USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-14301 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 7:09-cr-00486-LSC-GMB-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
CHRISTOPHER DAVID COBB,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(May 19, 2021)
Before LUCK, LAGOA, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 2 of 8
Christopher Cobb, proceeding pro se, appeals the denial of his motion to
unseal grand jury transcripts and his signed indictment. In this appeal, Cobb first
argues that the District Court that presided over his original criminal action had the
duty to ensure that the Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA) that presented
evidence to the grand jury took the proper oath of office. But because the District
Court allegedly did not, Cobb contends that the grand jury transcripts and signed
indictment should be unsealed. He then argues that the District Court applied
United States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 106 S. Ct. 938 (1986)—which holds that a
petit jury’s guilty verdict means that the criminal defendant is in fact guilty as
charged beyond a reasonable doubt—too broadly.
We disagree with Cobb on both points. On the former, the District Court did
not abuse its discretion in denying Cobb’s motion because there was no currently
pending judicial proceeding connected to Cobb’s request to unseal. And on the
latter, the District Court correctly concluded that any error that may have occurred
before the grand jury was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because a petit jury
found Cobb guilty. Accordingly, we affirm.
I.
On October 27, 2010, a grand jury charged Cobb with knowing receipt of
child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C § 2252A(a)(2) (Count 1), knowing
distribution of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2) (Count
2 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 3 of 8
2), and knowing possession of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C
§ 2252A(a)(5)(B) (Count 3). A jury found Cobb guilty on Counts 1 and 3, but not
guilty on Count 2. The District Court sentenced Cobb to a total term of 210
months’ imprisonment, and a panel of this Court affirmed Cobb’s sentences,
United States v. Cobb, 479 F. App’x 210, 211–12 (11th Cir. 2012).
In February 2018, Cobb filed a motion purportedly seeking relief under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), which provides grounds for relief from a
final judgment, order, or proceeding. Cobb’s motion asserted that AUSA Mary
Ann Gallagher—the prosecutor for Cobb’s criminal case—did not file her oath of
office and appointment affidavit that provided her with the legal authorization to
act as a representative of the federal government. In support, Cobb pointed to a
Freedom of Information Act response he received from the Executive Office for
the United States Attorneys (EOUSA), which stated that a search for the records
Cobb requested “revealed no responsive records” and that the “records ha[d] been
destroyed pursuant to Department of Justice guidelines.” 1 The District Court
denied the motion because Cobb’s case had been closed since 2011, and thus the
Court “lack[ed] jurisdiction to modify or reduce his sentence.”
1 It is worth noting that EOUSA’s response to Cobb’s FOIA request states only that his request did not turn up an Oath of Office signed by AUSA Gallagher, not that she did not sign one. 3 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 4 of 8
So, in December 2018, Cobb filed a motion to unseal the grand jury
transcripts and the signed indictment. Cobb claimed that, based on his FOIA
request, he had determined that AUSA Gallagher did not have an oath of office on
file with EOUSA when she appeared before the grand jury in his case. In support,
he attached the FOIA response letter he received from EOUSA that stated that the
information he requested had been destroyed pursuant to Department of Justice
guidelines. Cobb later filed a second FOIA response he received from EOUSA,
which noted that “records of former AUSAs are not maintained by EOUSA upon
separation from employment.”
The District Court ultimately denied Cobb’s motion. Recognizing that it is
generally “well-settled policy of federal law that grand jury proceedings remain
secret,” the District Court found that Cobb had not demonstrated a compelling
need for the grand jury materials. Likewise, the Court—relying on United States v.
Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 70, 106 S. Ct. 938, 941–42 (1986)—concluded that any
alleged error in the grand jury proceedings would have been harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt because the petit jury ultimately found Cobb guilty on Counts 1
and 3.
Cobb timely appealed the denial of his motion to unseal the grand jury
transcripts and the signed indictment. But we affirm on two grounds. First, the
4 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 5 of 8
District Court’s denial was not an abuse discretion because no judicial proceeding
was anticipated or currently pending that was connected to Cobb’s request to
unseal. And second, even if an error occurred before the grand jury, it was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because a petit jury later found Cobb guilty.
II.
A district court’s refusal to unseal court documents is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. Romero v. Drummond Co., 480 F.3d 1234, 1242 (11th Cir. 2007).
District courts have wide discretion in evaluating whether disclosure of grand jury
materials would be appropriate. United Kingdom v. United States, 238 F.3d 1312,
1320 (11th Cir. 2001).
III.
