19-999-cr United States v. Brian J. Newton
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION "SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 21st day of May, two thousand twenty.
PRESENT: DENNY CHIN, SUSAN L. CARNEY, Circuit Judges, KARI A. DOOLEY, District Judge. * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee,
-v- 19-999-cr
BRIAN J. NEWTON, Defendant-Appellant.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
* Judge Kari A. Dooley, of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, sitting by designation. FOR APPELLEE: MICHAEL MAFFEI, Assistant United States Attorney (Kevin Trowel, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Richard P. Donoghue, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: EUNICE C. LEE, Federal Defenders of New York, Inc., New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
New York (Bianco, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-appellant Brian J. Newton appeals from a judgment entered
February 27, 2019, following a guilty plea, convicting him of transportation of child
pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1). The district court sentenced Newton
principally to 228 months' imprisonment. On appeal, Newton challenges the
substantive reasonableness of his sentence. We assume the parties' familiarity with the
underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
Newton was arrested on June 8, 2017 following a search of his home
pursuant to a search warrant. After waiving his Miranda rights, he admitted to
receiving and distributing child pornography. A review of Newton's phone revealed
1,000 unique images and over 100 videos of child pornography, including images of
bondage and bestiality and videos depicting the rape of toddlers. In addition, Newton
2 admitted to "chatting" online in a sexually explicit manner with two dozen individuals
he believed were minors, and to whom he sent pictures of his face and genitals and
from whom he solicited sexually explicit photographs. Newton stated that this conduct
began one year after he was released from custody on a state conviction for possessing
child pornography and while he was on probation for that offense.
Newton pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to one count of
transportation of child pornography. In the agreement, the Government estimated a
sentencing range of 135 to 168 months' imprisonment, but noted that because of
Newton's prior conviction, the statutory minimum was 180 months, and thus the
applicable Guidelines sentence would likely be 180 months. The agreement further
provided that the Guidelines estimate was not binding on the Government, the
Probation Department or the Court, and that the Government would not be deemed in
breach of the agreement if the final Guidelines calculation differed from the estimate.
At his plea colloquy, Newton acknowledged that the Guidelines range in the plea
agreement was not binding.
The Probation Office calculated the applicable Guidelines range as 262 to
327 months' imprisonment, with a statutory minimum of 180 months and a statutory
maximum of 480 months. It recommended that the district court impose the statutory
minimum sentence. In its sentencing submission, the Government requested a sentence
of at least 240 months' imprisonment, while Newton sought a sentence of 180 months'
3 imprisonment. The district court adopted the Probation Office's Guidelines calculation
of a range of 262 to 327 months, and sentenced Newton to a below-Guidelines sentence
of 228 months' imprisonment. At sentencing, the court considered the 18 U.S.C. §
3553(a) factors, including the nature and seriousness of the offense (noting the number
and type of images and videos Newton possessed and his sexually explicit chats with
persons he believed to be minors), his criminal history, the need to avoid sentencing
disparities among similarly situated defendants and the goal of deterrence, as well as
mitigating factors including Newton's "motivat[ion] to change." App'x at 119-24. The
court noted that the sentence was "not . . . guideline[s] driven," and that even if
challenged enhancements were not applied, the "sentence [would] be the same." App'x
at 122-23.
On appeal, Newton argues that the sentence imposed by the district court
is substantively unreasonable because his conduct was typical of child pornography
cases and the district court gave undue weight to certain sentencing factors.
