Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-14729 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 9:16-cr-80091-DTKH-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CYRUS BERNARD RICHARDSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(September 27, 2018)
Before TJOFLAT, WILSON and WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judges. Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 2 of 8
PER CURIAM:
Cyrus Richardson appeals from his 108-month, above-Guidelines sentence
following his conviction for bank fraud, challenging the application of a two-level
sentence enhancement under U.S.G.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i). Section
2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i) provides for a two-level sentence enhancement if the offense
involved “the unauthorized transfer or use of any means of identification
unlawfully to produce or obtain any other means of identification.” Sentencing
Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i) (Nov. 1, 2016). On appeal,
Richardson first argues that his November 2014 offense should not have been
considered “relevant conduct” for the purposes of sentencing. Second, Richardson
contends that even if his November 2014 offense were relevant conduct, the
enhancement is inapplicable to his case because the record lacks evidence showing
how he obtained the false identification. For the reasons set forth below, we
affirm.
I.
For sentencing issues, we review “purely legal questions de novo, a district
court’s factual findings for clear error, and, in most cases, a district court’s
application of the guidelines to the facts with ‘due deference.’” United States v.
Rothenberg, 610 F.3d 621, 624 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v.
Rodriguez-Lopez, 363 F.3d 1134, 1136-37 (11th Cir. 2004)). The “due deference”
2 Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 3 of 8
standard is tantamount to clear error review. Id. Clear error exists when this Court
is “left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”
United States v. Almedina, 686 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting United
States v. Rothenberg, 610 F.3d 621, 624 (11th Cir. 2010)).
II.
The sentencing court must consider all relevant conduct, as described in
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a), when determining a defendant’s sentence. United States v.
Siegelman, 786 F.3d 1322, 1332 (11th Cir. 2015). We review for clear error
whether the District Court erred in treating certain conduct as relevant conduct for
sentencing purposes. Id. Relevant conduct is defined broadly and includes both
uncharged and acquitted conduct that is proven by a preponderance of the evidence
at sentencing, id., embracing “all acts and omissions committed . . . or willfully
caused by the defendant,” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A). Furthermore, where the
offense level is driven largely by amount of loss—as is the case here—conduct that
was “part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense
of conviction” is considered relevant conduct. Id. §§ 1B1.3(a)(2), 3D1.2(d). As
the commentary to the Guidelines explains
For two or more offenses to constitute part of a common scheme, they must be substantially connected to each other by at least one common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or similar modus operandi. . . . Offenses that do not qualify as part of a common scheme or plan may nonetheless qualify as part of the same course of conduct if they are sufficiently connected or 3 Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 4 of 8
related to each other as to warrant the conclusion that they are part of a single episode, spree, or ongoing series of offenses. Factors that are appropriate to the determination of whether offenses are sufficiently connected or related to each other to be considered as part of the same course of conduct include the degree of similarity of the offenses, the regularity (repetitions) of the offenses, and the time interval between the offenses. When one of the above factors is absent, a stronger presence of at least one of the other factors is required. Id. § 1B1.3, cmt. n.5(B). We consider “whether there are distinctive similarities
between the offense of conviction and the remote conduct that signal that they are
part of a single course of conduct rather than isolated, unrelated events that happen
only to be similar in kind.” United States v. Valladares, 544 F.3 1257, 1268 (11th
Cir. 2008).
In previous cases, this court has found a defendant’s separate schemes or
transactions to be insufficiently connected to constitute relevant conduct. In
United States v. Maxwell, we considered whether the defendant’s past conduct
involving a cocaine distribution scheme was relevant conduct in deciding the
defendant’s sentence for his conviction of conspiring to distribute dilaudid and of
making a single cocaine sale. United States v. Maxwell, 34 F.3d 1006, 1010-11
(11th Cir. 1994). We observed that
The commentary [to the Guidelines] . . . makes clear that § 1B1.3 is designed to take account of “a pattern of misconduct that cannot readily be broken down into discrete, identifiable units that are meaningful for purposes of sentencing.” Thus, “when illegal conduct does not exist in discrete, identifiable units apart from the offense of conviction, the Guidelines anticipate a separate charge for such conduct.”
4 Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 5 of 8
Id. (quoting United States v. Hahn, 960 F.2d 903, 909 (9th Cir. 1992)). We
ultimately held that the district court in Maxwell erred in finding that the cocaine-
distribution scheme was “relevant conduct” for sentencing on the conspiracy
conviction. Id. at 1013. The two schemes did not involve any of the same parties,
were temporally remote—the sale of cocaine occurring more than one year after
the conspiracy to distribute dilaudid—and lacked any “distinctive similarities”
signaling they were part of the same “course of conduct.” Id. at 1011-12.
