United States v. Burke

607 F. Supp. 2d 1314, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36202, 2009 WL 1027558

• Court: District Court, M.D. Florida
• Decided: March 3, 2009
• Docket: 6:08-cv-00323
• Status: Published

Opinion

ORDER

STEVEN D. MERRYDAY, District Judge.

In January, 2009, the grand jury returned a four-count, superseding indict ment against John A. Burke, James V. Cadicamo, David D. D’Arpino, Michael D. Finnerty, and Guy T. Peden. Count One charges each of the five defendants with conspiracy in violation of the Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). Count Two charges that Burke and D’Arpino, acting together with Michael Malone and Pasquale J. Andriano, murdered John Gebert in aid of racketeering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1959(a)(1). Count Three charges Cadicamo with conspiring to tamper with a witness, Michael Malone, in order to impede, influence, or prevent his testimony in a federal criminal trial in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(k). Count Four charges Cadicamo with conspiring to “cause bodily injury” to Michael Malone in retaliation for Malone’s testifying in a criminal case and providing information about other federal offenses.

Relying on Rule 21(b), Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, the five defendants move (Doc. 167) in concert to transfer this action to the Eastern District of New York. The United States responds (Doc. 175) in opposition to the transfer. After receiving permission (Doc. 188), the defendants reply (Doc. 193) in support of transfer.

COUNT ONE OF THE INDICTMENT

Stating four counts in eighteen pages, the indictment alleges an array of facts, encapsulated in pertinent part as follows:

The Gambino Organized Crime Family (“the Gambino OCF”) of La Cosa Nostra “secretly” operated as “an organized criminal group” in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Florida (including the Middle District of Florida), and elsewhere but was “supervised and controlled by its hierarchy located in New York.” The Gambino OCF’s administrative hierarchy features at the top a “boss,” supported by an “under-boss” or “consigliere.” At the service of the “boss” and the “consigliere” are groups called “crews” or “decinas” supervised by “captains,” also called “capos.” A “crew” comprises “made members,” also called “soldiers” or “good fellows,” of the Gambino OCF. The “made members” in turn use “associates” to accomplish criminal objectives. A “captain” receives a moiety from the proceeds of his organization’s criminal episodes.

Within the Gambino OCF at various pertinent times, John A. Gotti was the “boss,” Eugene Gotti was a “captain,” Peter Gotti was a “captain” or “boss,” Ronald Trucchio was a “captain,” Charles Carneglia was a “soldier,” John Carneglia was a “soldier,” John Alite was an “associate” proximate to John A. Gotti, and Kevin McMahon was an “associate” proximate to the Carneglias.

The Gambino OCF, an ongoing interstate criminal enterprise as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4), generated money and other proceeds for the members by dealing narcotics, by extortion, by armed and unarmed robbery, by gambling, by bribery, and by sundry other felonious undertakings, all of which were effected by threats and violence “ranging from simple assault to murder.” From about 1983 until at least the return of the indictment, the five defendants conspired among themselves and with others to conduct the Gambino OCF’s criminal enterprise by a pattern of racketeering that included murder in violation of the law of New York; robbery and associated activity in violation of the law of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Florida; kidnapping and associated activity in violation of the law of New York; extortion and related activity in violation of the law of New York and Florida; bribery in violation of the law of New York; gambling in violation of the law of New York; and dealing in controlled substances in violation of the law of Florida and New York. All or most of these patterns of racketeering also violate one or more of Sections 201, 892, 894, 1503, 1951, 1952, 1956, 1957, 2314, and 2315 of Title 18 of the United States Code and Sections 841 and 846 of Title 21 of the United States Code. The Gambino OCF also threatened and used force and violence to defend and expand the criminal enterprise’s geographical dominion and the consequent operation of both legal business, such as a bar, restaurant, valet service, and the like, and illegal business, such as illegal gambling and usurious lending. The criminal enterprise also employed force and violence and other felonious means, including murder and bribery, to avoid detection by law enforcement and to impede the prosecution of a member of the criminal enterprise.

