United States v. Brennan
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United States v. Brennan, (1st Cir. 1993).
Opinion
USCA1 Opinion
United States Court of Appeals
United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
For the First Circuit
____________________
No. 92-1169
UNITED STATES,
Appellee,
v.
JAMES F. BRENNAN,
Defendant, Appellant.
____________________
No. 92-1170
UNITED STATES,
Appellee,
v.
J. EDWARD MCHUGH,
Defendant, Appellant.
____________________
APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Mark L. Wolf, U.S. District Judge]
___________________
____________________
Before
Torruella, Cyr, and Stahl,
Circuit Judges.
______________
____________________
Philip X. Murray with whom Lorusso & Loud was on brief for
__________________ ________________
appellant Brennan.
Wade M. Welch for appellant McHugh.
_____________
S. Theodore Merritt, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom
___________________
A. John Pappalardo, United States Attorney, was on brief for appellee.
__________________
____________________
June 3, 1993
____________________
STAHL, Circuit Judge. On September 18, 1990, a
_____________
federal grand jury returned a multiple count indictment
against defendant-appellant J. Edward McHugh, a former senior
vice-president and loan officer of the Cambridgeport Savings
Bank ("CSB"), and defendant-appellant James F. Brennan, a
borrower of large sums of money from CSB. The indictment
charged both defendants with one count of conspiracy to
commit bank fraud and to willfully misapply bank funds;
McHugh with one count of bank fraud, six counts of willful
misapplication of bank funds, and four counts of making false
entries in bank records; and Brennan with two counts of
making false statements to a lending institution, one count
of aiding and abetting McHugh's bank fraud, and six counts of
aiding and abetting McHugh's willful misapplication of bank
funds. After a twenty-day trial, a jury returned verdicts of
guilty against both defendants on most of the counts. It
did, however, acquit McHugh on two counts of willful
misapplication and Brennan on one count of aiding and
abetting a willful misapplication of bank funds.
Following the verdict, the trial judge issued a
comprehensive, twenty-seven page memorandum and order denying
Brennan's pending motion for acquittal on all counts charged,
but granting McHugh's pending motion for acquittal insofar as
it related to the four counts for making false entries in
-2-
2
bank records.1 After a two-day sentencing hearing, Brennan
was sentenced to forty-one months in prison and McHugh was
sentenced to a year and a day in prison.
On appeal, McHugh and Brennan raise a host of
challenges to the trial proceedings. Their complaints can be
loosely divided into two categories: (1) there was
insufficient evidence to support certain of their
convictions, and (2) a number of decisions of the trial judge
regarding the parameters of the trial, the admissibility of
certain disputed evidence, and the jury instructions
constituted reversible error. Brennan also advances
miscellaneous arguments that he was victimized by
constitutionally infirm legal representation at trial and
that his sentence was unlawful. After carefully reviewing
the voluminous record in the light of appellants'
contentions, we affirm.
I.
I.
__
BACKGROUND2
BACKGROUND2
__________
Because attempting to recount the evidence in this
case would be both unnecessary and inherently Sisyphean, we
____________________
1. McHugh's motion, which sought acquittal on all counts
charged, was otherwise denied.
2. As is always the case when we consider whether there was
sufficient evidence to support a conviction, we review the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government and
resolve all credibility issues in favor of the verdict. See,
___
e.g., United States v. Guzman-Rivera, No. 92-1855, slip op.
____ ______________ _____________
at 6 (1st Cir. April 9, 1993).
-3-
3
cut to the heart of the matter. McHugh was hired by CSB on
May 24, 1987, as a senior vice-president and senior loan
officer in charge of commercial lending. At the time of
McHugh's hiring, CSB had a relatively small commercial
lending department. Among other things, McHugh was charged
with increasing the volume of commercial loans. To that end,
CSB's Board of Investment ("the Board") provided McHugh with
a personal lending authority of up to $500,000 per borrower.
Commercial loans in excess of $500,000 to any single borrower
could not, however, be made without prior Board approval.
On June 5, 1987, Brennan met with McHugh and
requested a $70,000 unsecured loan from CSB.3 In connection
with the requested loan, Brennan provided CSB with a signed
Personal Financial Statement ("PFS"). The PFS contained a
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USCA1 Opinion
United States Court of Appeals
United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
For the First Circuit
____________________
No. 92-1169
UNITED STATES,
Appellee,
v.