On the other hand, we have affirmed a district court’s finding of relevant
conduct under § 1B1.3 when the defendant’s separate schemes or transactions,
viewed broadly, shared a common victim, purpose, and modus operandi. See, e.g.,
Siegelman, 786 F.3d at 1332-34 (concluding that the “common victim” was the
people of Alabama, the “common purpose” to obtain money and power, and the
“similar modus operandi” the use of defendant’s political power); Valladares, 544
F.3d at 1261 (concluding that the “common victim” was Medicare, “common
purpose” to defraud Medicare, and “similar modus operandi” to submit fraudulent
claims to Medicare for reimbursement).
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Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-14729 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 9:16-cr-80091-DTKH-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CYRUS BERNARD RICHARDSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(September 27, 2018)
Before TJOFLAT, WILSON and WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judges. Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 2 of 8
PER CURIAM:
Cyrus Richardson appeals from his 108-month, above-Guidelines sentence
following his conviction for bank fraud, challenging the application of a two-level
sentence enhancement under U.S.G.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i). Section
2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i) provides for a two-level sentence enhancement if the offense
involved “the unauthorized transfer or use of any means of identification
unlawfully to produce or obtain any other means of identification.” Sentencing
Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i) (Nov. 1, 2016). On appeal,
Richardson first argues that his November 2014 offense should not have been
considered “relevant conduct” for the purposes of sentencing. Second, Richardson
contends that even if his November 2014 offense were relevant conduct, the
enhancement is inapplicable to his case because the record lacks evidence showing
how he obtained the false identification. For the reasons set forth below, we
affirm.
I.
For sentencing issues, we review “purely legal questions de novo, a district
court’s factual findings for clear error, and, in most cases, a district court’s
application of the guidelines to the facts with ‘due deference.’” United States v.
Rothenberg, 610 F.3d 621, 624 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v.
Rodriguez-Lopez, 363 F.3d 1134, 1136-37 (11th Cir. 2004)). The “due deference”
2 Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 3 of 8
standard is tantamount to clear error review. Id. Clear error exists when this Court
is “left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”
United States v. Almedina, 686 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting United
States v. Rothenberg, 610 F.3d 621, 624 (11th Cir. 2010)).
II.
The sentencing court must consider all relevant conduct, as described in
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a), when determining a defendant’s sentence. United States v.
Siegelman, 786 F.3d 1322, 1332 (11th Cir. 2015). We review for clear error
whether the District Court erred in treating certain conduct as relevant conduct for
sentencing purposes. Id. Relevant conduct is defined broadly and includes both
uncharged and acquitted conduct that is proven by a preponderance of the evidence
at sentencing, id., embracing “all acts and omissions committed . . . or willfully
caused by the defendant,” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A). Furthermore, where the
offense level is driven largely by amount of loss—as is the case here—conduct that
was “part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense
of conviction” is considered relevant conduct. Id. §§ 1B1.3(a)(2), 3D1.2(d). As
the commentary to the Guidelines explains
For two or more offenses to constitute part of a common scheme, they must be substantially connected to each other by at least one common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or similar modus operandi. . . . Offenses that do not qualify as part of a common scheme or plan may nonetheless qualify as part of the same course of conduct if they are sufficiently connected or 3 Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 4 of 8
related to each other as to warrant the conclusion that they are part of a single episode, spree, or ongoing series of offenses. Factors that are appropriate to the determination of whether offenses are sufficiently connected or related to each other to be considered as part of the same course of conduct include the degree of similarity of the offenses, the regularity (repetitions) of the offenses, and the time interval between the offenses. When one of the above factors is absent, a stronger presence of at least one of the other factors is required. Id. § 1B1.3, cmt. n.5(B). We consider “whether there are distinctive similarities
between the offense of conviction and the remote conduct that signal that they are
part of a single course of conduct rather than isolated, unrelated events that happen
only to be similar in kind.” United States v. Valladares, 544 F.3 1257, 1268 (11th
Cir. 2008).
In previous cases, this court has found a defendant’s separate schemes or
transactions to be insufficiently connected to constitute relevant conduct. In
United States v. Maxwell, we considered whether the defendant’s past conduct
involving a cocaine distribution scheme was relevant conduct in deciding the
defendant’s sentence for his conviction of conspiring to distribute dilaudid and of
making a single cocaine sale. United States v. Maxwell, 34 F.3d 1006, 1010-11
(11th Cir. 1994). We observed that
The commentary [to the Guidelines] . . . makes clear that § 1B1.3 is designed to take account of “a pattern of misconduct that cannot readily be broken down into discrete, identifiable units that are meaningful for purposes of sentencing.” Thus, “when illegal conduct does not exist in discrete, identifiable units apart from the offense of conviction, the Guidelines anticipate a separate charge for such conduct.”
