McClelland, Chief Judge:
Appellant was tried by a special court-martial, military judge alone. Pursuant to his pleas of guilty, entered in accordance with a pretrial agreement, Appellant was convicted of the following offenses: two specifications of insubordinate conduct toward a superior petty officer, in violation of Article 91, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 891; one specification [532] of wrongfully using marijuana, one specification of wrongfully using cocaine, and one specification of wrongfully using Xanax (Alprazolam), a Schedule IV controlled substance, all in violation of Article 112a, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 912a; and one specification of breaking restriction, in violation of Article 134, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 934. The military judge sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, reduction to E-l, and confinement for 120 days, against which he ordered credit for 104 days of pretrial confinement pursuant to United States v. Allen, 17 M.J. 126 (C.M.A.1984). The Convening Authority approved the sentence as adjudged and applied the Allen credit against the approved confinement, but did not order the sentence executed. The pretrial agreement did not affect the sentence.
Before this Court, Appellant has assigned as error that the military judge abused his discretion when he admitted Prosecution Exhibit 3 over defense objection because it was extrinsic evidence of specific acts of misconduct offered to rebut an opinion.
During the presentencing stage of the trial, Defense Exhibit A was admitted after the rules of evidence had been relaxed under Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1001(c)(3), Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2002 ed.).1 (R. at 176.) It is a letter to defense counsel from Appellant’s father dated 22 October 2004, four days before the trial.2
Defense Exhibit A includes the following words:
Unfortunately we can’t open up our young people’s heads and pour in all of our knowledge and experience, they have to make their own mistakes and the best we can hope is that they learn from them. I really believe that Thomas has learned as much from his mistakes as he did from his training in the Coast Guard. His mother and I have visited him every chance we could and we have seen him grow up quite a bit over the last several months. The whole experience of being in the Coast Guard (even in the Brig) has helped him grow and develop as a man. I believe that Thomas is more squared away now than he has ever been in his life. Thomas still has a long way to go in life to be where he needs be mentally, emotionally, and spiritually.
The Government offered Prosecution Exhibit 3 for Identification in rebuttal, which is a letter to trial counsel dated 2 September 2004 from the Officer in Charge of the brig where Appellant was in pretrial confinement since 14 July 2004. It was admitted over defense objection as Prosecution Exhibit 3.3 (R. at 181.)
Prosecution Exhibit 3 indicates that Appellant had displayed a negative and uncooperative attitude and had been “found to be in violation of several Brig Regulations,” as a result of which he was “currently in Desegregation for Disobedience, Disrespect, Staff Harassment and Provoking words and Gestures.” At trial, defense counsel objected that this was not proper rebuttal, that it contained uncharged misconduct, and that the 2 September letter logically could not rebut the 22 October letter; he also invoked Military Rule of Evidence (M.R.E.) 403, asserting that the probative value of the 2 September letter did not outweigh the possible prejudice. (R. at 179-81.) The Government contended that the 22 October letter “leaves the impression that the accused’s conduct improved in the brig,” and that the 2 September letter tended to rebut that. (R. at 181.) The military judge overruled the objection without comment and with no mention of weighing its probative value against the danger of unfair prejudice pursuant to M.R.E. 403. Id.
Appellant asserts that it was error for the military judge to admit Prosecution Exhibit 3 over defense objection. A military judge’s evidentiary ruling during the sentencing stage is reviewed for clear abuse of discretion. United States v. Clemente, 50 [533] M.J. 36, 37 (C.A.A.F.1999). Rulings where balancing under M.R.E. 403 is articulated receive considerable deference; rulings where balancing is omitted receive no deference. United States v. Hursey, 55 M.J. 34, 36 (C.A.A.F.2001); United States v. Manns, 54 M.J. 164, 166 (C.A.A.F.2000).
