NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 22a0142n.06
No. 21-3524
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Apr 04, 2022 ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CHRISTOPHER LEE BRYANT, ) OHIO ) Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: SILER, CLAY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
MURPHY, Circuit Judge. After a police officer received tips from Discord, an online app,
that an accountholder had uploaded child pornography, the officer obtained a warrant to search the
accountholder’s home. The search uncovered substantial child pornography. The accountholder
then turned into an informant, asserting that he had obtained sexually explicit images of a four-
year-old girl from a user that went by AkiHaru#5042. The officer thus obtained a warrant to
compel Discord to provide information about this account. That warrant led law enforcement to
the defendant in this case, Christopher Bryant, who ultimately pleaded guilty to a child-
pornography offense. On appeal, Bryant argues that the informant’s tip did not establish the
probable cause necessary to obtain a warrant for his Discord records. Yet the officer’s affidavit in
support of that warrant identified this informant by name and described the informant’s direct No. 21-3524, United States v. Bryant
knowledge of AkiHaru#5042’s crime. Because the affidavit sufficed to establish probable cause
under our caselaw, we affirm Bryant’s conviction.
I
The events that led to Bryant’s conviction in Ohio began across the country with a separate
investigation in La Habra, California. In late 2019, the National Center for Missing and Exploited
Children sent several “CyberTips” about child pornography on the internet to a La Habra police
officer. The tips had originated from Discord, which operates an internet app that allows
accountholders to exchange text messages, images, and video in a “chat channel.” Although
Discord primarily serves video gamers, people who possess child pornography also use the app to
distribute illegal images. The CyberTips revealed that an accountholder with a specific IP address
in La Habra had uploaded sexually explicit images of young girls onto Discord. Acting on these
tips, the La Habra officer obtained a warrant compelling an internet service provider to turn over
the subscriber information for the identified IP address. The officer also obtained warrants for
Google and Yahoo to produce information from the email addresses connected to the relevant
Discord account. The internet service provider’s records showed that the IP address was registered
to a La Habra apartment at which a man named Phineas Cozmiuc lived. Cozmiuc’s name also
closely matched the name in the suspected email addresses.
The La Habra officer used this information to obtain a warrant to search Cozmiuc’s
apartment. During the search, Cozmiuc confessed to possessing over a hundred images of child
pornography and gave the officer the password to his computer. The officer found the illegal
images on this device and asked Cozmiuc to sit for an interview. Cozmiuc agreed. When
questioned if he had received child pornography from anyone actively abusing children, Cozmiuc
noted that a suspected female had been sending him explicit images of a four-year-old girl.
2 No. 21-3524, United States v. Bryant
The two had met on Discord in the last couple of months but had switched to communicating on
Wickr, an encrypted platform that can automatically delete conversations. Cozmiuc logged into
his Discord account and showed the officer this suspect’s username: AkiHaru#5042.
The officer asked a California judge for a warrant that would require Discord to disclose
AkiHaru#5042’s account information and communications with others in the Discord app. The
judge issued the warrant. Discord’s records (along with additional police work) revealed that this
Discord account actually belonged to Bryant, not the female adult that Cozmiuc had suspected.
Bryant’s driver’s license listed his residence as an apartment in Springfield, Ohio. The La Habra
officer thus handed over the investigation to federal law enforcement in that state.
Federal officers continued with the investigation. Through surveillance of Bryant and
conversations with his employer, they learned that the apartment listed on his driver’s license
belonged to a different couple. This couple had been allowing Bryant to stay with them and their
children, including their four-year-old daughter. Yet the officers also learned that Bryant had
recently moved to another apartment in Springfield.
They obtained a search warrant for this new apartment. The search uncovered hundreds of
child-pornography images and videos on Bryant’s phones and flash drives. After the search,
Bryant confessed to using the AkiHaru#5042 account and posing as a female to discuss child
pornography with Cozmiuc. He also confessed that he regularly took sexually explicit images of
his friend’s four-year-old daughter when he babysat her. All told, Bryant created some 116 illegal
images of this small child and circulated some of these images to others, including Cozmiuc.
The government charged Bryant with violating several child-pornography statutes,
including 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). Section 2251(a) prohibited Bryant from persuading a minor to
engage in sexually explicit conduct in order to produce a visual depiction of the conduct. In
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response to the charges, Bryant moved to suppress all evidence derived from the La Habra officer’s
Discord warrant seeking information for AkiHaru#5042. Bryant claimed that the officer lacked
probable cause that this Discord account had been used in criminal activity. He also requested an
evidentiary hearing over whether the officer had included false information in the affidavit seeking
the warrant. The district court denied his motion, finding that probable cause supported the warrant
and that the allegedly false statements did not alter that conclusion.
