STORY, Circuit Justice
(charging jury). This is an indictment for the forgery of a check, drawn by the cashier of the Bank of the United States at Philadelphia upon the cashier of the branch at Boston. The forgery is alleged in the indictment to consist in the alteration of a genuine check, drawn for 104 dollars, to the sum of $9,090. The indictment sets forth the tenor of the original cheek, and the specific alterations made; and under these circumstances the government is undoubtedly held- to strict proof of the instrument as set forth; and if there be any material variance or defect in the proof, the prisoner is entitled to a verdict. It is quite another question, whether, in cases where the instrument is in the prisoner’s possession, or is destroyed, or lost by him, so that it is impossible to give an exact ten- or of the instrument, it is necessary to set it forth in haec verba; or whether under such circumstances a general description of the instrument with apt averments, shewing it to be within the statute, and accounting for, and excusing the omission to set forth the tenor, would not have been sufficient to satisfy the nicest principles of law, applicable to this subject. See Com. v. Houghton, 8 Mass. 107. That question does not arise in this case, because the tenor is set forth, and the government has thus precluded itself from any right to insist on any proof, short of the exact description.
(After summing up the facts in the case, the judge went on to say): It is almost unnecessary to say, that if the parol evidence of witnesses be admissible to prove the ten- or. the evidence in this case is as strong for this purpose, as it is possible to require. The memorandum in the check book, the testimony of the bank officers at Philadelphia, and the pointed declaration of the teller and cashier at Boston, who saw, and deliberately examined the check, when presented for payment, afford- as conclusive evidence, as it seems possible to give of the exact contents of any written instrument. But the counsel for the prisoner, deny that any parol evidence can be given, in a case of-this nature, of the contents of the check; and they assert, that in point of law nothing is admissible on an indictment framed like this, but the original instrument or an examined .copy. And they rely on certain dicta in some authorities cited by them in proof of their doctrine. In my judgment the authorities cited by them, establish no such position, as they contend for; and so far as they go, they seem to me, to lean altogether the other way. I take the rule to be universally true, and applicable as well to criminal as civil proceedings, that the best evidence the nature of the case admits of, and that is within the reach of the party, is always to be produced; for the law will never suffer secondary evidence to be admitted, when there is better behind and within the power of the party. If therefore, an instrument is to be proved, the original, if in the possession or control of the party, is to be produced; if the original be lost or destroyed, or in the possession of the opposite party, who refuses to produce it, an examined copy, if any such exists, and can be found, is the next best evidence, and must be produced. If no such copy exists, then the contents may be proved by. parol evidence, by witnesses, who have seen and read it, and can speak pointedly and clearly to its tenor and contents. Rex v. Aickles, 1 Leach, 390; s. p. Id. note a; Com. v. Snell, 3 Mass. 82. It may be difficult in many cases to find such witnesses, and especially when the instrument is long and intricate; but if the facts are made out distinctly, and the jury believe the testimony, the law gives entire credence to such proof, and deems it sufficient to justify a verdict in a civil or criminal cause. I have no difficulty therefore, in declaring, that the testimony in this ease is competent proof under the circumstances to establish the tenor of the cheek and alterations; and if the jury believe it, they are justified in finding these facts, as the indictment has charged them. This objection was' indeed taken originally to the admissibility of the testimony, and was then overruled by the court upon the fullest deliberation; and I should not now dwell on it, if it had not been dwelt upon in another view, in the close of the argument.
The next point is, whether the prisoner was guilty of the offence, that is, of altering the check; for any material alteration of it is in point of law a forgery, and clearly within the purview of the statute. Bank Act April 10, 1816, c. 44, § IS [3 Stat. 275]. Upon this I need not say more than that the cheek is drawn in the prisoner’s favour, and he offers no explanation of its state, [1241] when he received it, nor of the circumstances connected with it; and as it is a mere question of fact, the jury, I am sure, will draw the proper conclusion.