We’ll start with whether Cobb can satisfy the Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 6(e)(3)(E)(i) exception that permits the disclosure of grand jury
materials “preliminary to or in connection with a judicial proceeding.” Fed. R.
Crim. P. 6(e)(3)(E)(i). We’ll then turn to whether the error Cobb alleges—
assuming that it indeed occurred—is enough to require disclosure in this case.
With a few limited exceptions, the disclosure of grand jury materials must
first be authorized by a court. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(2), (3). We have held that,
to obtain disclosure of protected grand jury materials, a person must show a
“particularized need” for the documents. United Kingdom, 238 F.3d at 1320.
5 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 6 of 8
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USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-14301 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 7:09-cr-00486-LSC-GMB-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
CHRISTOPHER DAVID COBB,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(May 19, 2021)
Before LUCK, LAGOA, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 2 of 8
Christopher Cobb, proceeding pro se, appeals the denial of his motion to
unseal grand jury transcripts and his signed indictment. In this appeal, Cobb first
argues that the District Court that presided over his original criminal action had the
duty to ensure that the Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA) that presented
evidence to the grand jury took the proper oath of office. But because the District
Court allegedly did not, Cobb contends that the grand jury transcripts and signed
indictment should be unsealed. He then argues that the District Court applied
United States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 106 S. Ct. 938 (1986)—which holds that a
petit jury’s guilty verdict means that the criminal defendant is in fact guilty as
charged beyond a reasonable doubt—too broadly.
We disagree with Cobb on both points. On the former, the District Court did
not abuse its discretion in denying Cobb’s motion because there was no currently
pending judicial proceeding connected to Cobb’s request to unseal. And on the
latter, the District Court correctly concluded that any error that may have occurred
before the grand jury was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because a petit jury
found Cobb guilty. Accordingly, we affirm.
I.
On October 27, 2010, a grand jury charged Cobb with knowing receipt of
child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C § 2252A(a)(2) (Count 1), knowing
distribution of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2) (Count
2 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 3 of 8
2), and knowing possession of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C
§ 2252A(a)(5)(B) (Count 3). A jury found Cobb guilty on Counts 1 and 3, but not
guilty on Count 2. The District Court sentenced Cobb to a total term of 210
months’ imprisonment, and a panel of this Court affirmed Cobb’s sentences,
United States v. Cobb, 479 F. App’x 210, 211–12 (11th Cir. 2012).
In February 2018, Cobb filed a motion purportedly seeking relief under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), which provides grounds for relief from a
final judgment, order, or proceeding. Cobb’s motion asserted that AUSA Mary
Ann Gallagher—the prosecutor for Cobb’s criminal case—did not file her oath of
office and appointment affidavit that provided her with the legal authorization to
act as a representative of the federal government. In support, Cobb pointed to a
Freedom of Information Act response he received from the Executive Office for
the United States Attorneys (EOUSA), which stated that a search for the records
Cobb requested “revealed no responsive records” and that the “records ha[d] been
destroyed pursuant to Department of Justice guidelines.” 1 The District Court
denied the motion because Cobb’s case had been closed since 2011, and thus the
Court “lack[ed] jurisdiction to modify or reduce his sentence.”
1 It is worth noting that EOUSA’s response to Cobb’s FOIA request states only that his request did not turn up an Oath of Office signed by AUSA Gallagher, not that she did not sign one. 3 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 4 of 8
So, in December 2018, Cobb filed a motion to unseal the grand jury
transcripts and the signed indictment. Cobb claimed that, based on his FOIA
request, he had determined that AUSA Gallagher did not have an oath of office on
file with EOUSA when she appeared before the grand jury in his case. In support,
he attached the FOIA response letter he received from EOUSA that stated that the
information he requested had been destroyed pursuant to Department of Justice
guidelines. Cobb later filed a second FOIA response he received from EOUSA,
which noted that “records of former AUSAs are not maintained by EOUSA upon
separation from employment.”
The District Court ultimately denied Cobb’s motion. Recognizing that it is
generally “well-settled policy of federal law that grand jury proceedings remain
secret,” the District Court found that Cobb had not demonstrated a compelling
need for the grand jury materials. Likewise, the Court—relying on United States v.
Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 70, 106 S. Ct. 938, 941–42 (1986)—concluded that any
alleged error in the grand jury proceedings would have been harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt because the petit jury ultimately found Cobb guilty on Counts 1
and 3.
Cobb timely appealed the denial of his motion to unseal the grand jury
transcripts and the signed indictment. But we affirm on two grounds. First, the
4 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 5 of 8
District Court’s denial was not an abuse discretion because no judicial proceeding
was anticipated or currently pending that was connected to Cobb’s request to
unseal. And second, even if an error occurred before the grand jury, it was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because a petit jury later found Cobb guilty.
