NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 16 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 20-30048
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 1:18-cr-00118-SPW-1 v.
DARRELL FRANKLIN HOLLIDAY, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana Susan P. Watters, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 3, 2021 Portland, Oregon
Before: PAEZ and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and TUNHEIM,** District Judge. Dissent by Judge WATFORD
Defendant-Appellant Darrell Franklin Holliday appeals his sentence for
possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, and for distribution of
methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Holliday challenges only
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable John R. Tunheim, Chief United States District Judge for the District of Minnesota, sitting by designation. the district court’s determination that he qualified as a “career offender” under
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing de
novo, United States v. Mitchell, 624 F.3d 1023, 1026 (9th Cir. 2010), we reverse
and remand for resentencing.
1. Holliday argues that the career offender enhancement does not apply
because his prior state conviction for violating Mont. Code Ann. § 45-9-101 (2004)
is not a “controlled substance offense” under U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1 and 4B1.2. We
agree.
We “apply the categorical approach to determine whether the prior
conviction qualified as a ‘controlled substance offense’ under the Guidelines.”
United States v. Bautista, 989 F.3d 698, 704 (9th Cir. 2021). In doing so, “we
must compare [Holliday]’s prior state-law conviction with federal law at the time
of his federal sentencing.” Id.
Montana’s relevant drug schedules are “categorically overbroad” because
they “include[] substances other than those listed in the federal [Controlled
Substances Act].” Id. The Montana schedules include cocaine derivatives, Mont.
Code Ann. § 50-32-224(1)(d), while the federal statutory drug schedules do not,
see 21 U.S.C. § 812(c) Schedule II(a)(4).1
1 Because the Montana schedules are facially overbroad when compared with both the federal statutory schedules and the federal regulatory schedules, we need not decide which federal schedules are the appropriate comparator.
2 The Montana schedules are also overbroad when compared with the federal
regulatory drug schedules. The federal regulatory schedules were recently
amended to specifically exclude “ioflupane” from the list of cocaine-related
substances. 21 C.F.R. § 1308.12(b)(4). Prior to the amendment, “[123I]ioflupane
was, by definition, a schedule II controlled substance because it is derived from
cocaine via ecgonine, both of which are schedule II controlled substances.”
Schedules of Controlled Substances: Removal of [123I]Ioflupane from Schedule II
of the Controlled Substances Act, 80 Fed. Reg. 54715-01 (Sept. 11, 2015). The
Montana schedules, on the other hand, include “cocaine and ecgonine and their . . .
derivatives” without any exception for ioflupane. Mont. Code Ann. § 50-32-
224(1)(d). Thus, § 50-32-224(1)(d)’s overbreadth “is evident from its text.” See
Bautista, 989 F.3d at 705 (citation omitted). We therefore consider whether the
“modified categorical approach” is applicable. United States v. Barragan, 871
F.3d 689, 714 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted).
“Courts may use the modified categorical approach only when a statute is
divisible—i.e., lists multiple, alternative elements, and so effectively creates
several different crimes.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Holliday and the government dispute the extent to which Mont. Code Ann. § 45-9-
3 101 and the incorporated Montana drug schedules are divisible.2
Assuming the categories of drugs listed in Mont. Code Ann. § 50-32-224’s
various subsections are alternative elements, rather than alternative means, we
agree with Holliday that the subsections themselves are not divisible. Cf. Tejeda v.
Barr, 960 F.3d 1184, 1185 n.1, 1187 (9th Cir. 2020) (per curiam) (determining that
petitioner was convicted of using “amphetamines” where the state statute
criminalized “[a]mphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its optical
isomers”). In other words, the varieties of cocaine included in Mont. Code Ann.
§ 50-32-224(1)(d) are alternative means of committing a single crime, not
alternative elements of separate crimes. See United States v. Murillo-Alvarado,
876 F.3d 1022, 1026 (9th Cir. 2017). The government has produced no evidence
to the contrary. United States v. Allen, 434 F.3d 1166, 1173 (9th Cir. 2006) (“In
general, ‘the burden of proof falls on the party seeking to adjust the offense level.’”
(citation omitted)).
Under the modified approach, we next “examine judicially noticeable
documents of [the] prior conviction to determine whether it is clear which statutory
phrase was the basis for the conviction.” Murillo-Alvarado, 876 F.3d at 1027.
2 Holliday does not dispute that the term “dangerous drug,” Mont. Code Ann. § 45- 9-101, is divisible with respect to the categories of drugs covered in the Montana drug schedules. We therefore assume that the statute’s “dangerous drug” element is divisible.
