NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 18a0589n.06
No. 18-3034
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Nov 27, 2018 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE ) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF DAMITRES WARD ) OHIO ) Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: GIBBONS, SUTTON, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. When the police asked Damitres Ward to
come to them, he turned away, ran in the opposite direction, and threw a firearm into the air as he
fled. Ward was charged with being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1). In a pretrial motion to suppress, Ward claimed that the police obtained the firearm in
violation of the Fourth Amendment. The district court denied the motion to suppress, holding that
the officers had reasonable suspicion to seize Ward. Ward now appeals that denial. Whether the
police violated Ward’s Fourth Amendment rights turns on two issues: (1) whether the officers
seized Ward before or when he ran from them and discarded the gun; and (2) if so, whether the
officers had reasonable suspicion to do so. Because we find that Ward was not seized, we decline
to reach the second issue. We therefore affirm the district court’s denial of Ward’s motion to
suppress on alternative grounds. No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
I.
On November 9, 2016, Ward and his two friends, Marvin Hunter and Brian Harris, stood
in front of Food City market in Dayton, Ohio. The market was located across the street from
Desoto Bass housing complex, which Dayton police officers consider a high crime area. On this
day, Dayton Police Officers Josh Campbell and Adam Sharp were patrolling the neighborhood.
Over a period of seven hours, they passed by the market several times and noticed that on each
occasion, the three men were standing outside the market and repeatedly entering and exiting a
black SUV vehicle parked in front of the store. Believing this conduct to be consistent with drug
trafficking, Campbell and Sharp decided to conduct a “field interview.” The officers had not
received any particular complaints about these three men.
The officers parked their cruiser parallel to the SUV and approached the men. Hunter and
Harris stood closest to the officers, while Ward stood about five feet away, holding his dog on a
leash. Around the same time that the interaction began, another officer, Mark Orick, arrived at the
scene to assist. The officers began by asking the men whether they worked at the market and why
they were “hanging out so long.” Gov’t Ex. 1, Video, 13:35:59–13:36:18. The men responded
they were “just chillin.’” Id. The officers then asked whether the men had their IDs on them.
Hunter said no, and the officers moved closer to ask follow-up questions. At the same time, Ward,
still standing a few feet back and holding his dog, began reciting a string of numbers. The officers
asked whether this was his Social Security number, and he said yes. He then repeated his Social
Security number again and provided his name. The officers then said that “it’s just odd that
everyone hangs out here” and re-asked for Ward’s and Hunter’s Social Security numbers. Id. at
13:36:50–13:37:20. They repeated their numbers.
2 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
The officers then asked Hunter questions about the SUV. After learning that the SUV was
Hunter’s cousin’s car, the officers asked Hunter and Ward whether they were involved in drug
dealing. They both responded in the negative. Next, the officers moved closer to Hunter and
whether they could perform a pat-down. Hunter said “but you got my ID,” and Ward, still standing
a few feet away with his dog, chimed in “but you got his Social, why are you doing that?” Id. at
13:37:52–13:38:02. The officers proceeded to pat down Hunter. Throughout the pat-down, Ward
leaned against the SUV and gave his dog instructions to sit. He mostly looked at his dog and away
from the officers.
Following Hunter’s pat-down, Officer Sharp turned toward Ward and told him to “come
on over here.” Id. at 13:38:45–13:38:47. In response to Sharp’s request, and before any officers
physically touched him or attempted to block his path, Ward took off running in the opposite
direction. Approximately three minutes passed between when the officers first approached the
men and when Ward ran. Ward fled around the corner of Food City while Sharp and Campbell
pursued him by foot. During the chase, Ward discarded a semi-automatic pistol, throwing it about
five feet in the air above him.
In December 2016, Ward was indicted for being a felon in possession of a firearm in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Before trial, Ward moved to suppress evidence of the gun, and
a hearing on the suppression motion was held in March 2017. The district court denied Ward’s
motion. The district court found that although Ward was seized before he discarded the firearm,
the seizure was constitutional under Terry. The court ruled that the officers had reasonable
suspicion to believe the men were engaged in criminal activity based on the following factors:
3 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
(1) observing the suspects loitering in front of Food City for several hours; (2) having received complaints from residents of the Desoto Bass Neighborhood about drug activity in and in front of Food City; and (3) observing the suspects repeatedly entering and exiting the SUV, which was a common hallmark of drug trafficking activity that they had observed in this area.
DE 28, Order, Page ID 143–44 (quoting DE 25, Opp’n to Mot. To. Suppress, Page ID 127–28)
(internal citations and alterations omitted). The district court also noted that it was reasonable for
officers to suspect that the men might be carrying weapons because drug traffickers often carry
weapons. The district court, therefore, found it reasonable to stop and frisk them.