DISCUSSION
A. Applicable Law
"We review sentencing decisions for procedural and substantive
reasonableness," United States v. Eaglin, 913 F.3d 88, 94 (2d Cir. 2019), applying a
deferential abuse of discretion standard, see United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d
Cir. 2008) (en banc). We will set aside a sentence as substantively unreasonable only
4 when it "cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions." Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted). While the weight assigned any particular § 3553(a) factor is
"firmly committed to the discretion of the sentencing judge and is beyond our review,
as long as the sentence ultimately imposed is reasonable," United States v. Bleau, 930 F.3d
35, 42 (2d Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted), we consider whether, as
explained by the district court, a given factor "can bear the weight assigned [to] it under
the totality of the circumstances in the case," Cavera, 550 F.3d at 191. Indeed, "[w]e will
identify as substantively unreasonable only those sentences that are so shockingly high,
shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law that allowing them to
stand would damage the administration of justice." United States v. Singh, 877 F.3d 107,
115 (2d Cir. 2017) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
B. Application
We conclude that the sentence is not substantively unreasonable. Newton
argues that his crime is a "basic, garden-variety version" of transportation of child
pornography not deserving of various sentencing enhancements and that the district
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19-999-cr United States v. Brian J. Newton
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION "SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 21st day of May, two thousand twenty.
PRESENT: DENNY CHIN, SUSAN L. CARNEY, Circuit Judges, KARI A. DOOLEY, District Judge. * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee,
-v- 19-999-cr
BRIAN J. NEWTON, Defendant-Appellant.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
* Judge Kari A. Dooley, of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, sitting by designation. FOR APPELLEE: MICHAEL MAFFEI, Assistant United States Attorney (Kevin Trowel, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Richard P. Donoghue, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: EUNICE C. LEE, Federal Defenders of New York, Inc., New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
New York (Bianco, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-appellant Brian J. Newton appeals from a judgment entered
February 27, 2019, following a guilty plea, convicting him of transportation of child
pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1). The district court sentenced Newton
principally to 228 months' imprisonment. On appeal, Newton challenges the
substantive reasonableness of his sentence. We assume the parties' familiarity with the
underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
Newton was arrested on June 8, 2017 following a search of his home
pursuant to a search warrant. After waiving his Miranda rights, he admitted to
receiving and distributing child pornography. A review of Newton's phone revealed
1,000 unique images and over 100 videos of child pornography, including images of
bondage and bestiality and videos depicting the rape of toddlers. In addition, Newton
2 admitted to "chatting" online in a sexually explicit manner with two dozen individuals
he believed were minors, and to whom he sent pictures of his face and genitals and
from whom he solicited sexually explicit photographs. Newton stated that this conduct
began one year after he was released from custody on a state conviction for possessing
child pornography and while he was on probation for that offense.
Newton pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to one count of
transportation of child pornography. In the agreement, the Government estimated a
sentencing range of 135 to 168 months' imprisonment, but noted that because of
Newton's prior conviction, the statutory minimum was 180 months, and thus the
applicable Guidelines sentence would likely be 180 months. The agreement further
provided that the Guidelines estimate was not binding on the Government, the
Probation Department or the Court, and that the Government would not be deemed in
breach of the agreement if the final Guidelines calculation differed from the estimate.
At his plea colloquy, Newton acknowledged that the Guidelines range in the plea
agreement was not binding.
The Probation Office calculated the applicable Guidelines range as 262 to
327 months' imprisonment, with a statutory minimum of 180 months and a statutory
maximum of 480 months. It recommended that the district court impose the statutory
minimum sentence. In its sentencing submission, the Government requested a sentence
of at least 240 months' imprisonment, while Newton sought a sentence of 180 months'
3 imprisonment. The district court adopted the Probation Office's Guidelines calculation
of a range of 262 to 327 months, and sentenced Newton to a below-Guidelines sentence
of 228 months' imprisonment. At sentencing, the court considered the 18 U.S.C. §
3553(a) factors, including the nature and seriousness of the offense (noting the number
and type of images and videos Newton possessed and his sexually explicit chats with
persons he believed to be minors), his criminal history, the need to avoid sentencing
disparities among similarly situated defendants and the goal of deterrence, as well as
mitigating factors including Newton's "motivat[ion] to change." App'x at 119-24. The
court noted that the sentence was "not . . . guideline[s] driven," and that even if
challenged enhancements were not applied, the "sentence [would] be the same." App'x
at 122-23.
On appeal, Newton argues that the sentence imposed by the district court
is substantively unreasonable because his conduct was typical of child pornography
cases and the district court gave undue weight to certain sentencing factors.
