20-734-cr United States v. Daniel Antonio Salas-Miranda
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York on the 3 18th day of December, two thousand twenty. 4 5 Present: ROSEMARY S. POOLER, 6 RICHARD C. WESLEY, 7 WILLIAM J. NARDINI, 8 Circuit Judges, 9 10 _____________________________________________________ 11 12 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 13 14 Appellee, 15 16 v. 20-734-cr 17 18 DANIEL ANTONIO SALAS-MIRANDA, 19 AKA JULIO CESAR ROMERO, 20 AKA ANTONIO RUIZ-RODRIGUEZ, 21 AKA GUSTAVO JAIME OLMEDO-RAMIREZ, 22 AKA JOHN DOE, 23 24 Defendant-Appellant. 25 _____________________________________________________ 26 27 Appearing for Appellant: James P. Egan, Assistant Federal Defender, Northern District of 28 New York, Syracuse, NY, for Lisa Peebles, Federal Public 29 Defender for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse, N.Y. 30 1 Appearing for Appellee: Paul D. Silver, Assistant United States Attorney, for Antoinette T. 2 Bacon, Acting United States Attorney for the Northern District of 3 New York, Syracuse, N.Y. 4 5 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York 6 (D’Agostino, J.). 7 8 ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 9 AND DECREED that the judgment be and it hereby is AFFIRMED. 10 11 Defendant-Appellant Daniel Antonio Salas-Miranda appeals from the February 14, 2020 12 judgment in a criminal case entered in the United States District Court for the Northern District 13 of New York (D’Agostino, J.) following his plea of guilty to one count of illegally reentering the 14 United States after having been removed, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). We assume the 15 parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and specification of issues for 16 review. 17 18 In calculating Salas-Miranda’s applicable range under the United States Sentencing 19 Guidelines, the district court applied a 10-level enhancement based on his recent state court 20 conviction for a felony committed after illegally reentering the country. The district court then 21 imposed a within-Guidelines sentence of 24 months in prison and ordered that the sentence run 22 consecutively to Salas-Miranda’s 10-year state court term of imprisonment. Salas-Miranda 23 argues on appeal that this sentence was substantively unreasonable. 24 25 We review a district court’s sentence under a “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” 26 United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation 27 omitted). In reviewing claims of substantive unreasonableness, we consider “the totality of the 28 circumstances, giving due deference to the sentencing judge’s exercise of discretion,” and we 29 “will . . . set aside a district court’s substantive determination only in exceptional cases where the 30 trial court’s decision cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Id. at 189-90 31 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 32 33 Section 2L1.2(b)(3)(A) of the Sentencing Guidelines provides that a defendant’s offense 34 level should be increased by 10 if, after he was ordered deported for the first time, he engaged in 35 criminal conduct that resulted in a “conviction for a felony offense (other than an illegal reentry 36 offense) for which the sentence imposed was five years or more.” The Sentencing Commission 37 made clear the purpose of the enhancement was to capture criminal conduct after an initial 38 removal: “a defendant who sustains criminal convictions occurring before and after the 39 defendant’s first order of deportation warrants separate sentencing enhancement.” U.S.S.G. 40 Appendix C Amendment 802. 41 42 Salas-Miranda acknowledges that the Guidelines enhancement applies here but argues 43 that the imposition of a Guidelines sentence was arbitrary, as it was imposed based on the fact 44 that he was convicted of a separate state offense. The imposition of a Guidelines sentence can be 45 substantively unreasonable. See United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174, 183-84 (2d Cir. 2010). 46 However, our review is “intended to provide a backstop against sentences that are shockingly
2 1 high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law” and “substantive 2 reasonableness review is not an opportunity for tinkering with sentences we disagree with, . . . 3 [and] we place great trust in sentencing courts.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks 4 omitted). Additionally, “[w]hile we have declined to adopt a per se rule, [w]e recognize that in 5 the overwhelming majority of cases, a Guidelines sentence will fall comfortably within the broad 6 range of sentences that would be reasonable in the particular circumstances.” United States v. 7 Ingram, 721 F.3d 35, 37 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 8 9 The Guidelines sentence imposed here was not substantively unreasonable. It is true that, 10 as Salas-Miranda argues, a defendant who engages in similar state criminal conduct following 11 deportation but is not convicted prior to sentencing on the reentry offense does not face an 12 enhancement. However, this potential discrepancy does not imply that the sentence is shockingly 13 high or manifestly unjust. See United States v. Bonilla, 618 F.3d 102, 109 (2d Cir. 2010). Indeed, 14 the entire purpose of the enhancement is to capture criminal conduct committed after illegal 15 reentry and, in this case, the district court applied the enhancement exactly as it was intended. 