KREKEL. District Judge.
The first question raised, “the improper joinder of offences,” is settled by the act of congress of 26th of February, 1853 [10 Stat. 162], which provides that “whenever there are or shall be several charges against any person or persons for the same act oi transaction, or for two or more acts or transactions, connected together, or for two or more acts or transactions of the same class of crimes or offences, which may be properly joined instead of having several indictments, the whole may be joined in one indictment in separate counts; and if two or more indictments shall be found in such cases, the court may order them consolidated.” Brent was charged in different counts in the [1226]*1226same indictment with three distinct offences— the embezzling ot a letter containing two hundred and forty dollars, of one containing twenty dollars, and of another containing one hundred and eighty-nine dollars, while an employee in the Quincy post-office. The offences sire alleged to have been committed within si few days of each other. While it is true that these letters came to the Quincy office from various points, the offences of stealing them sire "‘of the same class of crimes'" which the act of congress aforesaid provides, may be in separate counts of the same indictment, or if separate indictments shall be found, that the court may order them consolidated. U. S. v. O’Callahan [Case No. 15,910].
It is admitted that it is the duty of the court to protect the prisoner from being prejudiced in his defence by the joinder of of-fences, and if satisfied that the defendant was so prejudiced, a new trial would be granted. 1 Bish. Cr. Proc. § 204.
But, instead of being so prejudiced, the defendant in this case was, under the view taken by the court, rather benefited, for it enabled him, and he properly availed himself of the advantage, to show that others as well as himself had opportunities to steal from the mail, and by inquiring into tbe whole management of tlie Quincy post-office to throw doubt upon tbe whoie case. To say that tlie defendant was prejudiced because bis counsel bad to devote their time and energy largely to defend him against alleged offences of which he was wholly innocent, as found by the verdict of the jury, is to ignore at least the experience of courts in the trial of causes, and the manner of arriving at verdicts by juries. It is enough to say, however, that the causes assigned, when considered in connection with the act of congress cited, are insufficient to grant a new trial.
The consideration of that part of the evidence which may be termed circumstantial, the court presented to the jury as follows:. •“By circumstantial evidence is meant the particular facts surrounding and connected with tbe case. The number of circumstances, and the directness with which they point to the main fact sought to be established, as well as their connection with each other, determines the weight to be given to them. If they all harmonize and tend in one direction They become relatively strong: when they fend in opposite directions, they become relatively weak, and may even destroy each other.”
The objections made to this part of the charge .are not directed so much to the law as given as to the assumed effect, or rather non-effect, it had on tlie jury as shown by the verdict. Tbe points made by counsel arc* proper enough in themselves and should have been, as they were, presented to tlie jury iu the argument. To say that they paid no heed to them, otherwise they would have come To a different conclusion, and that the court should therefore set aside the verdict, is asking the court to usurp the peculiar province of the jury.
It is insisted that the defendant is entitled to a new trial in order that he might avail himself of the advantage which the. verdict of the jury, by finding him not guilty as to the stealing of the letters containing the twenty and the one hundred and eight.v-nine dollars, might give him. The court has already said that so far from being prejudiced iu having tbe several charges preferred in (he same indictment, be was, if anything, benefited thereby. To ask that such benefit shall lie used for the purpose of overthrowing the verdict rendered affords no basis for tlie granting of a now trial.
Ir was shown on tbe trial that one John Diamond, who could not be found, was a mail carrier who, as such, had the usual access to the mail, and it is contended that the* government is bound to examine him and all others through whose hands the mail passed. The ease of U. S. v. Whitaker [Case No. 16,672], is relied on to sustain this position. An examination of the case by no means supports the head notes, or tbe position taken here. The court in its instructions to the jury remarked that “before the letter reached Cincinnati it passed through the office at Mount Washington and one or two other offices, and in that office (Cincinnati) it passed though the hands of clerks, and there were others who had access to it.” “Upon the whole,” the court remarked, “unless you come to the conclusion that the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt, you will acquit bim.” While this leferenee to the failure of the government to examine all persons who had access to the mail was entirely proper for the consideration of the jury iu making up the verdict, it falls far short of showing that it was necessary for the government to so examine all such persons.
We may readily conceive a ease in which a requirement to examine all persons who may have handled a particular mail would amount to a folly, for there may be an abundant» of other and better evidence upon which a conviction may be bad. In this case, among other testimony, there were confessions. entries upon The post-office books, possessions of money corresponding nearly iu amount aud size of bills with that stolen, and flight. To say that the government, after having made every effort to have John Diamond here, cannot ask a conviction on other aud proper testinuuy is overstating the legal proposition involved.
