Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 13-14705 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 6:12-cr-00018-BAE-GRS-10
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CHRISTOPHER LAMONT DAVIS, a.k.a. Moo Dog, a.k.a. Moo Moo,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia ________________________
(April 2, 2014)
Before HULL, PRYOR and MARTIN, Circuit Judges. Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 2 of 8
PER CURIAM:
After pleading guilty, Christopher Lamont Davis appeals his 92-month
sentence for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(C). On appeal, Davis argues that his sentence, above
the advisory guidelines range of 57 to 71 months’ imprisonment, is procedurally
and substantively unreasonable. After review, we affirm.
We review the reasonableness of a sentence for an abuse of discretion using
a two-step process. United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1190 (11th Cir. 2008).
We look first at whether the district court committed any significant procedural
error, such as miscalculating the advisory guidelines range, treating the guidelines
as mandatory, failing to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, selecting a
sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to explain adequately the
chosen sentence. Id.
Then, we examine whether the sentence is substantively unreasonable under
the totality of the circumstances. Id. Although in choosing a sentence, the district
court must consider the § 3553(a) factors, the district court is not required to
address each factor explicitly. United States v. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1324
(11th Cir. 2008). The weight to be given to any specific § 3553(a) factor is
committed to the sound discretion of the district court. United States v. Clay, 483
F.3d 739, 743 (11th Cir. 2007). A sentence imposed well below the statutory
2 Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 3 of 8
maximum is an indicator of a reasonable sentence. United States v. McKinley, 732
F.3d 1291, 1299 (11th Cir. 2013). The defendant bears the burden to show his
sentence is unreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors.1 United
States v. Thomas, 446 F.3d 1348, 1351 (11th Cir. 2006).
With respect to procedural reasonableness, Appellant Davis argues that the
district court did not explain its reasons for imposing a 21-month upward variance.
At the time of sentencing, a district court must state its reasons for imposing a
particular sentence, and, if the sentence is outside the advisory guidelines range,
the court must state the specific reason for the variance. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2). If
the district court imposes a variance, it must “ensure that the justification is
sufficiently compelling to support the degree of the variance.” United States v.
Williams, 526 F.3d 1312, 1322 (11th Cir. 2008) (quotation marks omitted). The
district court’s reason need not be lengthy; a brief explanation will suffice when
the context and the record indicate the reasoning behind the chosen sentence.
United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1195 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). It is
sufficient if the district court has “set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court
1 The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (3) the need for deterrence; (4) the need to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission; (9) the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). 3 Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 4 of 8
that [it] has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for
exercising [its] own legal decisionmaking authority.” United States v. Ghertler,
605 F.3d 1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted).
Here, the record belies Appellant Davis’s claim that the district court did not
adequately explain its decision to impose an upward variance. In deciding to
impose a variance, the district court stated that it had considered the § 3553(a)
factors and specifically referenced several factors, including the nature and
circumstances of the offense, Davis’s history and characteristics, and the need for
the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense, provide just
punishment, and protect the public. The district court then discussed in detail
several circumstances that indicated Davis did not fit “the profile of the guideline
in the range that [was] calculated,” including: (1) Davis’s case was an “incomplete
snapshot” of his involvement in the drug conspiracy, (2) since 2004, Davis either
was in state custody or on state supervision, but his state sentences had failed to
deter him from returning to drug conspiracy; (3) although Davis had periods of
legitimate employment, his involvement with drugs “almost never ceased” and it
was a “fair conclusion that his support through the drug trade has been significant”;
and (4) Davis was “a regular user of marijuana and powder cocaine,” even while
on state supervision. The district court sufficiently explained its reasons for
4 Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 5 of 8
imposing the 21-month upward variance, and Davis has not shown that his
sentence is procedurally unreasonable.
Appellant Davis also has not met his burden to show that the 21-month
variance was substantively unreasonable. Davis was involved in a large drug
conspiracy that began in 2006 and lasted until 2012. Under the Sentencing
Guidelines, Davis was held accountable for only six months of his involvement in
the drug conspiracy—the 1.91 kilograms of cocaine powder he was estimated to
have distributed between July 2011 and December 2011. This drug quantity
estimate was based on wiretapped phone conversations about drug transactions
between Davis and another conspirator who was Davis’s source in the conspiracy,
which indicated that Davis distributed approximately 318 grams of powder cocaine
each month.