JAMES F. BRENNAN,
Defendant, Appellant.
____________________
No. 92-1170
UNITED STATES,
Appellee,
v.
J. EDWARD MCHUGH,
Defendant, Appellant.
____________________
APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Mark L. Wolf, U.S. District Judge]
___________________
____________________
Before
Torruella, Cyr, and Stahl,
Circuit Judges.
______________
____________________
Philip X. Murray with whom Lorusso & Loud was on brief for
__________________ ________________
appellant Brennan.
Wade M. Welch for appellant McHugh.
_____________
S. Theodore Merritt, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom
___________________
A. John Pappalardo, United States Attorney, was on brief for appellee.
__________________
____________________
June 3, 1993
____________________
STAHL, Circuit Judge. On September 18, 1990, a
_____________
federal grand jury returned a multiple count indictment
against defendant-appellant J. Edward McHugh, a former senior
vice-president and loan officer of the Cambridgeport Savings
Bank ("CSB"), and defendant-appellant James F. Brennan, a
borrower of large sums of money from CSB. The indictment
charged both defendants with one count of conspiracy to
commit bank fraud and to willfully misapply bank funds;
McHugh with one count of bank fraud, six counts of willful
misapplication of bank funds, and four counts of making false
entries in bank records; and Brennan with two counts of
making false statements to a lending institution, one count
of aiding and abetting McHugh's bank fraud, and six counts of
aiding and abetting McHugh's willful misapplication of bank
funds. After a twenty-day trial, a jury returned verdicts of
guilty against both defendants on most of the counts. It
did, however, acquit McHugh on two counts of willful
misapplication and Brennan on one count of aiding and
abetting a willful misapplication of bank funds.
Following the verdict, the trial judge issued a
comprehensive, twenty-seven page memorandum and order denying
Brennan's pending motion for acquittal on all counts charged,
but granting McHugh's pending motion for acquittal insofar as
it related to the four counts for making false entries in
-2-
2
bank records.1 After a two-day sentencing hearing, Brennan
was sentenced to forty-one months in prison and McHugh was
sentenced to a year and a day in prison.
On appeal, McHugh and Brennan raise a host of
challenges to the trial proceedings. Their complaints can be
loosely divided into two categories: (1) there was
insufficient evidence to support certain of their
convictions, and (2) a number of decisions of the trial judge
regarding the parameters of the trial, the admissibility of
certain disputed evidence, and the jury instructions
constituted reversible error. Brennan also advances
miscellaneous arguments that he was victimized by
constitutionally infirm legal representation at trial and
that his sentence was unlawful. After carefully reviewing
the voluminous record in the light of appellants'
contentions, we affirm.
I.
I.
__
BACKGROUND2
BACKGROUND2
__________
Because attempting to recount the evidence in this
case would be both unnecessary and inherently Sisyphean, we
____________________
1. McHugh's motion, which sought acquittal on all counts
charged, was otherwise denied.
2. As is always the case when we consider whether there was
sufficient evidence to support a conviction, we review the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government and
resolve all credibility issues in favor of the verdict. See,
___
e.g., United States v. Guzman-Rivera, No. 92-1855, slip op.
____ ______________ _____________
at 6 (1st Cir. April 9, 1993).
-3-
3
cut to the heart of the matter. McHugh was hired by CSB on
May 24, 1987, as a senior vice-president and senior loan
officer in charge of commercial lending. At the time of
McHugh's hiring, CSB had a relatively small commercial
lending department. Among other things, McHugh was charged
with increasing the volume of commercial loans. To that end,
CSB's Board of Investment ("the Board") provided McHugh with
a personal lending authority of up to $500,000 per borrower.
Commercial loans in excess of $500,000 to any single borrower
could not, however, be made without prior Board approval.
On June 5, 1987, Brennan met with McHugh and
requested a $70,000 unsecured loan from CSB.3 In connection
with the requested loan, Brennan provided CSB with a signed
Personal Financial Statement ("PFS"). The PFS contained a
preamble indicating that the borrower would notify the bank
of material changes in his/her financial condition. Evidence
introduced at trial revealed that Brennan made statements on
his PFS pertaining to his income, real estate holdings, notes
payable to others, and contingent liabilities that were false
both at the time they were submitted and throughout Brennan's
relationship with CSB. McHugh approved the loan and, in
accordance with the agreed upon procedures, presented it to
the Board. The Board subsequently signed off on it. On the
____________________
3. McHugh and Brennan had a prior business relationship when
McHugh was a senior lender at First Mutual Bank.