The criminal enterprise operated the “Club Mirage” in Tampa, Florida; forced individuals to purchase controlled substances in New York; assaulted persons in New York to enforce purchases of controlled substances from the criminal enterprise; traveled between New York and Florida to commit crimes, including violent crimes; and committed an array of other crimes in each of New York, Florida, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey and in other locations unspecified in the indictment.

Paragraphs 38 and 39 of the indictment specifically allege conspiracy to distribute and distribution of controlled substances in New York by Burke and Peden.

Paragraph 40 of the indictment specifically alleges the murder of Bruce John Gotterup by Burke and Peden and others in New York.

Paragraph 41 of the indictment specifically alleges the murder of John Gebert by Burke and D’Arpino and others in New York.

JOHN A. BURKE

COUNT TWO OF THE INDICTMENT

Count Two of the indictment alleges in three paragraphs that the July 12, 1996, murder of John Gebert in New York by Burke, D’Arpino, and others constituted a murder in aid of racketeering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1959(a)(1).

COUNT THREE OF THE INDICTMENT

Count Three of the indictment alleges in one paragraph that between August, 2006, and the spring of 2007 in the Middle District of Florida and in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(k) Cadicamo and others conspired to kill or use force against Michael Malone to prevent, impede, or influence the testimony of Michael Malone as a witness in Case No. 8:04-cr-348-T-24TGW, a federal criminal case formerly pending (but now resolved) in the Middle District of Florida.

COUNT FOUR OF THE INDICTMENT

Count Four of the indictment alleges in one paragraph that from November, 2006, through the spring of 2007 in the Middle District of Florida Cadicamo and others conspired in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1513(f) to retaliate against Michael Malone for testifying in Case No. 8:04-cr-348-T-24TGW and for providing other information to law enforcement.

THE BILLS OF PARTICULARS

The United States filed a bill of particulars as to the allegations in the indictment against each defendant. The United States’ bills of particulars provide for each defendant the following catalog of “discrete, specific acts about which the government currently intends to offer proof at trial:”

Nature of the Act Location of Act(s) Date of Occurrence (on or about)

1. Distribution and possession of controlled substances Queens, New York 1989 and continuing thereafter

2. Conspiracy to distribute and to possess controlled substances Queens, New York 1989 and continuing thereafter

3. Murder Boardwalk/Rockaways, Queens, New York November 20,1991

4. Robbery/Extortion Valley Stream, Nassau County, New York 1995

5. Robbery/Extortion Long Island, New York Late spring/early summer 1996

6. Murder Frankie and Johnny’s, Woodhaven section of Queens, New York July 12,1996

7. Battery Queens, New York 1996

DAVID D’ARPINO

Nature of the Act Location ofAct(s) Date of Occurrence (on or about)

1. Robbery/Extortion Aggravated Battery 12201 N. 50th Street, Tampa, Florida March 18,1996

2. Robbery 1010 N. Westshore Blvd., Tampa, Florida March 24,1996

3. Attempted Murder Queens, New York Spring 1996

4. Robbery/Extortion Long Island, New York Late spring/early summer 1996

5. Murder Frankie and Johnny’s, Woodhaven section of Queens, New York July 12,1996

6. Robbery/Extortion Long Island, New York May 20, 2000

7. Robbery/Extortion Long Island, New York In or about 2000

8. 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a) Tampa, Florida 2003-2007

JAMES V. CADICAMO

Nature of the Act Location ofAct(s) Date of Occurrence (on or about)

1. Aggravated Battery Park Lane South, Woodhaven Section, Queens, New York 1995/1996

2. Robbery 7th/8th Street and Shunk Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2000

3. Robbery Marlton, New Jersey May 8, 2000

4. Robbery/Extortion Long Island, New York May 20, 2000

5. Robbery/Extortion Long Island, New York In or about 2000

6. 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a) Tampa, Florida 2003-2008

7. 18 U.S.C. § 1512(k) Tampa, Florida August 2006-spring 2007

8. 18 U.S.C. § 1513(f) Tampa, Florida November 2006-spring 2007

MICHAEL D. FINNERTY

Nature of the Act Location ofAct(s) Date of Occurrence (on or about)