4 Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 5 of 8
Id. (quoting United States v. Hahn, 960 F.2d 903, 909 (9th Cir. 1992)). We
ultimately held that the district court in Maxwell erred in finding that the cocaine-
distribution scheme was “relevant conduct” for sentencing on the conspiracy
conviction. Id. at 1013. The two schemes did not involve any of the same parties,
were temporally remote—the sale of cocaine occurring more than one year after
the conspiracy to distribute dilaudid—and lacked any “distinctive similarities”
signaling they were part of the same “course of conduct.” Id. at 1011-12.
On the other hand, we have affirmed a district court’s finding of relevant
conduct under § 1B1.3 when the defendant’s separate schemes or transactions,
viewed broadly, shared a common victim, purpose, and modus operandi. See, e.g.,
Siegelman, 786 F.3d at 1332-34 (concluding that the “common victim” was the
people of Alabama, the “common purpose” to obtain money and power, and the
“similar modus operandi” the use of defendant’s political power); Valladares, 544
F.3d at 1261 (concluding that the “common victim” was Medicare, “common
purpose” to defraud Medicare, and “similar modus operandi” to submit fraudulent
claims to Medicare for reimbursement). We also have affirmed when it was
“plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety” that the conduct was part of
the “same common scheme or plan” as the offense of conviction. Siegelman, 786
F.3d at 1333.
5 Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 6 of 8
In this case, the District Court did not clearly err in finding Richardson’s
November 2014 offense to be conduct relevant to the offense of conviction.
Between his offense of conviction and the November 2014 offense, Richardson’s
acts shared “distinctive similarities,” Valladares, 544 F.3d at 1268. Both involved
using false identifying information to defraud banks, and both were part of a long
line of Richardson’s bank frauds and attempted bank frauds that occurred in a short
period of time. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt. n.5(B) (listing “degree of similarity of
offenses,” “regularity of the offenses,” and “time interval between the offenses” as
factors supporting a finding of relevant conduct). While Richardson relies on
Maxwell in support of his argument, his reliance is misplaced. Unlike in Maxwell,
where the incidents were “temporally remote” because they occurred over a year
apart, Maxwell, 34 F.3d at 1011, the November 2014 offense and the offense of
conviction were separated by only six weeks. Considering the record as a whole, it
was plausible that the offenses were “part of the same course of conduct or
common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.” Siegelman, 786 F.3d at
1333; U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2).
III.
Having found that the November 2014 offense was relevant conduct for the
purposes of sentencing, we must consider whether the District Court erred in
applying the two-level sentence enhancement for identity theft. Section
6 Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 7 of 8
2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i) of the Guidelines authorizes a two-level enhancement if the
offense involved “the unauthorized transfer or use of any means of identification
unlawfully to produce or obtain any other means of identification.” U.S.S.G. §
2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i). “Means of identification” include “any name or number that
may be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to identify a
specific individual,” which includes a person’s name, date of birth, and driver’s
license number. Id. § 2B1.1, cmt. n.1; 18 U.S.C. § 1028.
It is uncontested that Richardson used a fraudulent driver’s license in the
November 2014 offense. This fraudulent license bore the name and date of birth of
C.N., but contained Richardson’s photograph rather than a photograph of C.N.
Nonetheless, Richardson argues that the District Court erred in applying the
enhancement because it lacked evidence that Richardson was involved in
converting the first means of identification, i.e., C.N.’s driver’s license, into the
other, i.e., the fraudulent driver’s license.
We disagree. In determining whether a sentencing enhancement applies, a
district court is “permitted to draw reasonable inferences from the facts.” United
States v. Jones, 533 F. App’x 488, 459 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v.
Caldwell, 448 F.3d 287, 290 (5th Cir. 2006)). Because the driver’s license
contained Richardson’s photograph, it was reasonable for the District Court to
conclude that he at least took part in the production of the fraudulent license by
7 Case: 17-14729 Date Filed: 09/27/2018 Page: 8 of 8
supplying his photograph. Id. at 459-60 (holding that the identity-theft sentence
enhancement applied without direct evidence that defendant created the fraudulent
identification card.) Thus, the District Court did not clearly err in determining that
the identity-theft sentence enhancement applied.
IV.
For the reasons discussed above, we affirm Richardson’s sentence.
AFFIRMED.