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4
term sheet which was required for each loan made, McHugh
noted that the purpose of the $70,000 loan was "[t]o assist
in the purchase of stock in Harbor Group, Inc."4 Evidence
suggested, however, that Brennan used the loan to cover
overdrafts he had written at the Yankee Bank.
So began a relationship that, throughout the
remainder of 1987, led to the extension of nine additional
loans by McHugh to Brennan, persons closely affiliated with
Brennan, or Brennan-controlled entities. The dates, amounts,
and persons/entities who received these subsequent loans we
summarize as follows:
1. A July 17, 1987, loan to Brennan for
approximately $250,000;
2. A July 20, 1987, loan to Brennan for
approximately $100,000;
3. An August 3, 1987, loan to Brennan for
approximately $500,000;
4. An August 11, 1987, loan to JoAnn Brennan, the
defendant's wife, for approximately $332,000;
5. A September 1, 1987, loan to Charles White, a
friend of Brennan, for approximately $400,000;5
6. A September 2, 1987, loan to Joseph Hoffman, a
business associate of Brennan, for approximately
$500,000;6
7. A September 22, 1987, loan to the Harbor Group
for approximately $500,000;
____________________
4. The Harbor Group was a Brennan-controlled company
organized primarily to acquire and sell other companies.
5. Although White was the nominal borrower of the $400,000,
the evidence reveals that the money was wired by CSB directly
to an account maintained by Brennan at the Shore Bank.
6. Again, although Hoffman was the nominal borrower of the
$500,000, the evidence shows that the money was wired
directly by CSB to Brennan's account at the Shore Bank.
-5-
5
8. An October 30, 1987, loan to the Harbor Group
for approximately $550,000; and
9. A December 31, 1987, loan to Brennan for
approximately $225,000.
Evidence at trial revealed that Brennan used the
proceeds of many of these loans to pay off debts, both to CSB
and elsewhere, rather than for the purposes recorded on the
relevant term sheets. The evidence also indicated or tended
to indicate (1) that many of Brennan's repayment checks
bounced but were redeposited at McHugh's direction; (2) that
McHugh did not bring these loans and their interconnected
nature to the attention of either the Board or James Keegan,
CSB's president; (3) that McHugh took affirmative steps to
conceal from others at the bank Brennan's problems repaying
the loans; (4) that McHugh exceeded his loan authority in
making some of these loans; (5) that McHugh made and
structured some of these loans in order to circumvent his
lending authority, and so that he would not have to bring
them to the Board's attention; (6) that no loan file or term
sheet was created for the JoAnn Brennan loan; (7) that the
loans to JoAnn Brennan and Charles White were made with
little or no inquiry into or knowledge of the named debtors'
actual abilities to repay the loans; (8) that McHugh
knowingly caused false purposes for the White and Hoffman
loans to be recorded on their respective term sheets; (9)
that McHugh was aware that JoAnn Brennan, White, and Hoffman
expected James Brennan to repay the loans taken out in their
-6-
6
names; (10) that the $550,000 loan to the Harbor Group, which
was guaranteed by Brennan, was made to disguise the fact that
certain loans to Brennan and Brennan-controlled interests
were delinquent; (11) that, with regard to the White loan,
McHugh directed that Brennan funds be used to make an overdue
interest payment; and (12) that, with regard to the White
loan, Brennan furnished CSB with a PFS, purportedly on
White's behalf, which was riddled with false statements.
During the first week in March of 1988, Keegan
became aware that many of the aforementioned loans were both
interconnected and delinquent, ordered internal and external
audits, and instructed McHugh to send letters to the named
borrowers demanding payment. McHugh was terminated on March
11, 1988. The financial loss to CSB exceeded $2,200,000.
II.
II.