1. Obstruction of Justice Eastern District of New York 1987-1989

2. Assault/Battery Queens, New York 1989

3. Extortion Queens, New York 1989

4. Robbery Massapequa, New York 1990

5. Burglary Manhattan, New York 1991

6. Burglary Queens, New York Early-to-mid 1990’s

GUY T. PEDEN

Nature of the Act Location of Act(s) Date of Occurrence (on or about)

1. Distribution and possession of controlled substances Queens, New York 1984 and continuing thereafter

2. Conspiracy to distribute and to' possess-controlled substances Queens, New York 1984 and continuing thereafter

3. Murder Boardwalk/Rockaways, Queens, New York November 20,1991

4. Bookmaking Queens, New York 1984 and continuing thereafter

THE MOTION TO TRANSFER

Relying on Rule 21(b), Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, the defendants move to transfer this action to the Eastern District of New York “for the convenience of the parties and witnesses and in the interests of justice.” The defendants note that four of the five “charged defendants live 1200 miles away from Tampa,” presumably in and around New York City, and that the “overwhelming majority” of the thirty-one criminal acts alleged in the indictment occurred in New York (specifically, .twenty-seven in New York) and “just a few” in Florida (specifically, four in Florida). The defendants assert that “virtually all of the witnesses called by the government at trial” and “a significant number” of defense witnesses reside in New York, which in the event of a trial in Florida results in a “logistical nightmare for the parties, the witnesses, and the Court.” The defendants assert that most of the defendants employ counsel in New York and that the New York defendants with retained counsel will incur unnecessary and burdensome expense owing to defense in Florida.

THE UNITED STATES RESPONDS

The United States responds in opposition to the motion to transfer and states initially the uncontested proposition that the Middle District of Florida is a “proper” venue because 18 U.S.C. § 3237(a) unambiguously permits venue for a prosecution in any district in which the charged offense was “begun, continued, or completed.” The United States notes that four of the five defendants are residents of New York and the other defendant, Cadicamo, is a resident of Florida.

In the response the United States asserts that Count One of the superseding indictment charges “a two-object conspiracy to violate 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a) and (c).” The United States denies that the “charged enterprise” in Count One is the Gambino OCF and asserts that the “charged enterprise” is “a group of individuals led by Alite that operated at times under the influence and control of the Gambino [OCF].” For this proposition the United States cites paragraphs seventeen through nineteen and twenty-four through twenty-five of the superseding indictment. Paragraph seventeen alleges involvement by Burke, Cadicamo, D’Arpino, Finnerty, and Peden, as well as “John E. Alite, Michael Malone, Pasquale J. Andriano, and other persons known and unknown .... ” Paragraph nineteen of the superseding indictment alleges with respect to the charged criminal enterprise:

The Criminal Enterprise’s activities were originally based in Queens County, New York, but the members operated in other areas of New York City, the State of New Jersey, the State of Pennsylva nia, the Middle District of Florida, the Southern District of Florida, and elsewhere. While the membership of the Criminal Enterprise churned and fluctuated during the period of time charged in this Superseding Indictment, and not all members pursued each unlawful end, the structure and purpose of the Criminal Enterprise remained the same.

Paragraph twenty-five of the superseding indictment alleges that Burke, Cadicamo, D’Arpino, Finnerty, and Peden, along with Malone, Andriano, and others “engage[d] in an array of criminal conduct in the State of New York, the State of New Jersey, the State of Pennsylvania, the State of Florida, and elsewhere....”

The United States cites Platt v. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing, Co., 376 U.S. 240, 84 S.Ct. 769, 11 L.Ed.2d 674 (1964), but contends that the Eleventh Circuit has not adopted the factors enumerated in Platt “as the definitive test” for transfer (of course, a list of factors, such as the Platt list, that includes as a factor “any other special elements which might affect the transfer” is manifestly not “definitive” in the sense of “explicitly exhaustive,” except to the extent that a list that explicitly incorporates all possible “factors” is also a list that by definition omits no possible factor). Similarly, the United States attempts to distinguish Platt as pertaining to transfer of a corporate defendant but not an individual defendant. 1