Following the court’s decision, Ward entered a conditional guilty plea in August 2017,
reserving the right to appeal the suppression decision. In January 2018, the court sentenced Ward
to 24 months of incarceration followed by three years of supervised release. Ward filed a notice
of appeal the next day.
II.
In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, this court reviews the district court’s factual
findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Seymour, 739 F.3d 923,
928 (6th Cir. 2014). “A factual finding will only be clearly erroneous when, although there may
be evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. Nichols, 512 F.3d 789, 793
(6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Navarro-Camacho, 186 F.3d 701, 705 (6th Cir. 1999)),
overruled on other grounds as recognized in United States v. Buford, 632 F.3d 264, 269 (6th Cir.
2011). When the district court denies a motion to suppress, the reviewing court “consider[s] the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government.” United States v. Moon, 513 F.3d 527,
4 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
536–37 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Carter, 378 F.3d 584, 587 (6th Cir. 2004) (en
banc)).
A.
Ward challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress the firearm he
abandoned while running from the officers. He contends that the district court erred in its
determination that the officers had reasonable suspicion to seize him. Because we find that Ward
had not yet been seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment when he ran from the
officers and discarded the firearm, we need not reach the question of whether there was reasonable
suspicion. Instead, we affirm the district court’s denial of Ward’s motion to suppress on the
grounds that Ward was not seized under the Fourth Amendment. See United States v. Pasquarille,
20 F.3d 682, 685 (6th Cir. 1994) (noting that this court “need not rely on the grounds set forth by
the district court. Rather, a denial of a motion to suppress will be affirmed on appeal if the district
court’s conclusion can be justified for any reason.”).
1.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, we conclude that Ward
was not seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment prohibits
“unreasonable searches and seizures” by the government. U.S. Const. amend IV. Fourth
Amendment protections extend to brief investigatory stops that fall short of traditional arrest. See
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19 (1968); United States v. Smith, 594 F.3d 530, 535 (6th Cir. 2010).
These facts implicate two lines of cases that guide our analysis. First, while a consensual encounter
between the police and citizens does not implicate the Fourth Amendment, it may “become[] a
seizure when ‘in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would
have believed that he was not free to leave.’” Smith, 594 F.3d at 536 (quoting United States v.
5 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
Jones, 562 F.3d 768, 772 (6th Cir. 2009)). The Supreme Court has noted “[e]xamples of
circumstances that might indicate a seizure, even where the person did not attempt to leave.”
United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980). These include “the threatening presence
of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of
the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer’s
request might be compelled.” Id.
Second, when a seizure occurs without the application of physical force, there must be a
show of authority from the officers and the defendant must submit to the officers’ show of
authority. California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626, 628 (1991) (noting that the reasonable
person test is a “necessary, but not a sufficient,” condition for finding seizure where no physical
force is used). In analyzing when there is submission to authority, the Supreme Court has noted
that “what may amount to submission depends on what a person was doing before the show of
authority.” Brendlin v. California. 551 U.S. 249, 262 (2007) (“[A] fleeing man is not seized until
he is physically overpowered, but one sitting in a chair may submit to authority by not getting up
to run away.”). “[O]therwise, there is at most an attempted seizure, so far as the Fourth Amendment
is concerned.” Smith, 594 F.3d at 536 (quoting Brendlin, 551 U.S. at 254.) The Fourth
Amendment, therefore, “does not apply to anything one may abandon while fleeing the police in
an attempt to avoid a seizure.” United States v. Martin, 399 F.3d 750, 752 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing
Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 629).
Thus, because the officers did not use any physical force to restrain Ward’s liberty, the
question is whether a reasonable person in Ward’s shoes would have felt free to leave, and whether
Ward actually submitted to the officers’ show of authority. Because we find that Ward did not
6 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
submit to the officers’ show of authority, it is unnecessary to analyze whether a reasonable person
would have felt free to leave.
Ward’s interactions with the officers, prior to fleeing and throwing the firearm, spanned a
three minute time period and can be broken down into two main portions. First, there was a
consensual encounter in which the officers engaged the men with questions, and the men provided
answers and their Social Security numbers. Second, Ward watched the officers pat down Hunter.
Neither occurrence amounts to a seizure of Ward under the Fourth Amendment.
2.
Police Questioning. When Sharp and Campbell arrived at the market, approached the men,
asked them questions about what they were doing, and requested identification, there was no
seizure. The Supreme Court has held that the Fourth Amendment is not implicated when officers
merely ask suspects for identification or approach them in public spaces and ask questions in non-
threatening ways. “There is nothing in the Constitution which prevents a policeman from
addressing questions to anyone on the streets.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 34 (White, J., concurring).
