Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10387 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cr-00138-TFM-B-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
DANTE ANTWAN HILL,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama ________________________
(December 4, 2019)
Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 2 of 6
Dante Hill appeals his conviction for possession of firearms by a convicted
felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He argues that the evidence admitted
at trial was insufficient to support the jury’s verdict.
We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo. United
States v. Wright, 392 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2004). “We will not overturn a
conviction on the grounds of insufficient evidence ‘unless no rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’”
Id. (quoting United States v. Christo, 129 F.3d 578, 579 (11th Cir. 1997)). In
making that determination, we view “the evidence in the light most favorable to
the government, with all reasonable inferences and credibility choices made in the
government’s favor.” Id. (citation omitted).
To support a conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, the
government must prove that (1) the defendant “was a convicted felon, (2) he
knowingly possessed a firearm, and (3) the firearm was in or affected interstate
commerce.” United States v. Howard, 742 F.3d 1334, 1341 (11th Cir. 2014). Hill
does not contest the government’s proof that he had been convicted of three felony
drug offenses before his arrest in this case, or that possession of the firearms
affected interstate commerce. But he argues that the evidence was insufficient for
the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed the firearms, which
were recovered during a search of his house.
2 Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 3 of 6
For purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), a defendant’s possession of a firearm
can be actual or constructive. Wright, 392 F.3d at 1273. Proof of constructive
possession requires evidence that the defendant “(1) was aware or knew of the
firearm’s presence and (2) had the ability and intent to later exercise dominion and
control over that firearm.” United States v. Perez, 661 F.3d 568, 576 (11th Cir.
2011) (per curiam). The defendant need not have the firearm on or near his person
in order to constructively possess it. Wright, 392 F.3d at 1273. Here, the
government’s evidence was sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to find that Hill
constructively possessed the firearms found at his home.
At trial, the government called Detective Kevin Naman of the Mobile Police
Department, who testified about his investigation into allegations that Hill was
trafficking in marijuana and his participation in the search of Hill’s home. Naman
testified that he arranged two controlled purchases of marijuana from Hill, and then
obtained a warrant to search the house where Hill lived. When police arrived to
execute the search warrant, Hill was upstairs in the master bedroom. Hill’s wife
and several children were downstairs.
Naman smelled marijuana in the bedroom where he found Hill, and he saw a
device used for smoking marijuana on the dresser and a hand-rolled cigar
containing marijuana on the bed rail. Naman confronted Hill about the drugs and
told him that he had spent money buying marijuana from Hill through the
3 Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 4 of 6
investigation. Hill responded by pointing to several drawers in his dresser and
saying, “The money’s here, here, and here.” Naman found about $30,000 in cash
in the house, and another $8,000 in a car parked in front of the house. He also
found documents in the house showing that Hill received mail there, and a wallet
in the car containing Hill’s driver’s license. After the search, Hill told Naman that
he knew that the officers could not have found any more marijuana in the house
because he was “waiting for [his] reup,” which Naman understood to mean that
Hill was out of marijuana and was waiting to get more from his supplier.
Naman and another officer found the firearms at issue—two loaded
handguns—wrapped in plastic and hidden inside a grill on a second-floor deck
attached to the back of the house. The deck could be accessed through the kitchen,
which was also on the second floor, but did not have access from the ground.
Naman ran the serial numbers for the guns and found that one of them had been
stolen. Later, when Hill asked Naman about the charges against him, Naman told
him that he was being charged with, among other things, “receiving stolen on the
gun.” In response, Hill asked, “Which gun was stolen?”
Based on this evidence, a reasonable jury could have found beyond a
reasonable doubt that Hill had constructive possession of the firearms. First, the
fact that Hill asked which gun was stolen supported an inference that Hill knew
about the guns, because he knew that there were more than one. Hill suggested
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that he may have overheard the officers talking about the guns while he waited in
the next room, but although Naman conceded that he could not “testify to what
somebody else hears,” he testified that Hill was not close by and he did not think
that he had overheard the officers. A “jury is free to choose between or among the
reasonable conclusions to be drawn from the evidence presented at trial.” United
States v. Friske, 640 F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). The jury
here could reasonably have concluded that Hill knew that the officers had found
more than one gun because he had prior knowledge that the guns were there, and
not because he overheard the officers talking.
Second, the evidence also supported a reasonable inference that Hill “had the
ability and intent to later exercise dominion and control over” the firearms. Perez,
661 F.3d at 576. Evidence of Hill’s “ownership, dominion, or control over the
premises” where the firearms were located is circumstantial evidence that he also
had the ability to exercise dominion and control over the firearms themselves. See
United States v. Cochran, 683 F.3d 1314, 1320 (11th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted).
And evidence that Hill was involved in drug trafficking and kept large amounts of
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Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10387 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cr-00138-TFM-B-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
DANTE ANTWAN HILL,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama ________________________
(December 4, 2019)
Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 2 of 6
Dante Hill appeals his conviction for possession of firearms by a convicted
felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He argues that the evidence admitted
at trial was insufficient to support the jury’s verdict.
We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo. United
States v. Wright, 392 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2004). “We will not overturn a
conviction on the grounds of insufficient evidence ‘unless no rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’”
Id. (quoting United States v. Christo, 129 F.3d 578, 579 (11th Cir. 1997)). In
making that determination, we view “the evidence in the light most favorable to
the government, with all reasonable inferences and credibility choices made in the
government’s favor.” Id. (citation omitted).
