United States v. Caffrey

• Court: United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
• Decided: January 8, 2021
• Docket: 39879
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS ________________________

No. ACM 39879 ________________________

UNITED STATES Appellee v. Patrick A. CAFFREY Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant ________________________

Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary Decided 8 January 2021 ________________________

Military Judge: Christopher M. Schumann. Sentence: Sentence adjudged on 28 January 2020 by GCM convened at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho. Sentence entered by military judge on 2 March 2020: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 2 years, and reduction to E-1. For Appellant: Major Meghan R. Glines-Barney, USAF. For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Brian C. Mason, USAF. Before MINK, KEY, and ANNEXSTAD, Appellate Military Judges. Judge KEY delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior Judge MINK joined. Judge ANNEXSTAD filed a separate dissenting opinion. ________________________

This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4. ________________________ KEY, Judge: A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted Appellant, in accordance with his pleas and pursuant to a pretrial agreement, of two speci- fications of sexual abuse of a child in violation of Article 120b, Uniform Code United States v. Caffrey, No. ACM 39879

of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920b. 1 These two specifications per- tained to offenses committed in 2018. The military judge sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for two years, and reduction to the grade of E-1. 2 Appellant’s case was submitted to this court for review on its merits with- out any assignments of error. Although not raised by Appellant, we address an error in the post-trial processing of Appellant’s court-martial: whether the con- vening authority failed to take action on the sentence as required by Executive Order 13,825, § 6(b), 83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9890 (8 Mar. 2018), and Article 60, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860. We conclude he did and that remand to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, is appropriate. We defer completion of our Article 66, UCMJ, review until the record is returned to this court. 10 U.S.C. § 866.

I. BACKGROUND The specifications in this case were referred on 5 September 2019, and Ap- pellant’s court-martial concluded on 28 January 2020. On 6 February 2020, Appellant submitted a request for clemency in which he asked the convening authority to waive his automatic forfeitures for a period of six months for the benefit of his spouse. After reviewing Appellant’s clemency request and con- sulting with his staff judge advocate, the convening authority signed a Decision on Action memorandum, dated 28 February 2020. In the memorandum, the convening authority stated: “I take no action on the findings in this case,” and “I take no action on the sentence in this case.” The Decision on Action then noted Appellant’s automatic forfeitures had been previously waived and di- rected Appellant to “take leave pending completion of appellate review” upon release from confinement. The memorandum contained no further indication as to whether any element of the sentence was approved, disapproved, com- muted, or suspended. On 2 March 2020, the military judge signed the entry of judgment, setting out the sentence as well as the terms of the forfeiture waiver. He included the Decision on Action memorandum as an attachment.

II. DISCUSSION Proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law this court reviews de novo. United States v. Sheffield, 60 M.J. 591, 593 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2004) (citation omitted). Interpretation of a statute and a Rule for Courts-

1 Unless otherwise noted, references to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)

are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.). 2 The pretrial agreement did not have any impact on Appellant’s sentence.