“Police officers enjoy the liberty . . . to address questions to other persons, although ordinarily the
person addressed has an equal right to ignore his interrogator and walk away.” Mendenhall, 446
U.S. at 553 (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 32–33 (Harlan, J., concurring)) (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted); see INS v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216 (1984) (“[I]nterrogation relating
to one’s identity or a request for identification by the police does not, by itself, constitute a Fourth
Amendment seizure.”); Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 497 (1983) (“[L]aw enforcement officers
do not violate the Fourth Amendment by merely approaching an individual on the street or in
another public place, by asking him if he is willing to answer some questions, by putting questions
7 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
to him if the person is willing to listen, or by offering in evidence in a criminal prosecution his
voluntary answers to such questions.”).
Here, Sharp and Campbell approached the men while they stood on a public sidewalk
outside of a market. The officers asked the men whether they had IDs on them, whether they were
involved in drug dealing, and whether they owned the nearby SUV. After Ward provided his
Social Security number and name, Sharp asked him to repeat his Social Security number again.
Throughout this encounter, Ward stood a few feet behind Hunter and held his dog on a leash.
There was nothing in this two–minute interaction that elevated the encounter from a
consensual police encounter to a seizure. Where the police ask questions of an individual, ask to
examine the individual’s identification, and do not otherwise threaten punishment for
noncompliance, there is no seizure. See Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429 (1991). For example,
the Supreme Court has found no seizures occurred where police walked through a factory and
questioned workers about their citizenship, see Delgado, 466 U.S. 210; where agents approached
a traveler in an airport, asked to see her airline ticket and driver’s license, and asked questions
about her identification and travel, Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544; or where officers asked for a
traveler’s airline ticket and driver’s license and physically held both, Royer, 460 U.S. 491. Like
in Royer, Mendenhall, and Bostick, the officers asked Ward for his identification and asked general
questions about what the men were doing by the market. Under Supreme Court precedent, this
interaction amounted to a consensual police encounter but not a seizure.
Ward, however, contends that “[o]fficers can be heard on the video tape using a threatening
tone,” which elevated the encounter to a seizure. CA6 R. 14, Ward Br., at 10. Ward is correct that
an officer’s threatening tone can change a consensual interaction into a seizure. See Mendenhall,
446 U.S. at 554 (noting that there might be a seizure when “the use of language or tone of voice
8 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
indicat[es] that compliance with the officer’s request might be compelled”). The video record of
this encounter, however, does not suggest that the officers used a threatening tone of voice.
Throughout the two-minute time period, the officers retain a noticeably, perhaps even surprisingly,
non-threatening tone. Aside from the general idea that any citizen-police encounter may carry an
inherent threat, there is nothing in the video record that indicates threat of punishment or violence
if Ward did not engage in conversation with the officers. Therefore, the officers’ asking Ward for
his identification, asking general questions about what the men were doing, and Ward providing
his Social Security number, did not alone constitute a seizure under the Fourth Amendment.
3.
Pat-down of Hunter. Thus, the crux of this case centers around whether there was a seizure
in the remaining minute between when the officers procured identification and when Ward fled.
During this time period, the officers conducted a pat-down of Hunter while Ward stood a few feet
away, leaned against the SUV vehicle, and gave instructions to his dog to sit. Ward mostly looked
at his dog and away from the officers. Following Hunter’s pat-down, Sharp turned toward Ward
and told him to “come on over here.” Gov’t Ex. 1, Video, at 13:38:45–13:38:47. Instead of
complying, Ward fled. Under these circumstances, we conclude that Ward did not submit to the
officers’ show of authority and therefore no seizure occurred until he was later detained.
The police “may make a seizure by a show of authority and without the use of physical
force, but there is no seizure without actual submission.” Brendlin, 551 U.S. at 254. Passive
acquiescence can be one form of that submission. Id. at 255. Otherwise, when there is no actual
submission, “there is at most an attempted seizure, so far as the Fourth Amendment is concerned.”
Id. “[W]hat may amount to submission depends on what a person was doing before the show of
9 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
authority.” Id. at 262. For example, a “fleeing man is not seized until he is physically
overpowered, but one sitting in a chair may submit to authority by not getting up to run away.” Id.
Whether Ward submitted to the officers’ authority through passive acquiescence when he
stood by as the officers frisked Hunter is a close call. Brendlin itself does not explain what it
means to passively acquiesce. This court’s decision in United States v. Logan, however, is
instructive. In Logan, three patrol cars descended on a parking lot in which they found a vehicle
with four to five occupants of whom they suspected of drug trafficking. Logan, 526 F. App’x 498,
499 (6th Cir. 2013). As the officers emerged from their cars, the defendant, Logan, exited the
vehicle. Id. An officer drew his gun and ordered Logan back into the vehicle. Then Logan “kind
of stutter stepped toward the passenger’s seat where he originally was, and he kind of stutter
stepped away from it, and went back and forth for a little bit.” Id. at 501. The court found that
until Logan stopped stutter-stepping in hesitation, he was “at most . . . contemplating submission,
which falls short of actual submission.” Id. at 502. Thus, stutter-stepping back and forth—rather
than running from the scene—did not constitute the level of passive acquiescence needed to form
submission.
