United States v. Clarence Horton, United States of America v. Robert Itzkowitz

Eighth Circuit

United States v. Clarence Horton, United States of America v. Robert Itzkowitz

562 F.2d 529, 1977 U.S. App. LEXIS 11669

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit

DecidedSeptember 7, 1977

Docket77-1258, 77-1270

StatusPublished

Cited by1 cases

This text of 562 F.2d 529 (United States v. Clarence Horton, United States of America v. Robert Itzkowitz) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

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United States v. Clarence Horton, United States of America v. Robert Itzkowitz, 562 F.2d 529, 1977 U.S. App. LEXIS 11669 (8th Cir. 1977).

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Opinion

PER CURIAM.

The sole issue raised is whether the trial court erred in permitting the government to amend the indictment at the close of the government’s case to reinstate the phrase which had been inadvertently stricken by the trial court, and then permitting the government to offer additional testimony with respect to the stricken phrase. We find no error in the trial court’s actions.

*530 In the original indictment, the defendants were charged with two offenses. First, they were charged with causing a licensed firearms dealer to sell to a person who the licensee knew, or had reason to know, was not a resident of the State of Arkansas in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(b)(3). Second, they were charged with causing a licensed firearms dealer to knowingly make false entries in records which are required to be kept pursuant to 18 U.S.C: § 923 in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(m).

Prior to trial, the trial court, apprehensive as to the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. § 922(b)(3), caused the indictment to be amended so that it would charge only a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(m). In making the change and in reading the revised charge to the jury, the phrase “causing a licensed firearms dealer” was inadvertently omitted. A jury was sworn and two days of testimony was taken. At the close of the government’s case, the defendants moved for judgment of acquittal on the ground that the government had failed to prove that the defendants had caused a licensed firearms dealer to knowingly make false entries in the required records. The trial court then permitted the government to amend the indictment and reinstate the omitted phrase. It also permitted the government to reopen its case and to offer testimony that defendants had in fact caused a licensed firearms dealer to make false entries in the required records. At the close of the defendants’ case, the jury was properly instructed in accord with the amended indictment.

The defendants were properly charged by the grand jury in the conjunctive. The grand jury clearly felt that the defendants had violated both 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(b)(3) and 922(m). Under these circumstances, there was no departure from the indictment at trial, and the trial court committed no error in making the amendments to the indictment outlined above.

The convictions of the defendants are affirmed.

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PER CURIAM.

The sole issue raised is whether the trial court erred in permitting the government to amend the indictment at the close of the government’s case to reinstate the phrase which had been inadvertently stricken by the trial court, and then permitting the government to offer additional testimony with respect to the stricken phrase. We find no error in the trial court’s actions.

*530 In the original indictment, the defendants were charged with two offenses. First, they were charged with causing a licensed firearms dealer to sell to a person who the licensee knew, or had reason to know, was not a resident of the State of Arkansas in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(b)(3). Second, they were charged with causing a licensed firearms dealer to knowingly make false entries in records which are required to be kept pursuant to 18 U.S.C: § 923 in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(m).

Prior to trial, the trial court, apprehensive as to the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. § 922(b)(3), caused the indictment to be amended so that it would charge only a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(m). In making the change and in reading the revised charge to the jury, the phrase “causing a licensed firearms dealer” was inadvertently omitted. A jury was sworn and two days of testimony was taken. At the close of the government’s case, the defendants moved for judgment of acquittal on the ground that the government had failed to prove that the defendants had caused a licensed firearms dealer to knowingly make false entries in the required records. The trial court then permitted the government to amend the indictment and reinstate the omitted phrase. It also permitted the government to reopen its case and to offer testimony that defendants had in fact caused a licensed firearms dealer to make false entries in the required records. At the close of the defendants’ case, the jury was properly instructed in accord with the amended indictment.

The defendants were properly charged by the grand jury in the conjunctive. The grand jury clearly felt that the defendants had violated both 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(b)(3) and 922(m). Under these circumstances, there was no departure from the indictment at trial, and the trial court committed no error in making the amendments to the indictment outlined above.

The convictions of the defendants are affirmed.

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562 F.2d 529, 1977 U.S. App. LEXIS 11669, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-clarence-horton-united-states-of-america-v-robert-ca8-1977.

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