4 Those documents appear to show that Holliday was convicted of selling
“cocaine.”3
As stated above, the Montana drug schedules are facially overbroad because
they include more varieties of cocaine than the federal schedules. Thus, Holliday’s
conviction for selling cocaine under Mont. Code Ann. § 45-9-101 is not a
“controlled substance offense” under the Guidelines. See Bautista, 989 F.3d at
705. The district court erred in holding otherwise.
2. The government argues that Holliday failed to show a “realistic
probability” that a person could be convicted for selling ioflupane under Montana
law. See United States v. Vega-Ortiz, 822 F.3d 1031, 1036 (9th Cir. 2016). Not
so. Unlike the state statutes in Vega-Ortiz and United States v. Burgos-Ortega,
777 F.3d 1047, 1054–55 (9th Cir. 2015), Holliday’s prior statute of conviction is
overbroad on its face. See Vega-Ortiz, 822 F.3d at 1036 (“As in Burgos-Ortega,
§ 11378 is not ‘overbroad on its face’ . . . .” (citation omitted)); Bautista, 989 F.3d
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 16 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 20-30048
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 1:18-cr-00118-SPW-1 v.
DARRELL FRANKLIN HOLLIDAY, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana Susan P. Watters, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 3, 2021 Portland, Oregon
Before: PAEZ and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and TUNHEIM,** District Judge. Dissent by Judge WATFORD
Defendant-Appellant Darrell Franklin Holliday appeals his sentence for
possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, and for distribution of
methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Holliday challenges only
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable John R. Tunheim, Chief United States District Judge for the District of Minnesota, sitting by designation. the district court’s determination that he qualified as a “career offender” under
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing de
novo, United States v. Mitchell, 624 F.3d 1023, 1026 (9th Cir. 2010), we reverse
and remand for resentencing.
1. Holliday argues that the career offender enhancement does not apply
because his prior state conviction for violating Mont. Code Ann. § 45-9-101 (2004)
is not a “controlled substance offense” under U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1 and 4B1.2. We
agree.
We “apply the categorical approach to determine whether the prior
conviction qualified as a ‘controlled substance offense’ under the Guidelines.”
United States v. Bautista, 989 F.3d 698, 704 (9th Cir. 2021). In doing so, “we
must compare [Holliday]’s prior state-law conviction with federal law at the time
of his federal sentencing.” Id.
Montana’s relevant drug schedules are “categorically overbroad” because
they “include[] substances other than those listed in the federal [Controlled
Substances Act].” Id. The Montana schedules include cocaine derivatives, Mont.
Code Ann. § 50-32-224(1)(d), while the federal statutory drug schedules do not,
see 21 U.S.C. § 812(c) Schedule II(a)(4).1
1 Because the Montana schedules are facially overbroad when compared with both the federal statutory schedules and the federal regulatory schedules, we need not decide which federal schedules are the appropriate comparator.
2 The Montana schedules are also overbroad when compared with the federal
regulatory drug schedules. The federal regulatory schedules were recently
amended to specifically exclude “ioflupane” from the list of cocaine-related
substances. 21 C.F.R. § 1308.12(b)(4). Prior to the amendment, “[123I]ioflupane
was, by definition, a schedule II controlled substance because it is derived from
cocaine via ecgonine, both of which are schedule II controlled substances.”
Schedules of Controlled Substances: Removal of [123I]Ioflupane from Schedule II
of the Controlled Substances Act, 80 Fed. Reg. 54715-01 (Sept. 11, 2015). The
Montana schedules, on the other hand, include “cocaine and ecgonine and their . . .
derivatives” without any exception for ioflupane. Mont. Code Ann. § 50-32-
224(1)(d). Thus, § 50-32-224(1)(d)’s overbreadth “is evident from its text.” See
Bautista, 989 F.3d at 705 (citation omitted). We therefore consider whether the
“modified categorical approach” is applicable. United States v. Barragan, 871
F.3d 689, 714 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted).
“Courts may use the modified categorical approach only when a statute is
divisible—i.e., lists multiple, alternative elements, and so effectively creates
several different crimes.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Holliday and the government dispute the extent to which Mont. Code Ann. § 45-9-
3 101 and the incorporated Montana drug schedules are divisible.2
Assuming the categories of drugs listed in Mont. Code Ann. § 50-32-224’s
various subsections are alternative elements, rather than alternative means, we
agree with Holliday that the subsections themselves are not divisible. Cf. Tejeda v.
Barr, 960 F.3d 1184, 1185 n.1, 1187 (9th Cir. 2020) (per curiam) (determining that
petitioner was convicted of using “amphetamines” where the state statute
criminalized “[a]mphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its optical
isomers”). In other words, the varieties of cocaine included in Mont. Code Ann.
§ 50-32-224(1)(d) are alternative means of committing a single crime, not
alternative elements of separate crimes. See United States v. Murillo-Alvarado,
876 F.3d 1022, 1026 (9th Cir. 2017). The government has produced no evidence
to the contrary. United States v. Allen, 434 F.3d 1166, 1173 (9th Cir. 2006) (“In
general, ‘the burden of proof falls on the party seeking to adjust the offense level.’”