As the district court found, however, this drug amount was an “incomplete
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Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 13-14705 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 6:12-cr-00018-BAE-GRS-10
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CHRISTOPHER LAMONT DAVIS, a.k.a. Moo Dog, a.k.a. Moo Moo,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia ________________________
(April 2, 2014)
Before HULL, PRYOR and MARTIN, Circuit Judges. Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 2 of 8
PER CURIAM:
After pleading guilty, Christopher Lamont Davis appeals his 92-month
sentence for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(C). On appeal, Davis argues that his sentence, above
the advisory guidelines range of 57 to 71 months’ imprisonment, is procedurally
and substantively unreasonable. After review, we affirm.
We review the reasonableness of a sentence for an abuse of discretion using
a two-step process. United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1190 (11th Cir. 2008).
We look first at whether the district court committed any significant procedural
error, such as miscalculating the advisory guidelines range, treating the guidelines
as mandatory, failing to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, selecting a
sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to explain adequately the
chosen sentence. Id.
Then, we examine whether the sentence is substantively unreasonable under
the totality of the circumstances. Id. Although in choosing a sentence, the district
court must consider the § 3553(a) factors, the district court is not required to
address each factor explicitly. United States v. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1324
(11th Cir. 2008). The weight to be given to any specific § 3553(a) factor is
committed to the sound discretion of the district court. United States v. Clay, 483
F.3d 739, 743 (11th Cir. 2007). A sentence imposed well below the statutory
2 Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 3 of 8
maximum is an indicator of a reasonable sentence. United States v. McKinley, 732
F.3d 1291, 1299 (11th Cir. 2013). The defendant bears the burden to show his
sentence is unreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors.1 United
States v. Thomas, 446 F.3d 1348, 1351 (11th Cir. 2006).
With respect to procedural reasonableness, Appellant Davis argues that the
district court did not explain its reasons for imposing a 21-month upward variance.
At the time of sentencing, a district court must state its reasons for imposing a
particular sentence, and, if the sentence is outside the advisory guidelines range,
the court must state the specific reason for the variance. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2). If
the district court imposes a variance, it must “ensure that the justification is
sufficiently compelling to support the degree of the variance.” United States v.
Williams, 526 F.3d 1312, 1322 (11th Cir. 2008) (quotation marks omitted). The
district court’s reason need not be lengthy; a brief explanation will suffice when
the context and the record indicate the reasoning behind the chosen sentence.
United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1195 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). It is
sufficient if the district court has “set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court
1 The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (3) the need for deterrence; (4) the need to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission; (9) the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). 3 Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 4 of 8
that [it] has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for
exercising [its] own legal decisionmaking authority.” United States v. Ghertler,
605 F.3d 1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted).
Here, the record belies Appellant Davis’s claim that the district court did not
adequately explain its decision to impose an upward variance. In deciding to
impose a variance, the district court stated that it had considered the § 3553(a)
factors and specifically referenced several factors, including the nature and
circumstances of the offense, Davis’s history and characteristics, and the need for
the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense, provide just
punishment, and protect the public. The district court then discussed in detail
several circumstances that indicated Davis did not fit “the profile of the guideline
in the range that [was] calculated,” including: (1) Davis’s case was an “incomplete
snapshot” of his involvement in the drug conspiracy, (2) since 2004, Davis either
was in state custody or on state supervision, but his state sentences had failed to
deter him from returning to drug conspiracy; (3) although Davis had periods of
legitimate employment, his involvement with drugs “almost never ceased” and it
was a “fair conclusion that his support through the drug trade has been significant”;
and (4) Davis was “a regular user of marijuana and powder cocaine,” even while
on state supervision. The district court sufficiently explained its reasons for
4 Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 5 of 8
imposing the 21-month upward variance, and Davis has not shown that his
sentence is procedurally unreasonable.