Nonetheless, the United States assesses the Platt factors. The United States begins with “the location of the corporate defendant” (presumably the United States intends some sly humor here) and notes that the defendants have cited no case that “addresses” the factor concerning the location of the (corporate) [the United States’ parenthetical] defendant” (presumably the absence of a corporate defendant in this case explains the subsequent disinterest by the defendants in the subject of venue for a corporate defendant; in any event, this order mentions the venue of a corporate defendant no further). The United States also mentions that “four of the five defendants ... [are] present in [the Middle District , of Florida]____” As of today, an additional defendant has returned to New York and, as the United States fails to mention explicitly, two of the three defendants remain in Florida only because of pre-trial detention, a circumstance that would transform to pre-trial detention in New York if the action is transferred.

The United States discusses the location of witnesses, citing Kevin Bonner (a prospective witness from southern Florida); Louis “Duke” Mendel, who the United States oddly says “has or will be subpoenaed in this case” (but the United States never quite says that Mendel will testify in this case); and twenty-five or thirty other, unnamed persons whose knowledge is not specified and whose residence is not specified. Of course, with respect to these twenty-five or thirty witnesses the United States, again, says only that about twenty-five “will be served” with a trial subpoena and that another five are “known to the United States” (actually, the response says “the government knows of at least five or more” and excludes with respect to these “five or more” the promise of even a trial subpoena, much less a promise of testimony or an idea of the content of the testimony)-

The United States next turns to the “location of events likely to be in issue” and asserts that Alite, the putative leader of the charged enterprise, controlled seven businesses in Tampa. The United States provides no meaningful measure of the relative quantity or quality of the charged enterprise’s business in Florida compared to the aggregate of the enterprise’s business. In describing the charged enterprise’s activities in the Middle District of Florida, the United States uses phrases such as “a primary operational base” (not the primary operational base), “significant criminal proceeds” (not the majority or plurality of the criminal proceeds), “in Tampa and elsewhere” (specifying Tampa but not detailing the “elsewhere”), and “a significant amount of violent conduct in Tampa” (not “most of the violent conduct was in Tampa”). A typically ambiguous and evasive statement concludes the United States’ section on the location of events:

Thus, although a good number of the events that will be at issue at trial occurred in New York City, a significant amount of criminal conduct — in violation (sic?) of both objects of the charged RICO conspiracy — occurred in Tampa or was related to the criminal businesses operating in Tampa.

In sum, the United States nowhere unqualifiedly asserts and nowhere offers facts to establish that the Middle District of Florida was the site of the principal exertions of the charged enterprise or the characteristic home of the controlling participants — each a prospect heavily clouded by equivocal assertions such as this from the United States’ memorandum:

Thus, Count One charges some criminal conduct that occurred primarily in Tampa, some criminal conduct that occurred primarily in New York City, and some that occurred in multiple jurisdictions, including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the Middle District of Florida, the Southern District of Florida, and elsewhere.

Alleging “some criminal conduct” here, “some criminal conduct” there, and “some criminal conduct” elsewhere is unhelpful, uninstructive, and unpersuasive.

The United States responds further by discussing the “location of documents likely to be involved.” Dismissing effectively the importance of this factor, the United States notes that the availability of electronic means to effect discovery neutralizes the location of documents as a source of inconvenience or burden to the parties.

In discussing expense to the parties, the United States expresses concern about the expense to Burke, Cadicamo, and Peden if required to “relocate” their Florida counsel to New York. Of course, the readily available, typical, and highly probable option is for the defendants to retain New York counsel and relinquish Florida counsel, an option with little or no net financial consequence.

The United States objects to transfer because of a purportedly “ongoing investigation,” the details and location of which are unspecified. The United States offers only statements such as, “The government knows of several individuals who participated in the murderous conduct and who have not yet been charged.” Absent more specific information, this assertion warrants little, if any, weight.