Appellant contends that the military judge abuses his discretion when he allows the Government to rebut opinion evidence of good character with extrinsic evidence of specific instances of misconduct, citing United States v. Pruitt, 46 M.J. 148, 151 (C.A.A.F.1997), and United States v. Henson, 58 M.J. 529 (A.Ct.Crim.App.2003). (Appellant Br. 5.)
Pruitt concerns evidence before findings. “If court members learn of bad character, they are more likely to convict on the basis of prior misdeeds than on the facts of the case.” Pruitt, 46 M.J. at 150 (citing Harry Kalven, Jr., & Hans Zeisel, The American Jury 160-61, 178-79 (1966)). Hence only the defense may put the accused’s character in issue, and the Government’s recourse is cross-examination of the defense’s character witnesses concerning the foundation for their testimony, which may probe a witness’s knowledge of misconduct if there is a good-faith belief supporting the question. Id. at 151.4 Thus, limited reference to misconduct is allowed notwithstanding M.R.E. 404(b): “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.”
As we see it, the Pruitt rationale and the prohibition of M.R.E. 404(b) do not obviously apply after the accused has been convicted, since there is no longer a danger of conviction on the basis of prior misdeeds or any possibility of using bad character to show action in conformity therewith. Therefore, we consider Pruitt inapplicable to this ease. We find Henson unpersuasive because it leaps from the pre-findings context of Pruitt to the presentencing context without explanation. We turn to the rules that apply specifically to presentencing procedure.
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McClelland, Chief Judge:
Appellant was tried by a special court-martial, military judge alone. Pursuant to his pleas of guilty, entered in accordance with a pretrial agreement, Appellant was convicted of the following offenses: two specifications of insubordinate conduct toward a superior petty officer, in violation of Article 91, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 891; one specification [532] of wrongfully using marijuana, one specification of wrongfully using cocaine, and one specification of wrongfully using Xanax (Alprazolam), a Schedule IV controlled substance, all in violation of Article 112a, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 912a; and one specification of breaking restriction, in violation of Article 134, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 934. The military judge sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, reduction to E-l, and confinement for 120 days, against which he ordered credit for 104 days of pretrial confinement pursuant to United States v. Allen, 17 M.J. 126 (C.M.A.1984). The Convening Authority approved the sentence as adjudged and applied the Allen credit against the approved confinement, but did not order the sentence executed. The pretrial agreement did not affect the sentence.
Before this Court, Appellant has assigned as error that the military judge abused his discretion when he admitted Prosecution Exhibit 3 over defense objection because it was extrinsic evidence of specific acts of misconduct offered to rebut an opinion.
During the presentencing stage of the trial, Defense Exhibit A was admitted after the rules of evidence had been relaxed under Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1001(c)(3), Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2002 ed.).1 (R. at 176.) It is a letter to defense counsel from Appellant’s father dated 22 October 2004, four days before the trial.2
Defense Exhibit A includes the following words:
Unfortunately we can’t open up our young people’s heads and pour in all of our knowledge and experience, they have to make their own mistakes and the best we can hope is that they learn from them. I really believe that Thomas has learned as much from his mistakes as he did from his training in the Coast Guard. His mother and I have visited him every chance we could and we have seen him grow up quite a bit over the last several months. The whole experience of being in the Coast Guard (even in the Brig) has helped him grow and develop as a man. I believe that Thomas is more squared away now than he has ever been in his life. Thomas still has a long way to go in life to be where he needs be mentally, emotionally, and spiritually.
The Government offered Prosecution Exhibit 3 for Identification in rebuttal, which is a letter to trial counsel dated 2 September 2004 from the Officer in Charge of the brig where Appellant was in pretrial confinement since 14 July 2004. It was admitted over defense objection as Prosecution Exhibit 3.3 (R. at 181.)