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Martial (R.C.M.) are also questions of law we review de novo. United States v. Hunter, 65 M.J. 399, 401 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citation omitted); United States v. Martinelli, 62 M.J. 52, 56 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citation omitted). Executive Order 13,825, § 6(b), requires that the version of Article 60, UCMJ, in effect on the date of the earliest offense of which the accused was found guilty, shall apply to the convening authority . . . to the extent that Article 60: (1) requires action by the convening authority on the sentence; . . . or (5) authorizes the convening authority to approve, disapprove, commute, or suspend a sen- tence in whole or in part. See 2018 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890. The version of Article 60, UCMJ, in effect in 2018—the year in which the earliest of Appellant’s charged offenses occurred—stated “[a]ction on the sentence of a court-martial shall be taken by the convening authority or by another person authorized to act under this section.” 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(2)(A) (emphasis added); see also United States v. Perez, 66 M.J. 164, 165 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (per curiam) (“[T]he convening authority is required to take action on the sentence . . . .”). Article 60(c)(2)(B), UCMJ, further stated: “Except as [other- wise] provided . . . the convening authority . . . may approve, disapprove, com- mute, or suspend the sentence of the court-martial in whole or in part.” 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(2)(B). The convening authority’s action is required to be “clear and unambiguous.” United States v. Politte, 63 M.J. 24, 26 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (ci- tation omitted). This court addressed a similar situation in its recent en banc decision in United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673, 2020 CCA LEXIS 416 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 20 Nov. 2020) (en banc) (unpub. op.). In Aumont, the convening authority signed a memorandum stating that he took “no action” on the findings or sen- tence in a case involving offenses occurring prior to 1 January 2019. Id. at *19. Aumont resulted in four separate opinions, reflecting four distinct positions among the judges on this court as to whether the convening authority’s state- ment that he took no action was erroneous and, if so, whether remand for cor- rection was required. Id. (passim). A majority of judges in Aumont—six of the ten judges—concluded the convening authority erred; four of those six judges found the error required remand for corrective action without testing for prej- udice, id. at *89 (J. Johnson, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part), and the other two determined that while there was “plain and obvious” error, they found “no colorable showing of possible prejudice” to the appellant. Id. at *32–33 (Lewis, S.J., concurring in part and in the result).

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We recognize that panels of this court composed of other judges have ap- plied different reasoning in other cases, before and after Aumont was issued. See, e.g., United States v. Cruspero, No. ACM S32595, 2020 CCA LEXIS 427 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 24 Nov. 2020) (unpub. op.); United States v. Barrick, No. ACM S32579, 2020 CCA LEXIS 346 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.); United States v. Finco, No. ACM S32603, 2020 CCA LEXIS 246 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 27 Jul. 2020) (unpub. op.); cf. United States v. Coffman, 79 M.J. 820, 824 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2020) (wherein our sister-service court finds the convening authority’s failure to take action was harmless error). Nevertheless, we continue to adhere to the view that—in situations where the convening au- thority fails to take action on the sentence as required by Executive Order 13,825 and the pre-1 January 2019 version of Article 60, UCMJ—the conven- ing authority has erred. In cases involving a conviction for an offense committed prior to 1 January 2019, the convening authority was required to explicitly state his approval or disapproval of the sentence. See United States v. Wilson, 65 M.J. 140, 141 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citing R.C.M. 1107(d)(1)). “If only part of the sentence is ap- proved, the action shall state which parts are approved.” Id. (quoting R.C.M. 1107(f)(4)(A)). In this case, the convening authority did not take action on the sentence. He implicitly referenced the adjudged punitive discharge by men- tioning appellate leave and he indicated he had waived Appellant’s automatic forfeitures, but he did not mention the confinement or reduction in grade. The convening authority’s action was incomplete and ambiguous, and therefore de- ficient. See Politte, 63 M.J. at 26. The convening authority’s failure to take ac- tion on the entire sentence fails to satisfy the requirement of the applicable Article 60, UCMJ. See United States v. Lopez, No. ACM S32597, 2020 CCA LEXIS 439, at *11 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 8 Dec. 2020) (unpub. op.). Our superior court has mandated that when a Court of Criminal Appeals identifies an ambiguity in an action, it must return the case to the convening authority. Politte, 63 M.J. at 25–26 (applying the earlier versions of Articles 60 and 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 860, 866 (2000), reasoning which we find applica- ble here). In requiring the deficient action to be returned to the convening au- thority, our superior court did not evaluate the deficiency for prejudice; the deficiency in the action ipso facto required its return. Id.; see also United States v. Scott, 49 M.J. 160, 160 (C.A.A.F. 1998). For the reasons set forth in the dis- senting opinion in Aumont, we find the record should be remanded to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, to resolve the error. Unpub. op. at *89 (J. Johnson, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); see Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(f)(3) (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM)).