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STORY, Circuit Justice
(charging jury). This is an indictment for the forgery of a check, drawn by the cashier of the Bank of the United States at Philadelphia upon the cashier of the branch at Boston. The forgery is alleged in the indictment to consist in the alteration of a genuine check, drawn for 104 dollars, to the sum of $9,090. The indictment sets forth the tenor of the original cheek, and the specific alterations made; and under these circumstances the government is undoubtedly held- to strict proof of the instrument as set forth; and if there be any material variance or defect in the proof, the prisoner is entitled to a verdict. It is quite another question, whether, in cases where the instrument is in the prisoner’s possession, or is destroyed, or lost by him, so that it is impossible to give an exact ten- or of the instrument, it is necessary to set it forth in haec verba; or whether under such circumstances a general description of the instrument with apt averments, shewing it to be within the statute, and accounting for, and excusing the omission to set forth the tenor, would not have been sufficient to satisfy the nicest principles of law, applicable to this subject. See Com. v. Houghton, 8 Mass. 107. That question does not arise in this case, because the tenor is set forth, and the government has thus precluded itself from any right to insist on any proof, short of the exact description.
(After summing up the facts in the case, the judge went on to say): It is almost unnecessary to say, that if the parol evidence of witnesses be admissible to prove the ten- or. the evidence in this case is as strong for this purpose, as it is possible to require. The memorandum in the check book, the testimony of the bank officers at Philadelphia, and the pointed declaration of the teller and cashier at Boston, who saw, and deliberately examined the check, when presented for payment, afford- as conclusive evidence, as it seems possible to give of the exact contents of any written instrument. But the counsel for the prisoner, deny that any parol evidence can be given, in a case of-this nature, of the contents of the check; and they assert, that in point of law nothing is admissible on an indictment framed like this, but the original instrument or an examined .copy. And they rely on certain dicta in some authorities cited by them in proof of their doctrine. In my judgment the authorities cited by them, establish no such position, as they contend for; and so far as they go, they seem to me, to lean altogether the other way. I take the rule to be universally true, and applicable as well to criminal as civil proceedings, that the best evidence the nature of the case admits of, and that is within the reach of the party, is always to be produced; for the law will never suffer secondary evidence to be admitted, when there is better behind and within the power of the party. If therefore, an instrument is to be proved, the original, if in the possession or control of the party, is to be produced; if the original be lost or destroyed, or in the possession of the opposite party, who refuses to produce it, an examined copy, if any such exists, and can be found, is the next best evidence, and must be produced. If no such copy exists, then the contents may be proved by. parol evidence, by witnesses, who have seen and read it, and can speak pointedly and clearly to its tenor and contents. Rex v. Aickles, 1 Leach, 390; s. p. Id. note a; Com. v. Snell, 3 Mass. 82. It may be difficult in many cases to find such witnesses, and especially when the instrument is long and intricate; but if the facts are made out distinctly, and the jury believe the testimony, the law gives entire credence to such proof, and deems it sufficient to justify a verdict in a civil or criminal cause. I have no difficulty therefore, in declaring, that the testimony in this ease is competent proof under the circumstances to establish the tenor of the cheek and alterations; and if the jury believe it, they are justified in finding these facts, as the indictment has charged them. This objection was' indeed taken originally to the admissibility of the testimony, and was then overruled by the court upon the fullest deliberation; and I should not now dwell on it, if it had not been dwelt upon in another view, in the close of the argument.
The next point is, whether the prisoner was guilty of the offence, that is, of altering the check; for any material alteration of it is in point of law a forgery, and clearly within the purview of the statute. Bank Act April 10, 1816, c. 44, § IS [3 Stat. 275]. Upon this I need not say more than that the cheek is drawn in the prisoner’s favour, and he offers no explanation of its state, [1241] when he received it, nor of the circumstances connected with it; and as it is a mere question of fact, the jury, I am sure, will draw the proper conclusion.