The indictment in each count charges the defendant with being an employee in tbe Quincy post-office, as clerk. In reference to Ibis question the court instructed the jury as follows: “In order to find the defendant guilty on any count of the indictment, you must find that he was a person employed in tlie Quincy post-office, as charged. A person employed m a post-office is one who on divers and sundry occasions more or less con[1227]*1227nected iu time, by and with the knowledge and consent of the postmaster or his deputy, receives and makes up mails for transmission, and who distributes and delivers mail matter; in other words, who has charge of the post-office. No special agreement regarding the employment need be shown. If you are satisfied from the evidence that the defendant on the 29th day of November. 1869. was an employee in the Quincy post-office you will consider him to have continued in such employ unless you ate satisfied from the evidence that lie was either discharged or became so disconnected from said post-office as to take away his authority to act as such'employee. His own acts in connection with those of the postmaster or his deputy may be looked into, in order to’ ascertain the relation he sustained to the post-office as an employee, A person occasionally called to aid in receiving and distributing the mail, and whose authority ceases with the service for which he is specially called, is not a person employed in the post-office.
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KREKEL. District Judge.
The first question raised, “the improper joinder of offences,” is settled by the act of congress of 26th of February, 1853 [10 Stat. 162], which provides that “whenever there are or shall be several charges against any person or persons for the same act oi transaction, or for two or more acts or transactions, connected together, or for two or more acts or transactions of the same class of crimes or offences, which may be properly joined instead of having several indictments, the whole may be joined in one indictment in separate counts; and if two or more indictments shall be found in such cases, the court may order them consolidated.” Brent was charged in different counts in the [1226]*1226same indictment with three distinct offences— the embezzling ot a letter containing two hundred and forty dollars, of one containing twenty dollars, and of another containing one hundred and eighty-nine dollars, while an employee in the Quincy post-office. The offences sire alleged to have been committed within si few days of each other. While it is true that these letters came to the Quincy office from various points, the offences of stealing them sire "‘of the same class of crimes'" which the act of congress aforesaid provides, may be in separate counts of the same indictment, or if separate indictments shall be found, that the court may order them consolidated. U. S. v. O’Callahan [Case No. 15,910].
It is admitted that it is the duty of the court to protect the prisoner from being prejudiced in his defence by the joinder of of-fences, and if satisfied that the defendant was so prejudiced, a new trial would be granted. 1 Bish. Cr. Proc. § 204.
But, instead of being so prejudiced, the defendant in this case was, under the view taken by the court, rather benefited, for it enabled him, and he properly availed himself of the advantage, to show that others as well as himself had opportunities to steal from the mail, and by inquiring into tbe whole management of tlie Quincy post-office to throw doubt upon tbe whoie case. To say that tlie defendant was prejudiced because bis counsel bad to devote their time and energy largely to defend him against alleged offences of which he was wholly innocent, as found by the verdict of the jury, is to ignore at least the experience of courts in the trial of causes, and the manner of arriving at verdicts by juries. It is enough to say, however, that the causes assigned, when considered in connection with the act of congress cited, are insufficient to grant a new trial.
The consideration of that part of the evidence which may be termed circumstantial, the court presented to the jury as follows:. •“By circumstantial evidence is meant the particular facts surrounding and connected with tbe case. The number of circumstances, and the directness with which they point to the main fact sought to be established, as well as their connection with each other, determines the weight to be given to them. If they all harmonize and tend in one direction They become relatively strong: when they fend in opposite directions, they become relatively weak, and may even destroy each other.”
The objections made to this part of the charge .are not directed so much to the law as given as to the assumed effect, or rather non-effect, it had on tlie jury as shown by the verdict. Tbe points made by counsel arc* proper enough in themselves and should have been, as they were, presented to tlie jury iu the argument. To say that they paid no heed to them, otherwise they would have come To a different conclusion, and that the court should therefore set aside the verdict, is asking the court to usurp the peculiar province of the jury.
It is insisted that the defendant is entitled to a new trial in order that he might avail himself of the advantage which the. verdict of the jury, by finding him not guilty as to the stealing of the letters containing the twenty and the one hundred and eight.v-nine dollars, might give him. The court has already said that so far from being prejudiced iu having tbe several charges preferred in (he same indictment, be was, if anything, benefited thereby. To ask that such benefit shall lie used for the purpose of overthrowing the verdict rendered affords no basis for tlie granting of a now trial.
Ir was shown on tbe trial that one John Diamond, who could not be found, was a mail carrier who, as such, had the usual access to the mail, and it is contended that the* government is bound to examine him and all others through whose hands the mail passed. The ease of U. S. v. Whitaker [Case No. 16,672], is relied on to sustain this position. An examination of the case by no means supports the head notes, or tbe position taken here. The court in its instructions to the jury remarked that “before the letter reached Cincinnati it passed through the office at Mount Washington and one or two other offices, and in that office (Cincinnati) it passed though the hands of clerks, and there were others who had access to it.” “Upon the whole,” the court remarked, “unless you come to the conclusion that the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt, you will acquit bim.” While this leferenee to the failure of the government to examine all persons who had access to the mail was entirely proper for the consideration of the jury iu making up the verdict, it falls far short of showing that it was necessary for the government to so examine all such persons.