The United States discusses the respective accessibility of New York and Tampa, including details such as the driving time from the airport to the courthouse, and the relative docket conditions in the Middle District of Florida and the Eastern District of New York. These factors, which are both indeterminate and equivocal, are not strongly influential in the present circumstance. But in a conspicuously vague manner the United States invokes the supposed preference of the “crime victims” for venue in the Middle District of Florida. Although for both moral and legal reasons the victim of a crime warrants special consideration, including consideration under 18 U.S.C. § 8771, the United States in asserting the victims’ supposed preference identifies neither the victims (by name, by number, or otherwise) nor the crimes (by name, by number, or otherwise), nor the location of either, nor the reason for the victims’ preference. To the extent that a victim might prefer that a defendant’s trial occur at a place inconvenient and unduly burdensome to the defendant or occur at a particular place because the victim (or the government) perceives that the prospect of conviction is greater in one venue than another, the victim’s preference either invokes a consideration foreign to a judicial consideration of the “interests of justice” under Rule 21(b) or merely restates in different terms the question of which proper venue is the most convenient venue.

THE DEFENDANTS’ REPLY

The United States’ twenty-one page response triggered the defendants’ twenty-one page reply. The defendants first thrust is a continuation of the argument, appearing in both earlier papers, about the location of the “acts” specified by the United States in the bills of particulars, included earlier in this order. The defendants provide a telling summary:

The Bills provided by the government also confirm that (a) the acts allegedly committed by the defendants Burke, Peden, and Finnerty all occurred exclusively within the State of New York, (b) the substantial majority of the acts allegedly committed by defendant D’Arpino occurred exclusively within the State of New York, and (c) at least half of the acts allegedly committed by defendant Cadicamo occurred exclusively within the State of New York.

This argument leads to renewal of the argument about the location of witnesses, concerning which the defendants note that:

the only two charged murders — the murder of Bruce John Gotterup and the murder of John Gebert — were wholly planned and committed in the State of New York. Defendant John A. Burke has been previously tried for these murders in New York. All New York-based fact witnesses were called at his trial, nearly twenty in the aggregate, including eyewitnesses, crime scene witnesses, forensic witnesses, and medical examiners.

The defendants assert the intention to summon an array — -an unstated “significant number” — of New York-based witnesses at trial, including alibi witnesses and other exculpatory witnesses, some of whom have, testified already at a related trial in New York. The defendants note that the only Florida resident the United States specifically identifies as a trial witness is Louis “Duke” Mendel, about whom at a detention hearing in this case the United States observed, “But that said, I would never call [Mendel] at trial, Your Honor, without substantial supporting evidence, because I, frankly, don’t trust him and don’t ever intend to call him as a witness.”

Although merely a statement of then-current intention (based on then-current information) and not a statement irretrievably foreclosing the United States’ later summoning Mendel as a trial witness, the United States’ earlier observation about Mendel serves graphically to illustrate, as stated in an order in the related prosecution of John A. Gotti, Jr., that “the witnesses in a case of this nature and at this stage of the prosecution are necessarily speculative in number and location, but undoubtedly the bulk of the witnesses to the RICO conspiracy charged in the Flori da indictment are in and around New York or, at least, not singularly convenient to Tampa.”

The defendants continue with an explanation of the location and identity of the defense counsel, both present and prospective, and note that, if the case is transferred, the defendants will obtain New York counsel, in some cases appointed counsel and in other cases counsel more familiar with the pertinent facts and law because of earlier representation of the same party in another case in New York.

The defendants conclude by touching the less decisive issues of accessibility, the defendants’ families and friends, the defendants’ business interests, and the like.

DISCUSSION

The Rule 21(b) determination answers to “convenience” and the “interests of justice,” which are informed in turn by the factors enumerated in Platt, which factors are neither exhaustive nor exclusive:

(1) location of corporate defendant; (2) location of possible witnesses; (3) location of events likely to be in issue; (4) location of documents and records likely to be involved; (5) disruption of defendant’s business unless the case is transferred; (6) expense to the parties; (7) location of counsel; (8) relative accessibility of place of trial; (9) docket condition of each district or division involved; and (10) any other special elements which might affect the transfer.