Prosecution Exhibit 3 indicates that Appellant had displayed a negative and uncooperative attitude and had been “found to be in violation of several Brig Regulations,” as a result of which he was “currently in Desegregation for Disobedience, Disrespect, Staff Harassment and Provoking words and Gestures.” At trial, defense counsel objected that this was not proper rebuttal, that it contained uncharged misconduct, and that the 2 September letter logically could not rebut the 22 October letter; he also invoked Military Rule of Evidence (M.R.E.) 403, asserting that the probative value of the 2 September letter did not outweigh the possible prejudice. (R. at 179-81.) The Government contended that the 22 October letter “leaves the impression that the accused’s conduct improved in the brig,” and that the 2 September letter tended to rebut that. (R. at 181.) The military judge overruled the objection without comment and with no mention of weighing its probative value against the danger of unfair prejudice pursuant to M.R.E. 403. Id.
Appellant asserts that it was error for the military judge to admit Prosecution Exhibit 3 over defense objection. A military judge’s evidentiary ruling during the sentencing stage is reviewed for clear abuse of discretion. United States v. Clemente, 50 [533] M.J. 36, 37 (C.A.A.F.1999). Rulings where balancing under M.R.E. 403 is articulated receive considerable deference; rulings where balancing is omitted receive no deference. United States v. Hursey, 55 M.J. 34, 36 (C.A.A.F.2001); United States v. Manns, 54 M.J. 164, 166 (C.A.A.F.2000).
Appellant contends that the military judge abuses his discretion when he allows the Government to rebut opinion evidence of good character with extrinsic evidence of specific instances of misconduct, citing United States v. Pruitt, 46 M.J. 148, 151 (C.A.A.F.1997), and United States v. Henson, 58 M.J. 529 (A.Ct.Crim.App.2003). (Appellant Br. 5.)
Pruitt concerns evidence before findings. “If court members learn of bad character, they are more likely to convict on the basis of prior misdeeds than on the facts of the case.” Pruitt, 46 M.J. at 150 (citing Harry Kalven, Jr., & Hans Zeisel, The American Jury 160-61, 178-79 (1966)). Hence only the defense may put the accused’s character in issue, and the Government’s recourse is cross-examination of the defense’s character witnesses concerning the foundation for their testimony, which may probe a witness’s knowledge of misconduct if there is a good-faith belief supporting the question. Id. at 151.4 Thus, limited reference to misconduct is allowed notwithstanding M.R.E. 404(b): “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.”
As we see it, the Pruitt rationale and the prohibition of M.R.E. 404(b) do not obviously apply after the accused has been convicted, since there is no longer a danger of conviction on the basis of prior misdeeds or any possibility of using bad character to show action in conformity therewith. Therefore, we consider Pruitt inapplicable to this ease. We find Henson unpersuasive because it leaps from the pre-findings context of Pruitt to the presentencing context without explanation. We turn to the rules that apply specifically to presentencing procedure.
“The prosecution may rebut matters presented by the defense,” R.C.M. 1001(d), excepting non-factual matters in the accused’s unsworn statement, R.C.M. 1001(c)(2)(C); United States v. Cleveland, 29 M.J. 361 (C.M.A.1990). The plain language of R.C.M. 1001 does not support Appellant’s contention, and we have found no binding authority supporting it.5 United States v. Lowe, 56 M.J. 914 (N.M.Ct.Crim.App.2002), supports Appellant, but we find it no more persuasive than Henson in that it misapplies United States v. Wingart, 27 M.J. 128 (C.M.A.1988). It is true that if opinion evidence relating to rehabilitative potential is offered under R.C.M. 1001(b)(5), extrinsic evidence of instances of conduct is not admissible to support or contradict that opinion, Wingart, 27 M.J. at 133, 136, but the issue in this case, like the issue in Lowe, does not arise under R.C.M. 1001(b)(5), as we are not dealing with evidence of rehabilitative potential offered by [534] the Government under that provision. The terms of R.C.M. 1001(b) do not extend beyond its boundaries. United States v. Griggs, 61 M.J. 402 (C.A.A.F.2005).