Bryant later pleaded guilty to violating 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). The court sentenced him to
330 months’ imprisonment. Bryant’s plea agreement reserved the right to challenge the district
court’s decision denying his motion to suppress. He now appeals this suppression order.
II
The parties do not dispute (and so we can take as a given on appeal) that the La Habra
officer needed a warrant to obtain information from Discord about the AkiHaru#5042 account. Cf.
Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2221–23 (2018). But they disagree over whether this
officer’s affidavit created the “probable cause” necessary for such a warrant under the Fourth
Amendment. U.S. Const. amend. IV. Although we review the district court’s probable-cause
ruling de novo, we give “great deference” to the California judge’s original conclusion that
probable cause justified issuance of the warrant. United States v. Sheckles, 996 F.3d 330, 337–38
(6th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted).
Probable cause “is not a high bar.” District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 586
(2018) (citation omitted). The general probable-cause test requires an officer to establish only a
“‘fair probability’ of criminal activity” based on the totality of the circumstances listed in the
officer’s affidavit. Sheckles, 996 F.3d at 337 (citation omitted). Yet courts apply more specific
tests depending on what the police seek to accomplish with the warrant. See United States v.
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Baker, 976 F.3d 636, 645 (6th Cir. 2020). Probable cause to arrest a suspect, for example, requires
a fair probability that the suspect has committed a crime, whereas probable cause to search a home
for illegal drugs requires a fair probability that the home will contain the drugs. See id. at 645–46.
Here, the La Habra officer sought a warrant to compel Discord to disclose the following
information for the AkiHaru#5042 account: “the IP address, device ID, username, email addresses,
messages, images, transient [voice] data, and other content sent using chat features.” Aff., R.25-
1, PageID 100. The officer sought this information for two basic reasons. He asserted that the
information might include confiscable child pornography. See id. This suggestion required the
officer to show a fair probability that the account would contain the illegal contraband. Cf. United
States v. Lapsins, 570 F.3d 758, 766–67 (6th Cir. 2009); United States v. Terry, 522 F.3d 645,
648–49 (6th Cir. 2008). The officer also asserted that the records might identify an unknown
person suspected of abusing a four-year-old girl and contain other evidence relevant to proving the
alleged abuse. See Aff., R.25-1, PageID 100, 103. This suggestion required the officer to show a
fair probability that the evidence would “aid in a particular apprehension or conviction.” Warden
v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294, 307 (1967); cf. Sheckles, 996 F.3d at 338.
What did the officer put in his affidavit to establish a fair probability of these things? He
sought to prove probable cause primarily through Cozmiuc’s statements about the AkiHaru#5042
account. The officer’s affidavit detailed the investigation leading up to the search of Cozmiuc’s
apartment and Cozmiuc’s confession to possessing child pornography. Aff., R.25-1, PageID 102–
03. The affidavit next noted that the officer had personally confirmed that Cozmiuc’s computer
contained child pornography. Id., PageID 103. It also summarized the officer’s interview with
Cozmiuc. Cozmiuc had confessed that a suspected female had been sending him sexually explicit
images of a four-year-old girl who may have been the victim of ongoing abuse. Id. Cozmiuc
5 No. 21-3524, United States v. Bryant
described his prior conversations with this suspect. Id. He also logged on to his Discord account
in the officer’s presence and identified the suspect’s username (AkiHaru#5042) and user ID. Id.
Under our caselaw, this information created a fair probability that the requested Discord
records for AkiHaru#5042 contained child pornography or other evidence of a crime. If an
officer’s affidavit seeks to show probable cause using hearsay statements from an informant like
Cozmiuc, our precedent tells us to consider both the informant’s reliability (“is the informant
sufficiently trustworthy?”) and the informant’s basis of knowledge (“how did the informant learn
about the criminal activity?”). United States v. Bell, 2022 WL 59619, at *2 (6th Cir. Jan. 6, 2022)
(citing Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 228–30, 229 nn.4–6 (1983)). We balance these factors
together, meaning that a stronger showing of one factor can make up for a weaker showing of the
other under the totality-of-the-circumstances test. See id. at *3.