DISCUSSION
A. Applicable Law
"We review sentencing decisions for procedural and substantive
reasonableness," United States v. Eaglin, 913 F.3d 88, 94 (2d Cir. 2019), applying a
deferential abuse of discretion standard, see United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d
Cir. 2008) (en banc). We will set aside a sentence as substantively unreasonable only
4 when it "cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions." Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted). While the weight assigned any particular § 3553(a) factor is
"firmly committed to the discretion of the sentencing judge and is beyond our review,
as long as the sentence ultimately imposed is reasonable," United States v. Bleau, 930 F.3d
35, 42 (2d Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted), we consider whether, as
explained by the district court, a given factor "can bear the weight assigned [to] it under
the totality of the circumstances in the case," Cavera, 550 F.3d at 191. Indeed, "[w]e will
identify as substantively unreasonable only those sentences that are so shockingly high,
shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law that allowing them to
stand would damage the administration of justice." United States v. Singh, 877 F.3d 107,
115 (2d Cir. 2017) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
B. Application
We conclude that the sentence is not substantively unreasonable. Newton
argues that his crime is a "basic, garden-variety version" of transportation of child
pornography not deserving of various sentencing enhancements and that the district
court gave undue weight to certain factors, including the number and type of images
and videos he possessed as well as his sexually explicit chats with persons he believed
to be minors. Appellant's Br. at 25-28.
First, Newton cites to our decisions in United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174
(2d Cir. 2010), and United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181 (2d Cir. 2017), to support his
5 argument that the enhancements should not apply because they are "all but inherent" in
child pornography cases. Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 188 (internal quotation marks omitted). In
neither case, however, did we direct district courts to exclude the enhancements; rather,
we noted that they must be "applied with great care." Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 184-86. Here,
the district court applied the Guidelines with the requisite "great care," acknowledging
the concerns in Dorvee and noting that the sentence imposed was not Guidelines-driven.
Moreover, though Newton's 228-month sentence exceeds the statutory minimum, it
falls below the bottom of the Guidelines range, well below the top of the range (327
months), and far short of the 480-month statutory maximum. See Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 192
("District courts should generally reserve sentences at or near the statutory maximum
for the worst offenders.").
Further, in addition to stating that the sentence was "not . . . guideline[s]
driven," the district court considered the § 3553(a) factors and noted, inter alia, the
number of images, the sadistic nature of some of the images, the young age of the
victims in some of the images, and Newton's chats with persons he believed to be
minors, in which he solicited pornographic pictures of the other individuals and sent
them pornographic pictures of himself. App'x at 119-24. The court also noted that the
conduct occurred shortly after being released from custody on similar charges and that
rather than curbing his criminal behavior, Newton escalated it by communicating
directly with individuals he believed to be children. Moreover, the court considered as
6 a mitigating factor Newton's remarks at sentencing that he was motivated to change.
We conclude that the district court did not assign any factor more weight than it could
bear given the totality of the circumstances. See Cavera, 550 F.3d at 191; see also Bleau,
930 F.3d at 42. The sentence imposed was neither "shockingly high," nor "otherwise
unsupportable as a matter of law that allowing [it] to stand would damage the
administration of justice." Singh, 877 F.3d at 115 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Accordingly, applying our highly deferential standard of review, we conclude that the
sentence was substantively reasonable. 1
* * *
We have considered Newton's remaining arguments and conclude they
are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
1 Newton further challenges the Government's decision to seek a sentence beyond the 180 months estimated in the plea agreement was "unexplained and unreasonable." Appellant's Br. at 29-30. This challenge is unpersuasive. Although the range stated there turned out to be erroneous, the plea agreement explicitly stated that the Guidelines range it presented was a non-binding estimate. See United States v. MacPherson, 590 F.3d 215, 219 (2d Cir. 2009) (finding no plain error where the Government advocates for a sentence that is higher than that estimated in the plea agreement where it is clear from the language of the plea agreement and the plea colloquy that the defendant understood that the estimate was subject to change).