To support a conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, the
government must prove that (1) the defendant “was a convicted felon, (2) he
knowingly possessed a firearm, and (3) the firearm was in or affected interstate
commerce.” United States v. Howard, 742 F.3d 1334, 1341 (11th Cir. 2014). Hill
does not contest the government’s proof that he had been convicted of three felony
drug offenses before his arrest in this case, or that possession of the firearms
affected interstate commerce. But he argues that the evidence was insufficient for
the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed the firearms, which
were recovered during a search of his house.
2 Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 3 of 6
For purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), a defendant’s possession of a firearm
can be actual or constructive. Wright, 392 F.3d at 1273. Proof of constructive
possession requires evidence that the defendant “(1) was aware or knew of the
firearm’s presence and (2) had the ability and intent to later exercise dominion and
control over that firearm.” United States v. Perez, 661 F.3d 568, 576 (11th Cir.
2011) (per curiam). The defendant need not have the firearm on or near his person
in order to constructively possess it. Wright, 392 F.3d at 1273. Here, the
government’s evidence was sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to find that Hill
constructively possessed the firearms found at his home.
At trial, the government called Detective Kevin Naman of the Mobile Police
Department, who testified about his investigation into allegations that Hill was
trafficking in marijuana and his participation in the search of Hill’s home. Naman
testified that he arranged two controlled purchases of marijuana from Hill, and then
obtained a warrant to search the house where Hill lived. When police arrived to
execute the search warrant, Hill was upstairs in the master bedroom. Hill’s wife
and several children were downstairs.
Naman smelled marijuana in the bedroom where he found Hill, and he saw a
device used for smoking marijuana on the dresser and a hand-rolled cigar
containing marijuana on the bed rail. Naman confronted Hill about the drugs and
told him that he had spent money buying marijuana from Hill through the
3 Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 4 of 6
investigation. Hill responded by pointing to several drawers in his dresser and
saying, “The money’s here, here, and here.” Naman found about $30,000 in cash
in the house, and another $8,000 in a car parked in front of the house. He also
found documents in the house showing that Hill received mail there, and a wallet
in the car containing Hill’s driver’s license. After the search, Hill told Naman that
he knew that the officers could not have found any more marijuana in the house
because he was “waiting for [his] reup,” which Naman understood to mean that
Hill was out of marijuana and was waiting to get more from his supplier.
Naman and another officer found the firearms at issue—two loaded
handguns—wrapped in plastic and hidden inside a grill on a second-floor deck
attached to the back of the house. The deck could be accessed through the kitchen,
which was also on the second floor, but did not have access from the ground.
Naman ran the serial numbers for the guns and found that one of them had been
stolen. Later, when Hill asked Naman about the charges against him, Naman told
him that he was being charged with, among other things, “receiving stolen on the
gun.” In response, Hill asked, “Which gun was stolen?”
Based on this evidence, a reasonable jury could have found beyond a
reasonable doubt that Hill had constructive possession of the firearms. First, the
fact that Hill asked which gun was stolen supported an inference that Hill knew
about the guns, because he knew that there were more than one. Hill suggested
4 Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 5 of 6
that he may have overheard the officers talking about the guns while he waited in
the next room, but although Naman conceded that he could not “testify to what
somebody else hears,” he testified that Hill was not close by and he did not think
that he had overheard the officers. A “jury is free to choose between or among the
reasonable conclusions to be drawn from the evidence presented at trial.” United
States v. Friske, 640 F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). The jury
here could reasonably have concluded that Hill knew that the officers had found
more than one gun because he had prior knowledge that the guns were there, and
not because he overheard the officers talking.
Second, the evidence also supported a reasonable inference that Hill “had the
ability and intent to later exercise dominion and control over” the firearms. Perez,
661 F.3d at 576. Evidence of Hill’s “ownership, dominion, or control over the
premises” where the firearms were located is circumstantial evidence that he also
had the ability to exercise dominion and control over the firearms themselves. See
United States v. Cochran, 683 F.3d 1314, 1320 (11th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted).
And evidence that Hill was involved in drug trafficking and kept large amounts of
cash in the house, combined with Naman’s testimony that drug dealers very often
used firearms to protect themselves from being robbed, supported an inference that
Hill had the “intent to later exercise dominion and control over” the guns in
connection with his drug trafficking business. Perez, 661 F.3d at 576.
5 Case: 19-10387 Date Filed: 12/04/2019 Page: 6 of 6
Hill cites United States v. Gunn, 369 F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir. 2004) (per
curiam), in which we held that “knowledge alone is insufficient to prove
constructive possession,” and United States v. Mergerson, 4 F.3d 337, 349 (5th
Cir. 1993), in which the Fifth Circuit held that “mere control or dominion over the
place in which contraband or an illegal item is found by itself is not enough to
establish constructive possession when there is joint occupancy of a place.”
(emphasis in the original). But as detailed above, the evidence here supported a
jury finding that Hill had knowledge of the firearms and control over the premises,
and additional evidence supported an inference that Hill intended to use the guns
for protection in connection with his drug trafficking activities.
In short, the evidence was sufficient to permit a rational trier of fact to find
beyond a reasonable doubt that Hill was guilty of possessing a firearm as a
convicted felon. We therefore affirm.
AFFIRMED.