Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-11066 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cr-20795-PCH-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CEFALO LEWIS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(March 23, 2018)
Before WILSON, JORDAN and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 2 of 6
After pleading guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm and
ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), Cefalo Lewis appeals his 180-
month sentence, imposed under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18
U.S.C. § 924(e). After review, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Prior to sentencing, the probation officer prepared a presentence
investigation report that, inter alia, designated Lewis an armed career criminal
based on these three qualifying ACCA predicate convictions: (1) a November 1999
Florida armed robbery conviction; (2) an October 2001 Florida conviction for the
sale or delivery of cocaine with intent; and (3) a July 2004 Florida conviction for
the sale or delivery of cocaine with intent. Lewis objected, but only as to his
Florida armed robbery conviction. Lewis argued that his armed robbery conviction
did not categorically qualify as a violent felony under the ACCA because Florida
robbery does not have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
physical force. The government submitted a copy of Lewis’s state sentencing
order, which showed that, on November 20, 1999, Lewis pled guilty to armed
robbery, in violation of Florida Statutes § 812.13(2)(a) and (b), and attempted
aggravated battery, in violation of §§ 784.045, 777.04, and 775.087, and received
concurrent three-year sentences.
2 Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 3 of 6
At sentencing, the district court overruled Lewis’s objection, stating that it
was bound by this Court’s precedent, including United States v. Lockley, 632 F.3d
1238 (11th Cir. 2011), and United States v. Fritts, 841 F.3d 937 (11th Cir. 2016),
cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 2264 (2017), which held that Florida robbery
is a violent felony under the ACCA. The district court calculated Lewis’s base
offense level of 33 under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B) and initially determined that
Lewis’s advisory guidelines range was 168 to 210 months’ imprisonment.
However, because the statutory minimum prison term under the ACCA is 15 years,
the advisory guidelines range became 180 to 210 months’ imprisonment. The
district court imposed the mandatory minimum 180-month sentence required by
the ACCA.
II. LEWIS’S ACCA CLAIM
On appeal, Lewis argues that the district court erred as to his Florida armed
robbery conviction and that this Court’s decision in Fritts was wrongly decided.1
Under the ACCA, a defendant convicted of being a felon in possession of a
firearm who has three or more prior convictions for a “violent felony” or a “serious
drug offense” is subject to a mandatory minimum 15-year sentence. 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(1). Such a defendant may also be subject to increased guidelines
1 We review de novo whether a prior conviction is a predicate offense within the meaning of the ACCA. United States v. Robinson, 583 F.3d 1292, 1294 (11th Cir. 2009). 3 Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 4 of 6
calculations under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4, the armed career criminal provision of the
Sentencing Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(a)-(c).
The ACCA defines the term violent felony as any crime punishable by a
term of imprisonment exceeding one year that:
(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or
(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). The first prong of this definition is sometimes referred
to as the “elements clause,” while the second prong contains the “enumerated
crimes” and, finally, what is commonly called the “residual clause.” United States
v. Owens, 672 F.3d 966, 968 (11th Cir. 2012).2
Florida robbery, both armed and strong arm, is criminalized by Florida
Statutes § 812.13(2). Both now and in 1999, Florida law defined robbery for
purposes of § 812.13(2) as the taking of money or other property, “when in the
course of the taking there is the use of force, violence, assault, or putting in fear.”
Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1). Under the robbery statute, a defendant commits first degree
robbery if he meets all of those elements and if, during the course of the robbery,
the defendant carried either a weapon or a firearm or other deadly weapon. Fla.
2 The Supreme Court recently struck down the residual clause of the ACCA as unconstitutionally vague, but clarified that it did not call into question the ACCA’s elements clause. Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2563 (2015). 4 Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 5 of 6
Stat. § 812.13(2)(a), (b). The defendant commits second degree robbery if he
meets all of those elements and, during the course of the robbery, he does not carry
a firearm, deadly weapon, or other weapon. Fla. Stat. § 812.13(2)(c).