Critically for present purposes, we have repeatedly found probable cause using these
factors when officers both identified informants by name in their affidavits and explained that the
informants had indicated that they had seen a crime firsthand. See, e.g., United States v. Woods,
858 F. App’x 868, 870–72 (6th Cir. 2021); United States v. Hodge, 714 F.3d 380, 384–85 (6th Cir.
2013); United States v. Kinison, 710 F.3d 678, 682–83 (6th Cir. 2013); United States v. Miller,
314 F.3d 265, 270 (6th Cir. 2002); United States v. Allen, 211 F.3d 970, 976 (6th Cir. 2000) (en
banc); United States v. Pelham, 801 F.2d 875, 878 (6th Cir. 1986). According to our caselaw,
affidavits of this sort generally establish an informant’s reliability and basis of knowledge.
As for reliability, an officer’s decision to name an individual in the affidavit distinguishes
that person from an unnamed confidential informant or an anonymous source. See, e.g., Woods,
858 F. App’x at 870; Kinison, 710 F.3d at 682–83; Miller, 314 F.3d at 270; Allen, 211 F.3d at 976;
Pelham, 801 F.2d at 878. Known and named informants generally risk criminal liability if they
6 No. 21-3524, United States v. Bryant
lie to police officers about a crime. See Miller, 314 F.3d at 270. So we view their statements as
presumptively reliable for probable-cause purposes even if an affidavit does not include many
other corroborating details about their trustworthiness (such as their previous history with the
police). See Woods, 858 F. App’x at 870.
As for basis of knowledge, an informant’s “eyewitness” account about criminal conduct
distinguishes that informant from those who regurgitate facts learned from others or who simply
fail to disclose how they came to know the recounted facts. See, e.g., Woods, 858 F. App’x at 870;
Ahlers v. Schebil, 188 F.3d 365, 370 (6th Cir. 1999); cf. United States v. Howard, 632 F. App’x
795, 802–04 (6th Cir. 2015); United States v. Smith, 182 F.3d 473, 481–82 (6th Cir. 1999).
Practically speaking, there can be no firmer foundation for an informant’s knowledge of a crime
than the informant’s “direct viewing” of the crime. Pelham, 801 F.2d at 878. So we also view an
eyewitness’s report of a crime as presumptively adequate to create a fair probability that the crime
occurred. See Ahlers, 188 F.3d at 370.
Pelham provides perhaps the first example of this general rule. There, officers arrested an
informant found with pounds of marijuana in his truck. 801 F.2d at 876. When asked where he
had obtained the drugs, this informant said that he had picked them up at a specific address at
which James Pelham lived. Id. An officer sought a warrant for Pelham’s home based on the
informant’s statements, including that the informant had recently been in the home and seen
Pelham storing marijuana. Id. We held that this affidavit sufficed to establish probable cause to
search the home. Id. at 878. The informant’s willingness “to be named in the affidavit” showed
his reliability, and his viewing of the illegal drugs firsthand showed his basis of knowledge. Id.
This case is a virtual cousin of Pelham. Here, as there, officers discovered an individual
with illegal contraband in his possession (whether drugs or child pornography). The informants
7 No. 21-3524, United States v. Bryant
in both cases were asked about sources of the contraband, and they implicated a second suspect in
response (whether by identifying the suspect’s physical address or by identifying the suspect’s
internet account). The officers’ affidavits in both cases expressly named the informants, who had
subjected themselves to potential criminal liability if they had lied to the police about the other
suspects’ crimes. See Cal. Penal Code § 148.5(a)–(b); Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. 393, 400–
01 (2014). The affidavits in both cases also described the informants’ bases of knowledge. The
informant in Pelham had seen the drugs in the suspect’s home; the informant in this case had seen
the child pornography in the suspect’s online communications. Pelham thus controls here.
If anything, other information listed in the affidavit further bolstered Cozmiuc’s reliability
and basis of knowledge. For one thing, Cozmiuc’s statement about receiving child pornography
from AkiHaru#5042 also implicated him in criminal liability. After all, it is just as illegal to
knowingly receive child pornography as it is to knowingly send it. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2).
That Cozmiuc’s statements were against his penal interest made them more reliable. See Kinison,
710 F.3d at 683; see also United States v. Harris, 403 U.S. 573, 583–84 (1971) (plurality opinion);
cf. Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(3). For another thing, physical evidence corroborated Cozmiuc’s
statements. Cozmiuc did not simply identify AkiHaru#5042 from memory. Cozmiuc “logged into
his Discord account in front of [the officer] and showed [him] the profile name for” the person
who sent the child pornography. Aff., R.25-1, PageID 103. This corroborating evidence reduced
the possibility that Cozmiuc had simply made up a story about the other Discord account he had
implicated in a crime. And, of course, the officer had just found many images of child pornography
on Cozmiuc’s computer, including images of young girls like the ones that Cozmiuc described
receiving from AkiHaru#5042. This physical evidence further corroborated that Cozmiuc had
been actively involved in similar child-pornography crimes. In sum, this case fits comfortably
8 No. 21-3524, United States v. Bryant
within our precedent that permits a judge to find probable cause when a named informant provides
detailed statements about witnessing and participating in a crime.