Here, Ward’s behavior is similar to Logan’s. Although he remained on the scene and
shuffled around while the officers frisked Hunter for about twenty-five seconds, this behavior is
more consistent with contemplating submission than with actual submission, especially given that
he ultimately ran. Had this behavior endured for an extended period of time or had Ward given
some indication that he planned to remain on the scene for as long as the officers wanted, we may
have been able to find submission in the form of passive acquiescence. But what amounts to
submission “depends on what a person was doing before the show of authority.” Brendlin,
10 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
551 U.S. at 262. And, here, Ward continued doing what he had been doing for hours before the
officers arrived: he stood on the sidewalk, and he talked to his dog.
This case is also different from Brendlin, where the court found that a car passenger was
seized when he remained seated after the car had been pulled over. While the Court said that
someone sitting in a chair could acquiesce by continuing to remain seated, an inherently
submissive act, Ward did nothing to indicate submission while the officers frisked Hunter: he
shuffled around, talked to his dog, and continually refocused his attention from the officers to his
dog to the bystander. Moreover, unlike a car passenger whose movement is impeded when a car
is pulled over, Ward made no adjustments to what he had been doing all day when the officers
frisked Hunter.
Moreover, when Sharp did eventually ask Ward to “come on over here,” Ward explicitly
disregarded the instructions and ran from the scene. Thus, while “one sitting . . . may submit to
authority by not getting up to run away,” Brendlin, 551 U.S. at 262, Ward ultimately did the exact
opposite. He ran. Thus, there was no seizure under the Fourth Amendment. See Robinson v.
Howes, 663 F.3d 819, 828 (6th Cir. 2011) (holding defendant was not seized when he ran from
officers who approached his parked vehicle with guns drawn, and noting that defendant “was not
yet seized when he saw officers approaching his vehicle with their guns drawn because he did not
submit to their show of authority”); Martin, 399 F.3d at 752 (holding defendant was not seized
when he disregarded officers’ commands to stop and ran instead, and noting that “because a seizure
does not occur when a mere show of authority occurs, but only when one yields to a show of
authority, the [F]ourth [A]mendment does not apply to anything one may abandon while fleeing
the police in an attempt to avoid a seizure”).
11 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
Additionally, that the officers may have intended to pat down Ward does not change the
encounter into a seizure. At the suppression hearing, Campbell testified that he “believe[d] Officer
Sharp was going to pat [Ward] down.” DE 21, Hearing Tr., Page ID 85. Campbell’s belief is not
relevant to the question of whether Ward submitted to the officers’ authority when he watched
Hunter’s pat-down and then fled. Whatever the officers’ intent, an attempted seizure is still not a
seizure. See Smith, 594 F.3d at 538.
The district court therefore erred when it concluded that Ward was seized. It concluded
that there was a seizure when the officers began patting down Hunter because a reasonable person
in Ward’s shoes would not have believed he was free to go. This may be true. But a seizure under
the Fourth Amendment requires more than that when the police do not use any physical force.
Instead, even if a reasonable person would not feel free to leave, a defendant is not seized unless
there is actual submission to the officers’ show of authority. Id. at 536. (“[T]here is no seizure
without actual submission; . . . there is at most an attempted seizure.”) In Smith, the court held
that even if a reasonable person in the defendant’s shoes would not have felt free to leave, there
was no seizure because the defendant tried to push past the officers who surrounded him in a
hallway. Id. at 539. Thus, although a reasonable person in Ward’s shoes may not have felt free to
leave, as the district court concluded, this was not enough to constitute a seizure. Id. Ward had to
actually submit to the officers’ show of authority. He did not. Ward watched the officers pat down
Hunter, and then he ran. At no point did he indicate submission to the officers’ authority. And,
when specifically asked to comply, he did the opposite. Thus, we conclude that Ward did not
submit to the officers’ show of authority and there was no seizure under the Fourth Amendment.
12 No. 18-3034, United States v. Ward
4.
The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable seizures, not unreasonable
attempted seizures. Thus, because there was only an attempted seizure, we decline to consider
whether the officers had reasonable suspicion to suspect Ward of drug dealing.
III.
For the reasons stated, we affirm the district court’s denial of Ward’s motion to suppress
the firearm on alternative grounds.