This Court has held that Florida armed robbery under § 812.13(1) and (2)
categorically qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA’s elements clause.
Fritts, 841 F.3d at 940-44 (11th Cir. 2016) (following our precedent in Dowd and
Lockley and concluding, based on the Florida Supreme Court’s decision in
Robinson v. State, McCloud v. State, and Montsdoca v. State, that Florida
“robbery requires more than the force necessary to remove the property and in fact
requires both resistance by the victim and physical force by the offender that
overcomes that resistance” (internal quotation marks omitted));3 Lockley, 632 F.3d
at 1245 (involving the identical elements clause of the Sentencing Guidelines’
career offender provision and concluding Florida robbery in § 812.13(1) qualifies
as a crime of violence under the elements clause); United States v. Dowd, 451 F.3d
1244, 1255 (11th Cir. 2006) (concluding “without difficulty” that a 1974 Florida
armed robbery conviction was “undeniably a conviction for a violent felony” under
the ACCA’s elements clause).
The district court did not err by counting as one of Lewis’s ACCA predicate
convictions his 1999 Florida armed robbery conviction. Under our precedent,
3 Robinson v.
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Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-11066 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cr-20795-PCH-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CEFALO LEWIS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(March 23, 2018)
Before WILSON, JORDAN and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 2 of 6
After pleading guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm and
ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), Cefalo Lewis appeals his 180-
month sentence, imposed under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18
U.S.C. § 924(e). After review, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Prior to sentencing, the probation officer prepared a presentence
investigation report that, inter alia, designated Lewis an armed career criminal
based on these three qualifying ACCA predicate convictions: (1) a November 1999
Florida armed robbery conviction; (2) an October 2001 Florida conviction for the
sale or delivery of cocaine with intent; and (3) a July 2004 Florida conviction for
the sale or delivery of cocaine with intent. Lewis objected, but only as to his
Florida armed robbery conviction. Lewis argued that his armed robbery conviction
did not categorically qualify as a violent felony under the ACCA because Florida
robbery does not have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
physical force. The government submitted a copy of Lewis’s state sentencing
order, which showed that, on November 20, 1999, Lewis pled guilty to armed
robbery, in violation of Florida Statutes § 812.13(2)(a) and (b), and attempted
aggravated battery, in violation of §§ 784.045, 777.04, and 775.087, and received
concurrent three-year sentences.
2 Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 3 of 6
At sentencing, the district court overruled Lewis’s objection, stating that it
was bound by this Court’s precedent, including United States v. Lockley, 632 F.3d
1238 (11th Cir. 2011), and United States v. Fritts, 841 F.3d 937 (11th Cir. 2016),
cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 2264 (2017), which held that Florida robbery
is a violent felony under the ACCA. The district court calculated Lewis’s base
offense level of 33 under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B) and initially determined that
Lewis’s advisory guidelines range was 168 to 210 months’ imprisonment.
However, because the statutory minimum prison term under the ACCA is 15 years,
the advisory guidelines range became 180 to 210 months’ imprisonment. The
district court imposed the mandatory minimum 180-month sentence required by
the ACCA.
II. LEWIS’S ACCA CLAIM
On appeal, Lewis argues that the district court erred as to his Florida armed
robbery conviction and that this Court’s decision in Fritts was wrongly decided.1
Under the ACCA, a defendant convicted of being a felon in possession of a
firearm who has three or more prior convictions for a “violent felony” or a “serious
drug offense” is subject to a mandatory minimum 15-year sentence. 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(1). Such a defendant may also be subject to increased guidelines
1 We review de novo whether a prior conviction is a predicate offense within the meaning of the ACCA. United States v. Robinson, 583 F.3d 1292, 1294 (11th Cir. 2009). 3 Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 4 of 6
calculations under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4, the armed career criminal provision of the
Sentencing Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(a)-(c).