In response, Bryant argues that this general rule should not apply here because Cozmiuc
was “unknown” to the La Habra officer until his arrest. Bryant misunderstands what the relevant
caselaw means by “unknown” sources. That adjective typically refers to informants who provide
anonymous tips—such as, for example, callers who leave voice messages with the police about a
crime but who do not otherwise identify themselves. See, e.g., Navarette, 572 U.S. at 397; Florida
v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 270 (2000). Courts require extra corroboration for these types of informants
because they have unknown reputations and motives and because they cannot be held to account
if they provide false information. See J.L., 529 U.S. at 270.
Yet, unlike the anonymous tipster in J.L., Cozmiuc was known to the La Habra officer and
even identified in the affidavit. We have repeatedly recognized that “naming the informant to the
magistrate” is “an indicia of reliability,” even if the affidavit does not identify the informant’s prior
history with the police. United States v. Abdalla, 972 F.3d 838, 849 (6th Cir. 2020); Woods, 858
F. App’x at 870. Pelham confirms this point. The affidavit in that case gave no indication that the
police had previously worked with the informant before they discovered marijuana in his truck.
801 F.2d at 876. But we did not treat this individual as an anonymous or unknown source. Id. at
878. And although Bryant suggests that Pelham has been superseded by recent caselaw, we have
adhered to its logic in the past year. See, e.g., Woods, 858 F. App’x at 871. The cases that Bryant
cites to sidestep Pelham, by contrast, involved anonymous sources or confidential informants, not
individuals like Cozmiuc who were identified in the affidavit. See, e.g., J.L., 529 U.S. at 270;
United States v. Moore, 999 F.3d 993, 997 (6th Cir. 2021).
9 No. 21-3524, United States v. Bryant
Bryant also suggests that a probable-cause finding in this case would allow informants to
implicate the online accounts of famous politicians or actors with little corroboration so long as
the informants are willing to be named in the affidavit. Perhaps so. As the government recognized
at oral argument, we must neutrally apply the same probable-cause test no matter the suspect. But
these hypothetical informants could face criminal liability if it turns out that they gave false
information, which is why we have generally found them reliable for probable-cause purposes.
See Miller, 314 F.3d at 270. And the totality of the circumstances still governs the probable-cause
analysis. So if other evidence suggests that an informant had a motive to lie—say, because the
informant merely wanted to harass a member of the opposing political party—that factor could
play into whether probable cause existed to search an online account. See Ahlers, 188 F.3d at 370.
In this case, however, Bryant identifies no evidence to suggest that Cozmiuc had ulterior motives
to implicate AkiHaru#5042 in a crime.
Bryant lastly asserts that the La Habra officer’s affidavit in support of the warrant contained
false information, which required the district court to hold an evidentiary hearing under the
framework established by the Supreme Court in Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978). In
particular, the affidavit to obtain AkiHaru#5042’s Discord records included a statement that
referred to an earlier warrant in the investigation: “This is an addendum to the already granted
search warrant; which your affiant has attached as an item of reference for the court’s review.”
Aff., R.25-1, PageID 101. Bryant argues that the request for AkiHaru#5042’s records was not an
“addendum” to any prior warrant because the new warrant involved a different suspect.
This claim did not necessitate a Franks hearing. Under Franks, a defendant may obtain a
hearing to challenge a search warrant by making a preliminary showing of two things: that the
officer who requested the warrant knowingly or recklessly included false statements in a
10 No. 21-3524, United States v. Bryant
supporting affidavit and that probable cause would not have existed without the allegedly false
statements. See 438 U.S. at 171–72; United States v. Bateman, 945 F.3d 997, 1009 (6th Cir. 2019).
Here, it is not clear that the La Habra officer’s ambiguous “addendum” statement, when read in
the context of the entire affidavit, meant to convey anything other than that the requested warrant
flowed out of information obtained from a previous one. But we need not resolve whether this
statement conveyed a knowing or reckless falsehood. For the reasons that we have explained, the
affidavit contained “sufficient” additional “content” “to support a finding of probable cause”
without the challenged statement. Franks, 438 U.S. at 172; see Bateman, 945 F.3d at 1010. So
the statement was immaterial to the probable-cause finding.
We affirm.