376 U.S. at 243-44, 84 S.Ct. 769.

Strongly influential conclusions result from a review of the arguments of the United States and the defendants applying the factors in Platt to the circumstances of this case. (1) Although presently or recently displaced by detention or imprisonment, four of the five defendants are residents of New York and to each Florida is an inconvenient and burdensome forum. The fifth defendant, Cadicamo, a Florida resident, nonetheless joins the motion to transfer and, accordingly, any inconvenience to him is not a factor gravitating against a transfer to New York, which he favors. (2) and (3) A reasonable and fair interpretation of the superseding indictment, the bills of particulars, the parties’ papers, and other matters of record starkly reveals that the lopsided majority of the events pertinent to this prosecution occurred, and the persons likely to testify about those events reside, in and around New York City or are situated nearer and more conveniently to New York City than to the Middle District of Florida and to Tampa, although as noted in United States v. Bein, 539 F.Supp. 72, 72 (N.D.Ill.1982):

It is really impossible, without conducting a kind of pre-trial mini-trial, to evaluate the significance of the prospective witnesses to see in what direction this factor points.

New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the only two other places mentioned in the indictment and in the parties’ other papers, are nearer and more convenient to New York than to Tampa. Although the United States attempts to emphasize the Tampa events and connections and to subordinate the events in, and connections to, New York and elsewhere, the unmistakable and inescapable fact is that the Gambino OCF; the charged enterprise in all its undertakings and machinations; and the persons, places, things, and events that combine to provide the stuff of this indictment are disproportionately native to New York and the surrounding area and not to the Middle District of Florida and Tampa (although undoubtedly some alleged events, including events of violence and other felonious acts, .occurred in or near Tampa). As stated in United States v. Ringer, 651 F.Supp. 636, 638 (N.D.Ill.1986):

Location of Events Likely to Be In Issue. Even a cursory glance at the in dictment demonstrates that this factor calls for transfer. Despite an apparent effort on the Government’s part to insert the word “Chicago” wherever it could into the indictment, almost every fact alleged either took place in New York or was directed from there by defendants.

The bills of particulars leave no doubt that this factor controls the outcome in this instance. (4) The parties agree (or agree as nearly as they seem capable) that the availability of electronic discovery tools renders the location of documents effectively superfluous to the present question. (5) No material issue of damage to a defendant’s business appears. (6) Although difficult to quantify, some increment of expense to the defendants attaches to defending at a forum remote from their residence. (7) The United States enjoys office, staff, and resources at every federal venue and typically is not disadvantaged in the Rule 21(b) sense by a transfer. Further, the United States is not entitled to staff a prosecution awkwardly or unnaturally to manufacture for tactical advantage an inconvenience or a burden that weighs against the Rule 21(b) interests of the defendant. Even if the United Stated can identify some inconvenience, an “inconvenience to the Government is ‘given little weight when other considerations of convenience suggest a transfer.’ ” United States v. Hanley, No. 94-cr-394, 1995 WL 60019 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 10, 1995) (quoting United States v. Gruberg, 493 F.Supp. 234, 243 (S.D.N.Y.1979)). In other words, the “interests of justice” under Rule 21(b) are governed by the history of and the participants in the charged crime and not by an arcane staffing decision by the United States. At present, some defense counsel' are located in New York (even though local counsel, as required by the Local Rules, now or formerly appeared in Florida); in the event of a transfer, apparently all defense counsel will reside in New York. (8) and (9) Neither the accessibility of the place of trial nor the condition of the docket in the respective districts is a material factor under the prevailing circumstances. United States v. Snipes, No. 5:06-cr-22, 2007 WL 2572198 (M.D.Fla. Sept. 5, 2007). Tampa and New York are, on balance, readily accessible by an array of means at an array of times (and, by definition, travel from A to B is neither more nor less convenient than travel from B to A, although that symmetry seems occasionally overlooked). Although both are busy, either district court can accommodate and historically has accommodated in a reasonably “speedy” and expeditious manner a trial of the nature suggested by the papers in this ease. Experience teaches that the actions of the parties, including motions, hearings, superseding indictments, interlocutory appeals, pleas, and the like govern the schedule in a matter of this nature more decisively than the condition of the docket. (10) Neither the United States nor the defendants offers a compelling “special element which might affect the transfer.”

