be
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . .
.” Federal Rule of Evidence 403. As we stated in United States v. Starnes, “[T]he prejudice
against which [Rule 403] guards is unfair prejudice – prejudice of the sort which clouds
impartial scrutiny and reasoned evaluation of the facts, which inhibits neutral application of
principles of law to the facts as found.” 583 F.3d 196, 215 (3d Cir. 2009) (quotations and
5 citations omitted). The evidence seized from Smith‟s residence was admitted for the limited
purpose of proving the conspiracy‟s chain of distribution. The Government then presented
extensive direct evidence of Davis‟ culpability, including testimony from a co-conspirator who
delivered cocaine to Davis, testimony from street-level buyers who purchased cocaine from
Davis, and wiretap conversations showing Davis‟ conspiratorial relationship with Stillis.
Considering this direct evidence of Davis‟ role in the conspiracy, the limited evidence seized
from Smith‟s residence did not unfairly prejudice Davis. The District Court did not abuse its
discretion.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the District Court properly denied Davis‟ motion for judgment
of acquittal on Count One and for a new trial on all counts. Accordingly, we will affirm Davis‟
conviction and sentence.