The next point of the defence is, that there is no proof, that the crime was committed within this district. If this be true, this court has no jurisdiction over the offence, for the jurisdiction is limited to crimes committed within this district, that is to say, within the state of Massachusetts. I agree also, that this is a fact to be established, at least by primS. facie or presumptive proof by the prosecutor, and that the onus probandi rests on the government. But it appears to me, that such prima facie or presumptive proof is offered by the government in this case. The check was produced at Boston in an altered state; the prisoner offers no explanation of the time or place of the alteration. It is an act, which may have been done here, or at Philadelphia, or at any of the intermediate places; but the fact is peculiarly and exclusively within the cognizance of the prisoner. Acts,, of this sort are not- usually done in the presence of witnesses; but in places of concealment, with a view to prevent detection; and it is rare, that the government can offer any evidence of the place of the forgery, except that which arises from the fact of the utterance of the forged instrument. And I take the rule of law to be, that the place, where.an instrument is found or" offered in a forged state, affords prima, facie evidence, or a presumption. that the instrument was forged there, unless that presumption'be-repelled by some other fact in the .case. All the cases cited at fhe bar establish this distinction. In all of them there were circumstances, which were thought to repel the general presumption. In none of them was it doubted, that in general the utterance of a forged instrument in a. place was presumptive proof of a forgery there; and Mr. East, in his valuable treatise on the Crown Law (page 992), manifestly so explains the doctrine; for he speaks of the difficulty of establishing the fact of forgery within the county, “where the forger is not the utterer." In Parks & Brown’s Case, 2 East, P. C. pp. 963. 992, c. 19, §§ 49, 61 (Id. 2 Leach, 775), the date of the instrument was in another county, than that where the prisoner was indicted, and there was no proof that he ever had it in his possession in the latter county. In Rex v. Crocker, 2 Bos. & P. 87, the forged bill was found upon the prisoner in Wiltshire, (where he was indicted) but it bore date about two years before, at a time when he was resident in another county, and where he resided for more than a year after the date; and a majority of the judges thought, that this circumstance repelled the presumption of a forgery in Wiltshire. Rex v. Thomas, 2 Leach. 877, turned upon the fact, that the jury found, that the forgery was not committed in the county, where the party was indicted. The rule, which 1 have stated, is not merely correct in a legal sense, but is the dictate of common sense and reason. If a forged instrument is found or uttered in one place, and there is no evidence to show, that it was forged elsewhere, what ground is there to presume, that it was not forged, where it was found, or uttered? If its existence in a forged state is not proved in any other place, it must, from the necessity of the case, be presumed to have been forged, where its existence in such state is first made known. And there is no hardship in such a presumption, for the prisoner, if he thinks the fact in his favour, can shew, where it was forged, for he has cognizance of the time and place, or at least can shew, what was its state, when it first came into his possession. If the law were otherwise, it would be.almost impossible to convict any . person of a forgery, for such acts are done in retirement and concealment, far from the sight of all persons but confederates in guilt. In the present case-it would be impossible' to maintain an indictment in any other district, upon the evidence-now before us, for the instrument was nowhere else seen in a forged and altered state. At Philadelphia it was in a genuine state, when last the witnesses saw it; and there is-no evidence of any alteration in that state. The prisoner or his confederates with his consent, and in his presence, may have altered it in this district with as much ease and convenience as elsewhere, for no more time-would be requisite, at least so far as we can judge from the evidence, to produce the effect here, (which seems to have been produced by some chemical process) than in any other-place. The prisoner chooses to be silent as to the time of his arrival here, and as to the time and place, when and where he received the bill, and whether in an altered state or not. He therefore, leaves the natural presumption. whatever it is. in point of strength wholly unimpaired. If the real fact would help him, he has the means of giving us absolute certainty. The jury will therefore judge, whether his silence under these circumstances does not justify the conclusion, that the forgery was committed in this district.
Verdict, guilty, and prisoner sentenced accordingly.