II.
A district court’s refusal to unseal court documents is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. Romero v. Drummond Co., 480 F.3d 1234, 1242 (11th Cir. 2007).
District courts have wide discretion in evaluating whether disclosure of grand jury
materials would be appropriate. United Kingdom v. United States, 238 F.3d 1312,
1320 (11th Cir. 2001).
III.
We’ll start with whether Cobb can satisfy the Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 6(e)(3)(E)(i) exception that permits the disclosure of grand jury
materials “preliminary to or in connection with a judicial proceeding.” Fed. R.
Crim. P. 6(e)(3)(E)(i). We’ll then turn to whether the error Cobb alleges—
assuming that it indeed occurred—is enough to require disclosure in this case.
With a few limited exceptions, the disclosure of grand jury materials must
first be authorized by a court. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(2), (3). We have held that,
to obtain disclosure of protected grand jury materials, a person must show a
“particularized need” for the documents. United Kingdom, 238 F.3d at 1320.
5 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 6 of 8
Parties seeking grand jury materials “must show that the material they seek is
needed to avoid a possible injustice in another judicial proceeding, that the need
for disclosure is greater than the need for continued secrecy, and that their request
is structured to cover only the material so needed.” Id. at 1320–21. Critically,
under Rule 6(e), the “[]other judicial proceeding” must be one that is already
pending, or, at the very least, anticipated. United States v. Baggot, 463 U.S. 476,
479–80, 103 S. Ct. 3164, 3167 (1983) (“[Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e)]
contemplates only uses related fairly directly to some identifiable litigation,
pending or anticipated.” (emphasis added)). And the Supreme Court has
repeatedly emphasized that district courts are given wide discretion to determine
whether disclosure of grand jury materials is appropriate. See United States v.
John Doe, Inc. I, 481 U.S. 102, 116, 107 S. Ct. 1656, 1664 (1987).
Here, the District Court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Cobb’s
motion to unseal the grand jury records. Cobb has not satisfied Rule
6(e)(3)(E)(i)’s exception because he has not pointed to any pending or anticipated
judicial proceedings connected to his request for the transcripts. The only potential
proceeding that this Court could identify—Cobb’s criminal case—has been closed
since 2011. Under Baggot, this lack of a pending or anticipated proceeding is
dispositive. 463 U.S. at 479, 103 S. Ct. at 3167.
6 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 7 of 8
The District Court did suggest, however, that Cobb may “anticipate[]” filing
a motion to dismiss his indictment and vacate his conviction and sentences based
on the contents of the grand jury records. But if the mere possibility of a motion to
dismiss an indictment qualified as an “anticipated” judicial proceeding under Rule
6(e)(3)(E)(i), every criminal defendant would seek to unseal their grand jury
proceedings in order to dig around for some error. Given that “the proper
functioning of our grand jury system depends upon the secrecy of grand jury
proceedings,” Douglas Oil Co. v. Petrol Stops Nw., 441 U.S. 211, 218, 99 S. Ct.
1667, 1672 (1979), we will not stretch Baggot that far. And regardless, this does
not alter our conclusion that the District Court did not abuse its discretion.
Although the District Court relied on different reasoning when denying Cobb’s
motion, we may affirm on any ground supported by the record. LeCroy v. United
States, 739 F.3d 1297, 1312 (11th Cir. 2014).
But we will nevertheless give Cobb the benefit of the doubt and assume (1)
that there was a “pending or anticipated proceeding” and (2) that there was some
error before the grand jury when the AUSA (allegedly) failed to take the proper
oath of office. Even with the aid of these assumptions, Cobb’s motion to unseal
still fails. Any error in a grand jury proceeding is harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt when a petit jury enters a guilty verdict, as the guilty verdict means that
there was probable cause to believe that the defendant was guilty, and that the
7 USCA11 Case: 20-14301 Date Filed: 05/19/2021 Page: 8 of 8
defendant was in fact guilty as charged beyond a reasonable doubt. Mechanik, 475
U.S. at 70, 106 S. Ct. at 941–42. Thus, Cobb—who was found guilty by a petit
jury on two counts—cannot demonstrate a “compelling” or “particularized need,”
United Kingdom, 238 F.3d at 1316, 1320, for the grand jury records because the
error that allegedly occurred before the grand jury is harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt.
Accordingly, we affirm the District Court’s denial of Cobb’s motion to
unseal.
AFFIRMED.