United States v. Cheng
Opinion
17-3489-cr United States v. Cheng
17-3489-cr United States v. Jian Guo Cheng
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 5th day of March, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: BARRINGTON D. PARKER, DENNY CHIN,
RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
Circuit Judges.
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v. 17‐3489‐cr
JIAN GUO CHENG, Defendant‐Appellant.
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Moore, Assistant United States Attorneys, on the brief), for Richard P. Donoghue, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT: MEGAN WOLFE BENETT, Kreindler & Kreindler LLP, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Amon, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant‐appellant Jian Guo Cheng appeals from his sentence of 68 monthsʹ imprisonment following a guilty plea to conspiring to participate in the use of extortionate means to collect and attempt to collect an extension of credit, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 894(a)(1). We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.
On December 15, 2015, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ʺICEʺ)
agents detained Cheng, a citizen of the Peopleʹs Republic of China, in connection with his 2011 extortion conspiracy convictions and subsequently placed him in removal proceedings. On the same day, the government separately arrested a few of Chengʹs criminal associates, charging them, inter alia, with participating in a racketeering organization. While challenging his removability, Cheng met with the government to provide information about his criminal associates in an effort to avoid deportation. On May 23, 2016, pursuant to a cooperation agreement, Cheng pleaded guilty to a one‐ count information charging him with conspiracy to engage in the extortionate collection of credit; specifically, Cheng admitted to participating in a May 2013 assault during which Cheng and his criminal associates punched and kicked John Doe 3, who was later hospitalized, in connection with a gambling debt. As a condition of the cooperation
agreement, Cheng also stipulated that he participated in a second extortion scheme in which he physically threatened an individual in an effort to collect on a separate gambling debt. In June 2016, about two weeks after his plea, Cheng was released from immigration custody on bail.
On November 24, 2016, while on bail and cooperating with the government, Cheng was arrested for assault in the third degree, menacing in the third degree, and harassment in the second degree, arising from a physical altercation between Cheng and two men after Cheng berated and shoved the mother of a testifying witness in the trial of one of Chengʹs criminal associates. Intercepted communications from September 2016 also revealed that Cheng had been participating in the management of an illegal gambling parlor during this time. As a result of Chengʹs post‐ plea misconduct, the government revoked the cooperation agreement, but Cheng did not withdraw his guilty plea.
Prior to sentencing, Cheng objected to the Guidelines calculation set forth in the presentence report, which included a two‐level increase for the ʺbodily injuryʺ inflicted upon John Doe 3 during the May 2013 assault, and the denial of a three‐level decrease for acceptance of responsibility. Cheng also argued that he was entitled to sentencing credit for (1) his six‐month detention in immigration custody and (2) his cooperation, including the assistance he provided prior to his 2015 arrest. After reviewing the partiesʹ submissions and the evidence presented during a two‐day Fatico hearing, the district court overruled Chengʹs objections to the two adjustments and
declined to credit his cooperation or the time spent in immigration custody. The district court imposed a within‐Guidelines sentence of 68 monthsʹ imprisonment.
On appeal, Cheng challenges the procedural and substantive reasonableness of his sentence, which we review under a deferential abuse of discretion standard. See United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc). We review a district courtʹs interpretation and application of the Guidelines de novo, United States v. Kent, 821 F.3d 362, 368 (2d Cir. 2016), and factual findings for clear error, see United States v. Mulder, 273 F.3d 91, 116 (2d Cir. 2001). ʺThe [g]overnment bears the burden of proving the facts supporting the application of a Guidelines provision, and it must do so by a preponderance of evidence.ʺ Kent, 821 F.3d at 368. ʺUnder clear error review, we uphold findings of fact that are plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.ʺ United States v. Gonzalez, 764 F.3d 159, 165 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).
I. Procedural Reasonableness A district court procedurally errs when it fails to consider the factors outlined in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) or ʺrests its sentence on a clearly erroneous finding of fact.ʺ Cavera, 550 F.3d at 190. Unless the record suggests otherwise, however, ʺwe presume that a sentencing judge has faithfully discharged her duty to consider the statutory factors.ʺ United States v. Verkhoglyad, 516 F.3d 122, 129 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Cheng challenges the procedural reasonableness of his sentence on four grounds. First, he argues that the district court failed to consider his cooperation prior to his 2015 detention. This argument is meritless. The record demonstrates that at sentencing, the parties and the district court thoroughly discussed Chengʹs efforts to assist ICE and the government. The district court took Chengʹs efforts to cooperate into account, and, as discussed further below, its decision not to grant Cheng a reduction below the Guidelines range was not unreasonable under the circumstances.
Second, Cheng contends that the district court erred procedurally by not granting him a two‐level downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility. 1 It is well established that a guilty plea ʺdoes not automatically entitle a defendant to a sentencing reductionʺ under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, United States v. Woods, 927 F.2d 735, 735 (2d Cir. 1991) (per curiam), and a sentencing courtʹs determination as to whether a defendant has accepted responsibility for his offense is accorded ʺgreat deference,ʺ U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.5. Here, the district courtʹs decision to deny Cheng acceptance‐ of‐responsibility credit was not without foundation. It is undisputed that Cheng continued to operate a gambling parlor and associate with his criminal associates after pleading guilty. Additionally, after the Fatico hearing, the district court found that Cheng engaged in assaultive behavior in the November 2016 altercation. Moreover,
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