We may readily conceive a ease in which a requirement to examine all persons who may have handled a particular mail would amount to a folly, for there may be an abundant» of other and better evidence upon which a conviction may be bad. In this case, among other testimony, there were confessions. entries upon The post-office books, possessions of money corresponding nearly iu amount aud size of bills with that stolen, and flight. To say that the government, after having made every effort to have John Diamond here, cannot ask a conviction on other aud proper testinuuy is overstating the legal proposition involved.
The indictment in each count charges the defendant with being an employee in tbe Quincy post-office, as clerk. In reference to Ibis question the court instructed the jury as follows: “In order to find the defendant guilty on any count of the indictment, you must find that he was a person employed in tlie Quincy post-office, as charged. A person employed m a post-office is one who on divers and sundry occasions more or less con[1227]*1227nected iu time, by and with the knowledge and consent of the postmaster or his deputy, receives and makes up mails for transmission, and who distributes and delivers mail matter; in other words, who has charge of the post-office. No special agreement regarding the employment need be shown. If you are satisfied from the evidence that the defendant on the 29th day of November. 1869. was an employee in the Quincy post-office you will consider him to have continued in such employ unless you ate satisfied from the evidence that lie was either discharged or became so disconnected from said post-office as to take away his authority to act as such'employee. His own acts in connection with those of the postmaster or his deputy may be looked into, in order to’ ascertain the relation he sustained to the post-office as an employee, A person occasionally called to aid in receiving and distributing the mail, and whose authority ceases with the service for which he is specially called, is not a person employed in the post-office. The word ‘clerk’ used in the indictment simply means a' subordinate employee.” To this portion of the charge it is objected that it must appear that the defendant was under a valid and subsisting contract for regular as distinguished from casual employment.
The case of U. S. v. Nott [Case No. 15,900], is cited in support of the position taken, and as that case, in the particular under consitleiation, is analogous, I will proceed to examine it. The evidence in that case was that Nott. the defendant, before the commission of the offence, “had been a regular assistant postmaster at Akron, but a short dine before had left the office. He still, however, at the re-guest of the post-master, gave occasional instructions to the assistant in the office, who had little or no knowledge of the business.” Under rhis evidence the court charged the jury that it must be shown that he the defendant was employed in the post-office before he can be found guilty. “The employee within the law,” the court goes on to say in its instructions, “is not a casual assistant who may be in the post-office and assist in making up the mail. He must he a regular assistant employed by the postmaster, and whose duty it is to perform the various fuñe-tions which appertain to the office. The prisoner, it appears, had been a regular assistant in the post office at Akron, hut some time before this occurrence he had left the office and engaged in other business. He was under no obligation to act as assistant, nor did he receive a compensation. The extent of ins engagement was, in the absence of the postmaster. tc give some instructions to the boy in the office respecting his duties, of which, being inexperienced, he was ignorant. This, we think, was tot an employment within the law. We do not say that a regular written contract would be necessary, hut we arc of opinion that the person, to come within the law, must be a regular assistant.” Judge McLean is here speaking with reference to the Akron post-office, a full knowledge of which he must have derived from the evidence in the case. The term “regular assistant.” when applied to the Akron post-office, may have presented no difficulty. It is otherwise when viewed with reference to suclt an office as that at Quincy. It is easy to determine in a case where the duties of the office require and engage the whole time of an employee, what is a “regular assistant.” But it is only during a few hours of the twenty-four of each day that an assistant or employee is needed in most of the country post-offices. A “regular assistant” with reference to such an office may well be said to be a person who has taken the oath of office and who assists in receiving, opening, and distributing the mail from time to time, as Brent did. He was sworn in as a deputy postmaster of Quincy, on the 28th day of November. 18(59. and bandied the mail whenever he was about the post office and felt inclined to do so. Such a person the law, in the view of the court, treats as an employee. To give any other construction to the law would subject every post office in the country to the dangers of having persons take the oath as deputy postmasters and at intervals absent themselves, yet keep a sufficient run of the mails as to enable them to commit depredations. and, wheu caught, plead that they were not regular employees, in order to escape the severer penalties of the law. While I cheerfully recognize the high authority cited, the difference in the facts sufficiently accounts for the conclusion arrived at by this court. Having carefully considered the matter relied on in the motion for a new trial, and finding the same insufficient, the motion is overruled.