___
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
__________
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
_______________________________
McHugh argues that there was insufficient evidence
to support any of his convictions. Brennan contends that
there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions on
the counts charging conspiracy and making false statements to
a lending institution.7 As we have noted, after the
____________________
7. In his reply brief, Brennan also expresses a desire to
join in McHugh's arguments "relative to misapplication and
multiplicity." However, it is well settled that "a legal
argument made for the first time in an appellant's reply
brief comes too late and need not be addressed." Rivera-
_______
-7-
7
conclusion of the trial, the district court issued a
comprehensive, twenty-seven page memorandum and order which,
among other things, responded to these very arguments. The
memorandum and order surveyed authority pertinent to each of
the defendants' arguments, reviewed the evidence in the
manner mandated by the appropriate legal standard,8 and
clearly articulated both its conclusions and its reasons
therefor. We have carefully reviewed the record and, having
employed a standard of review which mirrors that applied by
the district court to defendants' motions for acquittal, see,
___
e.g., United States v. St. Michael's Credit Union, 880 F.2d
____ _____________ __________________________
579, 584 (1st Cir. 1989) ("[T]he standard of review for a
judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the verdict is
identical to the test employed to measure the sufficiency of
evidence supporting a guilty verdict.") (brackets in
original) (quoting McNatt, 813 F.2d at 502), find ourselves
______
in complete agreement with the conclusions reached by the
____________________
Muriente v. Agosto-Alicea, 959 F.2d 349, 354 (1st Cir. 1992).
________ _____________
Accordingly, Brennan has waived the aforementioned arguments
on appeal.
8. Quoting United States v. McNatt, 813 F.2d 499, 502 (1st
_____________ ______
Cir. 1987), the district court correctly noted the standard
under which the defendants' motions were properly evaluated:
"The test is whether, considering the evidence as a whole,
taken in the light most favorable to the government, together
with all legitimate inferences that can be drawn from such
evidence, a rational trier of fact could have found guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Brennan, Cr.
_____________ _______
No. 90-10235-WF, slip op. at 3 (D. Mass. Oct. 3, 1991,
corrected Oct. 29, 1991).
-8-
8
district court. We therefore reject defendants' sufficiency
challenges substantially on the basis of the district court's
opinion. We pause to address only one issue.
In arguing that there was insufficient evidence to
support his convictions for willful misapplication of bank
funds9 arising out of the October 30, 1987, $550,000 loan to
the Harbor Group and the loans extended to White, Hoffman,
and JoAnn Brennan, McHugh contends that our previous opinion
in Gens, see supra note 9, mandates a ruling in his favor.
____ ___ _____
After careful consideration, we do not agree.
In Gens, several bank officers were convicted of
____
willful misapplication under 18 U.S.C. 65610 for making
____________________
9. As one commentator has noted, "[W]illful misapplication
is a term that carries no technical or precisely limited
meaning." John K. Villa, Banking Crimes, 3.02[3][c][ii]
______________
(1992); see also United States v. Gens, 493 F.2d 216, 221
___ ____ _____________ ____
(1st Cir. 1974). It is established in this circuit, however,
that "the sine qua non of charges of willful misapplication
____ ___ ___
of bank funds is action taken with the knowledge of harm to,
intent to harm, or reckless disregard for, the financial
health of the bank." United States v. Fusaro, 708 F.2d 17,
_____________ ______
21 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1007 (1983); see also
_____ ______ ___ ____
United States v. Cyr, 712 F.2d 729, 732 (1st Cir. 1983) ("[A]
_____________ ___
reckless disregard by a bank official of his bank's interest
is sufficient to establish the requisite intent to defraud.")
(quoting United States v. Larson, 581 F.2d 664, 667 (7th Cir.
_____________ ______
1980)). The probability that the debtor will repay the
misapplied funds is not legally significant. Cyr, 712 F.2d
___
at 732. This authority formed the foundation for the
district court's jury instructions on the willful
misapplication counts.
10. In relevant part, 18 U.S.C. 656 provides:
Whoever, being an officer, director, agent or
employee of, or connected in any capacity with any
. . . insured bank, . . . willfully misapplies any
-9-
9
loans to certain individuals while aware that the proceeds
would be turned over to a borrower who, because he had
reached the bank's lending limit, could not be loaned any
more money. In surveying the indictment and charge to the
jury in that case, we first determined that the jury had been
instructed to find defendants guilty "if it . . . found that
[defendants] granted the loans to the named debtors knowing
that the proceeds would be turned over to [the off-limits
borrower]." Id. at 221. We then reversed the convictions,
___
noting that "such a finding by itself is not sufficient to
__ ______
constitute willful misapplication under 656." Id.