16 Had Salas-Miranda’s federal sentencing preceded his state court conviction, that quirk of timing 17 would have resulted in a Guidelines range that failed to capture the full extent of his criminal 18 conduct. The district court was not compelled to reduce Salas-Miranda’s sentence to account for 19 that potential scenario. 20 21 In certain rare cases where we have found Guidelines sentences substantively 22 unreasonable, we have noted that the Sentencing Commission departed from its usual empirical 23 approach to sentencing practices. See, e.g., Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 184 (noting that the Sentencing 24 Commission had not formulated child pornography guidelines but enhanced punishments at the 25 direction of Congress); United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181, 189-90 (2d Cir. 2017) (noting that 26 the Sentencing Commission had “effectively disavowed” the child pornography guidelines). 27 Here, there is no indication that the Sentencing Commission departed from past practice in 28 crafting this enhancement. The district court appropriately applied the enhancement for its 29 intended purpose and acted well within the bounds of its discretion in declining to vary 30 downwards from the resulting Guidelines range.
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20-734-cr United States v. Daniel Antonio Salas-Miranda
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York on the 3 18th day of December, two thousand twenty. 4 5 Present: ROSEMARY S. POOLER, 6 RICHARD C. WESLEY, 7 WILLIAM J. NARDINI, 8 Circuit Judges, 9 10 _____________________________________________________ 11 12 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 13 14 Appellee, 15 16 v. 20-734-cr 17 18 DANIEL ANTONIO SALAS-MIRANDA, 19 AKA JULIO CESAR ROMERO, 20 AKA ANTONIO RUIZ-RODRIGUEZ, 21 AKA GUSTAVO JAIME OLMEDO-RAMIREZ, 22 AKA JOHN DOE, 23 24 Defendant-Appellant. 25 _____________________________________________________ 26 27 Appearing for Appellant: James P. Egan, Assistant Federal Defender, Northern District of 28 New York, Syracuse, NY, for Lisa Peebles, Federal Public 29 Defender for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse, N.Y. 30 1 Appearing for Appellee: Paul D. Silver, Assistant United States Attorney, for Antoinette T. 2 Bacon, Acting United States Attorney for the Northern District of 3 New York, Syracuse, N.Y. 4 5 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York 6 (D’Agostino, J.). 7 8 ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 9 AND DECREED that the judgment be and it hereby is AFFIRMED. 10 11 Defendant-Appellant Daniel Antonio Salas-Miranda appeals from the February 14, 2020 12 judgment in a criminal case entered in the United States District Court for the Northern District 13 of New York (D’Agostino, J.) following his plea of guilty to one count of illegally reentering the 14 United States after having been removed, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). We assume the 15 parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and specification of issues for 16 review. 17 18 In calculating Salas-Miranda’s applicable range under the United States Sentencing 19 Guidelines, the district court applied a 10-level enhancement based on his recent state court 20 conviction for a felony committed after illegally reentering the country. The district court then 21 imposed a within-Guidelines sentence of 24 months in prison and ordered that the sentence run 22 consecutively to Salas-Miranda’s 10-year state court term of imprisonment. Salas-Miranda 23 argues on appeal that this sentence was substantively unreasonable. 24 25 We review a district court’s sentence under a “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” 26 United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation 27 omitted). In reviewing claims of substantive unreasonableness, we consider “the totality of the 28 circumstances, giving due deference to the sentencing judge’s exercise of discretion,” and we 29 “will . . . set aside a district court’s substantive determination only in exceptional cases where the 30 trial court’s decision cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Id. at 189-90 31 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 32 33 Section 2L1.2(b)(3)(A) of the Sentencing Guidelines provides that a defendant’s offense 34 level should be increased by 10 if, after he was ordered deported for the first time, he engaged in 35 criminal conduct that resulted in a “conviction for a felony offense (other than an illegal reentry 36 offense) for which the sentence imposed was five years or more.” The Sentencing Commission 37 made clear the purpose of the enhancement was to capture criminal conduct after an initial 38 removal: “a defendant who sustains criminal convictions occurring before and after the 39 defendant’s first order of deportation warrants separate sentencing enhancement.” U.S.S.G. 40 Appendix C Amendment 802. 41 42 Salas-Miranda acknowledges that the Guidelines enhancement applies here but argues 43 that the imposition of a Guidelines sentence was arbitrary, as it was imposed based on the fact 44 that he was convicted of a separate state offense. The imposition of a Guidelines sentence can be 45 substantively unreasonable. See United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174, 183-84 (2d Cir. 2010). 46 However, our review is “intended to provide a backstop against sentences that are shockingly
