United States v. Castillo

6 M.J. 522, 1978 CMR LEXIS 612
CourtU.S. Army Court of Military Review
DecidedSeptember 21, 1978
DocketCM 436279
StatusPublished

This text of 6 M.J. 522 (United States v. Castillo) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering U.S. Army Court of Military Review primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Castillo, 6 M.J. 522, 1978 CMR LEXIS 612 (usarmymilrev 1978).

Opinion

OPINION OF THE COURT

MITCHELL, Judge:

What may be described metaphorically as a non-violent rebirth of the family feuding of the Hatfields and McCoys1 of our Southern Highlands has brought to this Court a bitter controversy over the conduct of opposing counsel. Drawn into issue by the defendant’s appeal from his conviction of attempted rape2 are the pretrial activities and trial tactics of certain members of the defense and prosecution and the subsequent special findings by the trial judge regarding those activities.

After trial, but before the convening authority took action on the sentence, a special 39(a), 10 U.S.C. § 839(a) session was convened to investigate the allegations of prosecutor misconduct.3

The military judge who had presided at the original trial also presided at the special hearing. He made extensive special findings basically stating that the questioned behavior of the prosecutors was justified under the then existing circumstance and was not unethical. He found their behavior derived from pretrial acts of the defense staff which he found to be gross and unacceptable but not unethical.

In order to understand the opposing appellate arguments, it is necessary to recite in some detail the pretrial activities of certain members of the defense staff and the government prosecutors. See United States v. Cooper, 5 M.J. 850 (A.C.M.R.1978).

[524]*524Appellant Castillo and his co-accused Cooper were charged with attempted rape of Fraulein Baron, a German national, in Munich, Germany. More than a month prior to trial, appellant’s counsel determined that further information should be gained regarding the prosecutrix who, although stating her occupation as governess, worked as a hostess at a sexually oriented bar. Since he was committed to go on temporary duty to Berlin, defense counsel instructed members of his staff to gather information regarding the prosecutrix and the nature of the duties of a hostess at the establishment of her employment, the Madam Bar in Munich.4 A female civilian interpreter, a male legal clerk and a detailed male clerk with conversational German capabilities went to Munich to conduct the covert defense investigation. During at least two periods within the club, the group determined that sexually explicit films were shown and that the hostesses would accompany patrons into a curtained booth for the exorbitant purchase price of a bottle of champagne.5 One hostess (not the prosecutrix) indicated sexual activity just short of intercourse occurred behind the curtains and was expected. One of the defense investigators asked the manager of the cabaret if the prosecutrix would be willing to go with him into a curtained booth and if she had ever done so in the past. He recalled at the post-trial hearing that he did not ask if she was available for sexual relations “in those terms.”

Fraulein Baron, the prosecutrix, who was on duty at the bar recognized the female interpreter, realized that the three people from defense counsel’s office were in concert and was convinced that she had been solicited for sexual relations. The following day she reported this to agents of the Army Criminal Investigation Detachment (CID) who in turn reported the complaint to the assistant government prosecutor.

As a result of the victim’s report and his considered conclusion that no evidence detrimental to her character had been discovered, the assistant prosecutor wrote a letter concerning potential charges against defense counsel and one of the male investigators stemming from their covert investigation of the victim. This letter was intended as a joke, and a copy was placed in defense counsel’s office mail box. A cover letter explaining that the allegations of conspiracy, solicitation and attempted adultery were meant to be a joke was sent to the senior defense counsel, Captain Schwender. The enlisted investigator was given a copy of the “joke letter” and was later informed that it was written in jest and not to be taken seriously. While still in Berlin, the defense counsel was informed by phone that the letter was a joke and he was again informed of that fact by his co-counsel upon his return to his unit.

Appellant places before us for resolution the following two assignments of error: (a) the actions of the assistant trial counsel in improperly harassing the defense so tainted the case that a new trial is required, and (b) the actions of the military judge present the appearance of partiality and bias to the extent that a new trial is required.

I

Alleging that certain pretrial activities of the assistant trial counsel had a “detrimental, harrassing, annoying and intimidating effect upon [trial] defense counsel and his staff,” appellant contends his trial was tainted, and his conviction should be reversed. Specifically he refers to the so-called “joke letter.” Government disagrees, and contends that even though the letter was not in good taste it had no prejudicial effect upon defense counsel, the trial proceedings, or the findings and sentence.

Our reading of the record convinces us that trial defense counsel maintained an aggressive, skillful and thorough defense of his client. His presentation was not only technically sound and fully developed, but it also bore the stamp of relentless pursuit of [525]*525all matters perceived to be important to his side of the lawsuit. He impressed us with his grit, his gumption, and his demonstrated want of fear or intimidation in the courtroom.6 His verbal clash with the trial judge regarding alleged courtroom impropriety graphically reflects this dogged determination. This is hardly the type of counsel who would be intimidated by the mere presence of another lawyer-officer of equal rank and comparable courtroom experience.7 In our view, the defense counsel’s self-degrading introspection is undeserved, unfounded and unpersuasive.8

Assuming arguendo that the assistant prosecutor committed an ethical violation in preparing and distributing the “joke letter,” we do not find prejudice per se. As stated above, we do not find that the assistant prosecutor’s actions intimidated the trial defense counsel. We must test also to determine whether it reasonably affected the court’s deliberation on findings or sentence. Even if found to have some effect, convincing evidence of guilt may negate the otherwise prejudicial effect of an unethical practice. United States v. Seal, 27 C.M.R. 951 (A.F.B.R.1958); United States v. Valencia, 1 U.S.C.M.A. 415, 4 C.M.R. 7 (1952). The evidence of appellant’s guilt is clear and convincing beyond a reasonable doubt. Two witnesses in an upstairs apartment heard screams for help. The distraught victim was examined and observed to have swelling, lacerations and bruises. The vivid details of the attack were instantaneously supplied by the victim. Therefore, we find the evidence of appellant’s guilt to be compelling with no perceptible risk that the “joke letter” had any effect on the trial’s outcome.

II

Alleging that the military judge’s findings at the conclusion of the post-trial hearing (paragraph 53, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised edition), presented indications of partiality and bias, appellant urges that he be granted a new trial.

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Related

United States v. Valencia
1 C.M.A. 415 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1952)
United States v. Cooper
5 M.J. 844 (U.S. Army Court of Military Review, 1978)

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Bluebook (online)
6 M.J. 522, 1978 CMR LEXIS 612, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-castillo-usarmymilrev-1978.