The ACCA defines the term violent felony as any crime punishable by a
term of imprisonment exceeding one year that:
(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or
(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). The first prong of this definition is sometimes referred
to as the “elements clause,” while the second prong contains the “enumerated
crimes” and, finally, what is commonly called the “residual clause.” United States
v. Owens, 672 F.3d 966, 968 (11th Cir. 2012).2
Florida robbery, both armed and strong arm, is criminalized by Florida
Statutes § 812.13(2). Both now and in 1999, Florida law defined robbery for
purposes of § 812.13(2) as the taking of money or other property, “when in the
course of the taking there is the use of force, violence, assault, or putting in fear.”
Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1). Under the robbery statute, a defendant commits first degree
robbery if he meets all of those elements and if, during the course of the robbery,
the defendant carried either a weapon or a firearm or other deadly weapon. Fla.
2 The Supreme Court recently struck down the residual clause of the ACCA as unconstitutionally vague, but clarified that it did not call into question the ACCA’s elements clause. Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2563 (2015). 4 Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 5 of 6
Stat. § 812.13(2)(a), (b). The defendant commits second degree robbery if he
meets all of those elements and, during the course of the robbery, he does not carry
a firearm, deadly weapon, or other weapon. Fla. Stat. § 812.13(2)(c).
This Court has held that Florida armed robbery under § 812.13(1) and (2)
categorically qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA’s elements clause.
Fritts, 841 F.3d at 940-44 (11th Cir. 2016) (following our precedent in Dowd and
Lockley and concluding, based on the Florida Supreme Court’s decision in
Robinson v. State, McCloud v. State, and Montsdoca v. State, that Florida
“robbery requires more than the force necessary to remove the property and in fact
requires both resistance by the victim and physical force by the offender that
overcomes that resistance” (internal quotation marks omitted));3 Lockley, 632 F.3d
at 1245 (involving the identical elements clause of the Sentencing Guidelines’
career offender provision and concluding Florida robbery in § 812.13(1) qualifies
as a crime of violence under the elements clause); United States v. Dowd, 451 F.3d
1244, 1255 (11th Cir. 2006) (concluding “without difficulty” that a 1974 Florida
armed robbery conviction was “undeniably a conviction for a violent felony” under
the ACCA’s elements clause).
The district court did not err by counting as one of Lewis’s ACCA predicate
convictions his 1999 Florida armed robbery conviction. Under our precedent,
3 Robinson v. State, 692 So. 2d 883, 886 (Fla. 1997); McCloud v. State, 335 So. 2d 257, 258-59 (Fla. 1976); Montsdoca v. State, 93 So. 157, 159 (Fla. 1922). 5 Case: 17-11066 Date Filed: 03/23/2018 Page: 6 of 6
Florida armed robbery categorically qualifies as a violent felony under the
ACCA’s elements clause. See Fritts, 841 F.3d at 940-42; Lockley, 632 F.3d at
1246; Dowd, 451 F.3d at 1255. Although Lewis argues that Florida robbery can be
committed without violent force, that argument is foreclosed by our precedent in
Lockley and then Fritts, which held that robbery as defined in § 812.13(1) requires
(and has always required) the use of violent force. Although Lewis argues that our
precedent is wrong, under our prior panel precedent rule, we are bound by our
precedent unless and until it is overruled by this Court sitting en banc or by the
Supreme Court. See United States v. Vega-Castillo, 540 F.3d 1235, 1236 (11th
Cir. 2008).4 Accordingly, we affirm Lewis’s 180-month sentence.
AFFIRMED.
4 Contrary to Lewis’s contention, United States v. Archer, 531 F.3d 1347 (11th Cir. 2008) does not control here. Archer addressed whether a prior conviction for carrying a concealed weapon in violation of Florida Statutes § 790.01 was a crime of violence under the career offender provision of the Sentencing Guidelines, and said nothing about the elements of robbery or armed robbery under Florida Statutes§ 812.13(1) and (2). See Archer, 531 at 1349. 6