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III. CONCLUSION This case is REMANDED to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judici- ary, to resolve a substantial issue with the convening authority’s decision mem- orandum, as the action taken on Appellant’s adjudged sentence was ambiguous and incomplete. Our remand returns jurisdiction over the case to a detailed military judge and dismisses this appellate proceeding consistent with Rule 29(b)(2) of the Joint Rules for Appellate Procedure for Courts of Criminal Appeals. JT. CT. CRIM. APP. R. 29(b)(2). A detailed military judge may: (1) Correct the Statement of Trial Results; 3 (2) Return the record of trial to the convening authority or his successor to take action on the sentence; (3) Conduct one or more Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ (2019 MCM), proceedings using the procedural rules for post-trial Article 39(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 839, sessions; and/or (4) Correct or modify the entry of judgment. Thereafter, the record of trial will be returned to the court for completion of appellate review under Article 66, UCMJ.

ANNEXSTAD, Judge (dissenting): I respectfully disagree with my colleagues’ conclusion remanding this case to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, because the convening au- thority’s Decision on Action was ambiguous and incomplete. Consistent with our court’s decision in United States v. Barrick, No. ACM S32579, 2020 CCA LEXIS 346 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.), I find the convening authority’s decision to “take no action on the sentence” was the equivalent of action. In coming to this conclusion, I note, as our court did in Barrick that: Air Force Instruction 51-201, Administration of Military Justice, Section 13D (18 Jan. 2019), correctly advises convening author- ities to grant relief as circumscribed by the applicable version of Article 60, UCMJ[, 10 U.S.C. § 860]. Additionally, it advises convening authorities to specify “no action” if not granting relief,

3 The statement of trial results failed to include the command that convened the court-

martial as required by R.C.M. 1101(a)(3). Appellant has not claimed prejudice and we find none. See United States v. Moody-Neukom, No. ACM S32594, 2019 CCA LEXIS 521, at *2–3 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 16 Dec. 2019) (per curiam) (unpub. op.).

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which would include effecting “action” under the applicable ver- sion of Article 60, UCMJ. Id. at *3–4. I also recognize that we can use surrounding documentation to interpret an otherwise unclear convening authority action, including looking outside the four corners of the action’s language. See United States v. Politte, 63 M.J. 24, 26 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Loft, 10 M.J. 262, 268 (C.M.A. 1981)). In this case, the record demonstrates that Appellant submitted clemency matters to the convening authority on 6 February 2020. In his matters, Appel- lant asked the convening authority to waive the automatic forfeitures for a period of six months for the benefit of his spouse. On 28 February 2020, the convening authority’s decision to “take no action” on the findings and sentence was memorialized in his Decision on Action memorandum to the military judge. Consistent with Air Force Instruction 51-201, Section 13D, the conven- ing authority expressed his decision to not grant relief as “no action.” Addition- ally, the convening authority noted that Appellant’s automatic forfeitures had been previously waived and directed Appellant to “take leave pending comple- tion of appellate review” upon release from confinement. On 2 March 2020, the military judge signed the entry of judgment (EoJ), reflecting the sentence as adjudged as well as the terms of the forfeiture waiver. The convening author- ity’s Decision on Action memorandum was attached to the EoJ. I find that the convening authority’s decision met the legacy requirements of Article 60, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860 (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.)) requiring the convening authority to effectuate the sentence. I would also find the decision complied with the provisions of Rule for Courts- Martial (R.C.M.) 1109 of the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM), requiring convening authority action only when affecting the sentence. In this case, the convening authority’s decision to provide no relief was a “clear and unambiguous” determination to effectuate the adjudged sen- tence without modification. See Politte, 63 M.J. at 25−26 (footnote omitted). There is no indication in the record that the military judge or the parties were confused as to the convening authority’s decision to grant no relief. The sen- tence memorialized in the EoJ was the same as the sentence adjudged at trial, with the addition of the waiver of the automatic forfeitures for a period of six months, and neither party moved for correction of the Decision on Action or the EoJ. See R.C.M. 1104(b)(2)(B), (C) (2019 MCM). Furthermore, this issue was not raised by Appellant as an assignment of error in his submissions to this court. For these reasons, I would find no error in the convening authority’s

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Decision on Action and would affirm the findings and sentence as entered by the military judge.

FOR THE COURT

CAROL K. JOYCE Clerk of the Court