Appellant Davis also has not met his burden to show that the 21-month
variance was substantively unreasonable. Davis was involved in a large drug
conspiracy that began in 2006 and lasted until 2012. Under the Sentencing
Guidelines, Davis was held accountable for only six months of his involvement in
the drug conspiracy—the 1.91 kilograms of cocaine powder he was estimated to
have distributed between July 2011 and December 2011. This drug quantity
estimate was based on wiretapped phone conversations about drug transactions
between Davis and another conspirator who was Davis’s source in the conspiracy,
which indicated that Davis distributed approximately 318 grams of powder cocaine
each month.
As the district court found, however, this drug amount was an “incomplete
snapshot” of Davis’s involvement given that: (1) Davis was not arrested until
December 2012 and the above quantities did not include any additional amounts of
cocaine Davis may have distributed between December 2011 and December 2012
while he was a member of the drug conspiracy; (2) Davis was distributing cocaine
as part of the conspiracy as early as September 2008, when he was arrested and
later convicted in state court of sale and possession of cocaine (the “2008 drug
conviction”); (3) Davis’s 2008 drug distribution conduct, although relevant
5 Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 6 of 8
conduct, was not used to calculate either his offense level or criminal history score
under the guidelines; 2 and (4) if the 2008 drug conviction had been scored as part
of his criminal history, Davis would have qualified as a career offender, with a
much higher advisory guidelines range.
In addition to his 2008 drug conviction, Davis also has a 2004 state court
conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, making the instant
drug conspiracy conviction Davis’s third drug trafficking conviction in less than
ten years. The district court aptly described Davis’s criminal history as disturbing
because “[i]t never cease[d].” As the district court noted, Davis had remained
either in state custody or on state supervision since 2004. Indeed, Davis was still
on state probation for his 2004 conviction and on state parole for his 2008
conviction when he committed the instant federal offense. And, despite the fact
that Davis had served two years for his 2008 drug conviction, less than a year after
his September 2010 parole (by July 2011 at the latest), he had resumed distributing
cocaine for the conspiracy.
2 Because the conduct underlying the 2008 drug conviction occurred during the charged federal drug conspiracy, the district court considered it relevant conduct rather than as a prior sentence, and did not assign that 2008 drug conviction any criminal history points. See U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(a)-(c) (assigning criminal history points for prior sentences), 4A1.2(a)(1) (defining a prior sentence to exclude conduct that is part of the instant offense); 4B1.2(c) (defining “two prior felony convictions” for career offender purposes as felony convictions counted separately under § 4A1.1(a)-(c)). The district court also did not include the drug quantities from the 2008 drug conviction in the offense level computation. Therefore, Davis’s 2008 drug conviction had no impact on his advisory guidelines range. 6 Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 7 of 8
Although Davis presented evidence of some legitimate earnings over the
years, he had no social security wages in 2010 and only $649.63 in 2011. As the
district court noted, Davis’s insignificant earnings suggest that he supported
himself through his drug distribution. Finally, Davis admitted to using controlled
substances, including marijuana, cocaine, and ecstasy, throughout his time on state
supervision and up to the time of his arrest on this federal charge.
Appellant Davis argues that his two years in state custody for the 2008
conviction should have carried “heavy weight.” The district court heard Davis’s
mitigation argument that he had already served two years for his 2008 conviction,
but concluded that this fact actually weighed in favor of a longer sentence because
the two-year prison term had failed to deter Davis. Davis’s argument essentially
asks us to reweigh the relevant § 3553(a) factors, which we do not do as long as
the ultimate sentence is reasonable. See United States v. Snipes, 611 F.3d 855, 872
(11th Cir. 2010).
Based on these facts, the district court concluded that a custodial sentence
above the advisory guidelines range of 57 to 71 months was needed to promote
respect for the law, provide just punishment, and protect the public from further
criminal activity by Davis. The district court’s reasons were sufficiently
compelling to justify the 21-month variance, and we cannot say that the 92-month
7 Case: 13-14705 Date Filed: 04/02/2014 Page: 8 of 8
total sentence, well below the twenty-year statutory maximum, was substantively
unreasonable.
AFFIRMED.