The United States’ final submission (Doc. 215) on venue again outlines activity of the charged enterprise that occurred in Tampa (although the United States discusses John Alite’s real estate purchases in New Jersey and stipulates that Alite “regularly bounced” between New Jersey, New York, and Tampa). However, the United States again fails to engage the galvanizing fact that becomes manifest upon an inspection of the bills of particulars. Every “discrete, specific act about which the government intends of offer proof at trial” against John H. Burke occurred in New York. Five of the eight “discrete, specific acts about which the government intends of offer proof at trial” against David D’Arpino occurred in New York. Five of the eight “discrete, specific acts about which the government intends of offer proof at trial” against James V. Cadicamo occurred in New York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania. All six of the “discrete, specific acts about which the government intends of offer proof at trial” against Michael D. Finnerty occurred in New York. All four of the “discrete, specific acts about which the government intends of offer proof at trial” against Guy T. Peden occurred in New York.

Four of the five defendants reside in New York. The Gambino OCF, the alleged organizational parent of the charged enterprise, emanates from New York. Alite, the leader of the charged enterprise, resides in and operates in and around New York and New Jersey. The alleged murders occurred in and around New York.

Notwithstanding the alleged operation in Tampa of a night club, some valet services, and sundry businesses (even if “real” and not just a “front”) and the occurrence in Tampa of some assorted crimes of force and violence, the undoubted “nerve center” of the charged enterprise and the locus of the enterprises malefactions is New York City and its environs. Almost the whole of the indicators to the contrary are found only within the United States’ subjective intention, expressed as an intention to call unspecified Tampa witnesses to provide unspecified testimony. In this instance, the residence and circumstances of the defendants and the explicit and unambiguous (and objective) content of the bills of particulars govern the Rule 21(b) issue. 2

CONCLUSION

Because the defendants establish a “substantial imbalance of inconvenience” that adversely affects a “substantial right” and implicates the “interests of justice” protected by Rule 21(b), the defendants’ motion to transfer is GRANTED and the action is TRANSFERRED to the Eastern District of New York. The Clerk is directed to CLOSE the file.

1 . The “Advisory Committee Notes” to the 1966 amendments to Rule 21 state:

The amendment permits a transfer in any case on motion of the defendant on a showing that it would be for the convenience of parties and witnesses, and in the interest of justice. Cf. 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), stating a similar standard for civil cases. See also Platt v. Minnesota Min. & Mfg. Co., 376 U.S. 240, 84 S.Ct. 769, 11 L.Ed.2d 674 (1964).

2 . Throughout the papers dedicated to venue and particularly in the final paper (Doc. 215), the United States adverts to the similarity of United States v. Trucchio, et al, Case No. 8:04— cr-348-T-24TGW, tried by a jury before Judge Susan C. Bucklew in the Middle District of Florida. Trucchio appears to present allegations of criminality by a “crew" of the Gambino OCF. Two major distinctions between Trucchio and the present case appear to the careful observer. First, the defendants in Trucchio mounted no concerted attempt to transfer under Rule 21(b), and Judge Bucklew had no occasion to address the questions presented in this order. Second, the magistrate judge ordered the United States in that case to file bills of particulars, a review of which is most suggestive and enlightening and reveals that the United States stated the following: Four of the five acts “about which the government currently intends to offer proof at trial” against Michael Malone occurred in Florida (three in Tampa and one in Port St. Lucie). (Doc. 222 in that case) All four of the acts “about which the government currently intends to offer proof at trial” against Terry L. Scaglione occurred in Tampa. (Doc. 223 in that case) Fourteen of the twenty-three acts “about which the government currently intends to offer proof at trial” against Ronald J. Trucchio occurred in Florida (plus three or more additional, depending on how one counts). (Doc. 458 in that case) The two acts involving Kevin McMahon occurred in New York and New Jersey, respectively. (Doc. 325 in that case) Apparently defendant Catalano neither sought nor received a bill of particulars. In any event, the present case differs from Trucchio and the bills of particulars tend to confirm the propriety of both Trucchio’s venue in the Middle District of Florida and this case’s transfer to New York.