(citation omitted)).
Under the modified approach, we next “examine judicially noticeable
documents of [the] prior conviction to determine whether it is clear which statutory
phrase was the basis for the conviction.” Murillo-Alvarado, 876 F.3d at 1027.
2 Holliday does not dispute that the term “dangerous drug,” Mont. Code Ann. § 45- 9-101, is divisible with respect to the categories of drugs covered in the Montana drug schedules. We therefore assume that the statute’s “dangerous drug” element is divisible.
4 Those documents appear to show that Holliday was convicted of selling
“cocaine.”3
As stated above, the Montana drug schedules are facially overbroad because
they include more varieties of cocaine than the federal schedules. Thus, Holliday’s
conviction for selling cocaine under Mont. Code Ann. § 45-9-101 is not a
“controlled substance offense” under the Guidelines. See Bautista, 989 F.3d at
705. The district court erred in holding otherwise.
2. The government argues that Holliday failed to show a “realistic
probability” that a person could be convicted for selling ioflupane under Montana
law. See United States v. Vega-Ortiz, 822 F.3d 1031, 1036 (9th Cir. 2016). Not
so. Unlike the state statutes in Vega-Ortiz and United States v. Burgos-Ortega,
777 F.3d 1047, 1054–55 (9th Cir. 2015), Holliday’s prior statute of conviction is
overbroad on its face. See Vega-Ortiz, 822 F.3d at 1036 (“As in Burgos-Ortega,
§ 11378 is not ‘overbroad on its face’ . . . .” (citation omitted)); Bautista, 989 F.3d
at 705 (“Because the federal CSA excludes hemp but [the state statute] did not, the
latter crime’s ‘greater breadth is evident from its text.’” (citation omitted)). And
“[a]s long as the application of the statute’s express text in the nongeneric manner
3 At this step, Holliday does not dispute whether the documents properly establish that he was convicted of selling cocaine. See, e.g., Medina-Lara v. Holder, 771 F.3d 1106, 1113 (9th Cir. 2014). Therefore, the issue is waived. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A).
5 is not a logical impossibility, the relative likelihood of application to nongeneric
conduct is immaterial.” Lopez-Aguilar v. Barr, 948 F.3d 1143, 1147 (9th Cir.
2020). Thus, Holliday has shown a “realistic probability” that his statute of
conviction “exceeds the generic definition.” Id. Holliday’s Montana conviction is
not a “controlled substance offense” and the career offender enhancement does not
apply.4
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
4 In light of our disposition, we need not address Holliday’s alternative arguments.
6 FILED United States v. Holliday, No. 20-30048 APR 16 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK WATFORD, Circuit Judge, dissenting: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
The majority correctly notes that the federal regulatory definition for cocaine
expressly excludes Ioflupane, see 21 C.F.R. § 1308.12(b)(4), while Montana’s
definition implicitly includes it, since Ioflupane qualifies as a “derivative” of
cocaine, see Mont. Code Ann. § 50-32-224(1)(d). However, rather than decide on
this basis that Montana’s definition of cocaine is categorically overbroad, I would
remand for the district court to determine whether there is a realistic probability
that a defendant could be convicted under Montana law for selling Ioflupane. In
my view, that determination is required under our court’s decision in United States
v. Vega-Ortiz, 822 F.3d 1031 (9th Cir. 2016).
Vega-Ortiz concerned a mismatch between the definition of
methamphetamine under federal law and the definition of that substance under
California law. Both definitions included “[m]ethamphetamine, its salts, isomers,
and salts of its isomers.” 21 C.F.R. § 1308.12(d)(2); Cal. Health & Safety Code
§ 11055(d)(2). But while federal law expressly excluded Levmetamfetamine (“L-
meth”) from the list of controlled substances, see 21 C.F.R. § 1308.22, California
law implicitly included L-meth as a methamphetamine isomer. See Vega-Ortiz,
822 F.3d at 1035–36. We held that in this situation, the state law was overbroad
only if the defendant could show a “realistic probability that he would be Page 2 of 2
prosecuted under [California law] for possession” of L-meth. Id. at 1036.
L-meth in Vega-Ortiz is equivalent to Ioflupane here. Federal law expressly
excludes that which state law implicitly includes, and in each instance the state law
is merely “silent as to the existence of a parallel . . . exception.” United States v.
Burgos-Ortega, 777 F.3d 1047, 1055 (9th Cir. 2015). Accordingly, Montana’s
definition is overbroad only if there is a realistic probability of prosecution under
Montana law for distribution of Ioflupane. I would remand for the district court to
make that determination in the first instance.