In short, we see no reason why extrinsic evidence such as Prosecution Exhibit 3 should be per se inadmissible to rebut evidence such as Defense Exhibit A during presentencing proceedings. Therefore we reject Appellant’s position.
This does not mean that Prosecution Exhibit 3 perforce must be admitted. It is appropriate for us to address the other objections to it that were raised at trial: that it was not proper rebuttal, in part because the 2 September letter (Prosecution Exhibit 3) logically could not rebut the 22 October letter (Defense Exhibit A); and that the probative value of the 2 September letter did not outweigh the possible prejudice. (R. at 179-81.)
During presentencing as well as before findings, “[i]t is well settled that the function of rebuttal evidence is to explain, repel, counteract or disprove the evidence introduced by the opposing party.” United States v. Wirth, 18 M.J. 214, 218 (C.M.A.1984) (citing United States v. Shaw, 9 USCMA 267, 271, 26 C.M.R. 47, 51, 1958 WL 3291 (1958) (Ferguson, J., dissenting) (internal quotation marks omitted)). “[T]he relevance of the Government’s rebuttal evidence must be determined in light of evidence first introduced and issues initially raised by the defense at this court-martial.” Id. (citing 6 Wigmore, Evidence § 1873 (Chadbourn rev.1976)). As to probative value weighed against prejudice, “Although relevant [and otherwise apparently admissible], evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the members____” M.R.E. 403. As Appellant notes, the admission of evidence of specific acts of misconduct carries the danger that an accused will be punished for acts he was not charged with and did not plead guilty to. (Appellant Br. 8.)
The relevance of Prosecution Exhibit 3 as rebuttal evidence is limited by the contents of the letter from Appellant’s father. We agree with the Government that the fact that Prosecution Exhibit 3 was written before Defense Exhibit A does not mean it cannot rebut the latter, as it may indeed counteract it, but goes to its weight. Put another way, the timing reduces the probative value of Prosecution Exhibit 3. Perhaps the most that can be said for it is that it helps to put Defense Exhibit A in perspective by offering a different viewpoint. Defense Exhibit A itself has somewhat limited probative value. It presents Appellant’s father’s viewpoint, based on his interactions with his son but most likely without information or direct observation of his son’s conduct and interactions with others. Prosecution Exhibit 3 suggests that Appellant’s disrespect of others and of authority, reflected in the offenses of which he was convicted, continued to be manifested after seven weeks in the brig, at least until brig discipline (“Desegregation”) was imposed upon him. Another seven weeks passed before Defense Exhibit 3 was written. Neither exhibit, standing alone, provides more than a glimpse of Appellant; coming from different viewpoints as they do, together they provide a slightly wider glimpse than Defense Exhibit A alone.
On the other side of the M.R.E. 403 balance sits the danger that Appellant would be punished for uncharged misconduct (“Disobedience, Disrespect, Staff Harassment and Provoking words and Gestures”) as well as for his negative and uncooperative attitude. This danger we judge to be very small in a trial by judge alone; we find it does not outweigh the probative value of the exhibit. We find no error in the admission of Prosecution Exhibit 3.
We note that the sentence amounted to time served in addition to reduction to E-l and a bad-conduct discharge. Even if Prosecution Exhibit 3 had not been admitted, we are confident that the same sentence would have been adjudged.
Decision
As noted earlier, it appears from the record that no part of the sentence has yet been ordered executed. Execution of other elements of the sentence may be ordered at the same time the bad-conduct discharge is ordered executed if not done sooner. If the other elements are not ordered executed, [535] Appellant must be restored to the paygrade of E-3 from the grade of E-l to which he was presumably reduced in accordance with Article 57(a)(1)(A), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 857(a)(1)(A).6
We have reviewed the record in accordance with Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866. Upon such review, the findings and sentence are determined to be correct in law and fact and, on the basis of the entire record, should be approved. Accordingly, the findings of guilty and the sentence, as approved below, are affirmed.
Judge KANTOR concurs.