___
(Emphasis supplied). In so doing, we made clear that "where
the named debtor is both financially capable and fully
understands that it is his responsibility to repay, a loan to
him cannot -- absent other circumstances -- properly be
______ _____ _____________
characterized as sham or dummy [and therefore illegal], even
if bank officials know he will turn over the proceeds to a
third party." Id. at 222. (Emphasis supplied).11
___
____________________
of the moneys, funds or credits of such bank . . .
shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or
imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both[.]
11. On the one count where it was unclear whether the named
debtor understood his repayment obligation on the loan at
issue, we reversed the conviction but remanded for a new
trial. Id. at 223-24. On all the other counts, because the
___
evidence revealed that the loans at issue were to named
debtors who clearly were financially capable and understood
that it was their obligation to repay, we simply reversed the
defendants' convictions. Id. at 223.
___
-10-
10
Although we did not specifically say so, clearly underpinning
our holding was the belief that, without more, a rational
factfinder cannot infer an intent to defraud the bank on the
part of a bank official who simply makes a loan to a
financially capable party who understands his/her repayment
obligation. See generally id. at 222-23.
___ _________ ___
The facts here are considerably different from those in
Gens. As we have stated, there was evidence from which a
____
rational jury could have concluded that JoAnn Brennan, White,
and Hoffman did not themselves expect to repay CSB.
Moreover, there was evidence suggesting that, with regard to
the JoAnn Brennan and White loans, McHugh made little or no
effort to determine the actual financial capabilities of the
named debtors.12 Thus, with regard to the JoAnn Brennan,
White, and Hoffman loans, the jury could have concluded that
this was not a situation where, at the time the loans were
extended, McHugh knew that the named debtors were both
financially capable and fully understood their obligations to
___
repay the loans. See id. at 222.
___ ___
More importantly, this also is a case where there
were "other circumstances," see id., which serve to render
___ ___
the reasoning of Gens inapposite. There was evidence from
____
____________________
12. Indeed, there was evidence which tended to indicate that
White, JoAnn Brennan, and the Harbor Group were not
___
financially capable of repaying the loans on which they were
the named debtors.
-11-
11
which the jury could have inferred, among other things, (1)
that McHugh knowingly caused false purposes for the loans to
Charles White and Joseph Hoffman to be recorded on their
respective term sheets; (2) that McHugh failed to follow
customary bookkeeping procedures in extending the loan to
JoAnn Brennan; (3) that McHugh exceeded his loan authority in
making the loan to the Harbor Group; and (4) that the loan to
the Harbor Group was made for the purpose of disguising the
fact that certain loans to Brennan and Brennan-controlled
interests were delinquent. Moreover, there was evidence from
which a jury could have found that McHugh structured these
loans so that he would not have to present them to the Board
for prior approval.13 In our view, these are precisely the
types of circumstances that could have led the jury to
conclude that McHugh, in extending these loans, exhibited "a
reckless disregard" of CSB's interests. See Cyr, 712 F.2d at
___ ___
732; Fusaro, 708 F.2d at 21. Accordingly, we decline to
______
upset McHugh's convictions on the misapplication counts.14
____________________
13. Certainly, it is reasonable to infer from this that
McHugh thought the Board might not approve of these loans.
14. Relying on a passage in Gens where we took note of a
____
category of cases in which the defendant officials had
"assured the named debtor, regardless of his financial
capabilities, that they would look for repayment only to the
third party who actually received the loan proceeds[,]" see
___
Gens, 493 F.2d at 222, McHugh also argues that because he
____
neither made this type of assurance nor adopted any such
assurance made by Brennan to a nominal debtor, his
convictions cannot stand. The short answer to McHugh's
argument is that, in making this statement in Gens, we were
____
-12-
12
B. Pretrial and Trial Issues
B. Pretrial and Trial Issues
_____________________________
As we have stated, McHugh and Brennan raise a
number of challenges to decisions the district court made
regarding the parameters of the trial, the admissibility of
certain evidence, and the jury instructions. We discuss each
argument in turn.
1. Severance
1. Severance
_____________
McHugh contends that the district court committed
reversible error in denying his motion for severance. More
particularly, McHugh asserts (1) that the number of counts in
the indictment created jury confusion; (2) that there was a
prejudicial spillover of evidence, particularly "Rule 404(b)
evidence,"15 that was admitted solely against Brennan; and
____________________
not setting forth the elements of the offense of
misapplication. Instead, we were summarizing those instances
where bank officials had been found guilty of willful
misapplication for making loans while aware that the proceeds
would be passed along to third parties. See generally id. at
___ _________ ___
221-22.