2 1 high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law” and “substantive 2 reasonableness review is not an opportunity for tinkering with sentences we disagree with, . . . 3 [and] we place great trust in sentencing courts.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks 4 omitted). Additionally, “[w]hile we have declined to adopt a per se rule, [w]e recognize that in 5 the overwhelming majority of cases, a Guidelines sentence will fall comfortably within the broad 6 range of sentences that would be reasonable in the particular circumstances.” United States v. 7 Ingram, 721 F.3d 35, 37 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 8 9 The Guidelines sentence imposed here was not substantively unreasonable. It is true that, 10 as Salas-Miranda argues, a defendant who engages in similar state criminal conduct following 11 deportation but is not convicted prior to sentencing on the reentry offense does not face an 12 enhancement. However, this potential discrepancy does not imply that the sentence is shockingly 13 high or manifestly unjust. See United States v. Bonilla, 618 F.3d 102, 109 (2d Cir. 2010). Indeed, 14 the entire purpose of the enhancement is to capture criminal conduct committed after illegal 15 reentry and, in this case, the district court applied the enhancement exactly as it was intended. 16 Had Salas-Miranda’s federal sentencing preceded his state court conviction, that quirk of timing 17 would have resulted in a Guidelines range that failed to capture the full extent of his criminal 18 conduct. The district court was not compelled to reduce Salas-Miranda’s sentence to account for 19 that potential scenario. 20 21 In certain rare cases where we have found Guidelines sentences substantively 22 unreasonable, we have noted that the Sentencing Commission departed from its usual empirical 23 approach to sentencing practices. See, e.g., Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 184 (noting that the Sentencing 24 Commission had not formulated child pornography guidelines but enhanced punishments at the 25 direction of Congress); United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181, 189-90 (2d Cir. 2017) (noting that 26 the Sentencing Commission had “effectively disavowed” the child pornography guidelines). 27 Here, there is no indication that the Sentencing Commission departed from past practice in 28 crafting this enhancement. The district court appropriately applied the enhancement for its 29 intended purpose and acted well within the bounds of its discretion in declining to vary 30 downwards from the resulting Guidelines range. 31 32 Salas-Miranda next challenges the district court’s decision to run his federal sentence 33 consecutively to the state sentence. We will not overturn a decision to run a sentence 34 consecutively absent an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Rodriguez, 715 F.3d 451, 451- 35 52 (2d Cir. 2013). The district court considers the Section 3553(a) factors in determining whether 36 to run a sentence consecutively or concurrently. 18 U.S.C. § 3584(b). 37 38 Salas-Miranda argues that the district court failed to adequately consider the possibility 39 that the state court had fashioned its sentence with the understanding that Salas-Miranda was 40 illegally present in the country, as well as the possibility that the state court sentence already 41 accounted for his criminal history and repeated unlawful entries into the United States. This 42 argument was not raised below, and therefore we review the district court’s decision only for 43 plain error. See United States v. Dove, 884 F.3d 138, 151 (2d Cir. 2018). 44 45 We find no error in the district court’s sentencing decision. The court properly considered 46 Salas-Miranda’s entire criminal history and pattern of reentry when assessing whether to run the
3 1 sentences consecutively. See 18 U.S.C. § 3584(b). If Salas-Miranda thought that the state court’s 2 sentencing analysis should affect the district court’s analysis, he was free to make that argument 3 below. He failed to do so. “District courts have broad discretion both as to the type of 4 information they may consider in imposing sentence and the source from which that information 5 derives.” United States v. Messina, 806 F.3d 55, 65 (2d Cir. 2015). The district court acted 6 within its broad discretion in imposing a consecutive sentence. 7 8 We have considered the remainder of Salas-Miranda’s arguments and find them to be 9 without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED. 10 11 12 13 FOR THE COURT: 14 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk 15