Moreover, despite McHugh's assertion to the contrary, a
careful reading of the charge reveals that the trial judge
did not instruct the jury that the existence of one of the
two aforementioned types of assurances was an element of the
crime of willful misapplication. Rather, the court merely
informed the jury that if there had been one of these two
types of assurances, "misapplication may be found." Thus,
even if, as McHugh suggests, there was no evidence tending to
indicate either that he assured the named debtors that he
would look only to Brennan for repayment or that he had
adopted such an assurance made by Brennan, the absence of
this type of evidence would not mandate a reversal of his
convictions.
15. Fed. R. Evid. 404(b) provides:
-13-
13
(3) that the defendants were asserting such inconsistent
defenses that severance was warranted. We do not agree.
A trial court will grant severance "only upon a
strong showing of prejudice." E.g., United States v. Tejeda,
____ _____________ ______
974 F.2d 210, 219 (1st Cir. 1992). A district court's denial
of a motion for relief from prejudicial joinder, see Fed. R.
___
Crim. P. 14,16 is reviewed only for an abuse of discretion,
e.g., United States v. Tracy, No. 92-1459, slip op. at 8 (1st
____ _____________ _____
Cir.), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 61 U.S.L.W. 3773 (1993),
_____ ______
and we will reverse only if the district court's decision
"`deprived defendant of a fair trial, resulting in a
miscarriage of justice.'" Tejeda, 974 F.2d at 219 (quoting
______
United States v. McLaughlin, 957 F.2d 12, 18 (1st Cir.
______________ __________
1992)).
____________________
Other crimes, wrongs, or acts. Evidence of
Other crimes, wrongs, or acts.
other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to
prove the character of a person in order to show
action in conformity therewith. It may, however,
be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of
motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
accident, provided that upon request by the
accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall
provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or
during trial if the court excuses pretrial notice
on good cause shown, of the general nature of any
such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.
16. In relevant part, Fed. R. Crim P. 14 states: "If it
appears that a defendant . . . is prejudiced by a joinder of
offenses or of defendants in an indictment . . ., the court
may order an election or separate trials of counts, grant a
severance of defendants or provide whatever other relief
justice requires. . . ."
-14-
14
Briefly stated, we can perceive no abuse of
discretion resulting in a miscarriage of justice here.
Although this was a complicated case, McHugh has provided us
with absolutely no basis for concluding that the jury was
confused. Rather, the discriminating verdict suggests to us
that the jury was fully able to follow the court's
instructions and differentiate between the counts and
defendants. See United States v. Boylan, 898 F.2d 230, 246
___ ______________ ______
(1st Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 849 (1990). Moreover, we
_____ ______
are persuaded that the district court's vigilant and
persistent use of limiting instructions throughout the trial,
when taken with its final charge instructing the jury to
consider the defendants and the counts separately, adequately
protected McHugh from the possible effects of prejudicial
spillover. See Tejeda, 974 F.2d at 219.17 Finally, to the
___ ______
____________________
17. With regard to each of the examples (i.e., the
____
promissory notes to Gloria Campobasso and the Hokal Anstalt,
the complaint filed by Judith Eissner, and the testimony of
Kenneth D'Amato regarding two conversations with Brennan
wherein Brennan stated that McHugh would someday wake up and
find a new car in his driveway) McHugh cites where the
district court did not deliver a limiting instruction despite
McHugh's request for one, we note that the district court
explicitly denied McHugh's request because, in its view, the
evidence was probative on the question of whether there was a
conspiracy between McHugh and Brennan. On appeal, McHugh
does not challenge the correctness of this ruling.
Accordingly, this evidence, far from being prejudicial
because of its potential for "spilling over," must be
construed as evidence properly admitted against McHugh on the
conspiracy count.
With regard to the evidence admitted only against
Brennan but referred to by the Government in its closing
argument against McHugh, we simply note that McHugh did not
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15
extent that McHugh raised any defenses that were inconsistent
with the ones presented by Brennan, McHugh has not
articulated, nor can we discern, how the inconsistencies were
"so prejudicial and the defenses so irreconcilable that the
jury unjustifiably . . . infer[red] that this conflict alone
demonstrates that both are guilty." United States v. Luciano
_____________ _______
Pacheco, 794 F.2d 7, 8 (1st Cir. 1986) (quoting United States
_______ _____________
v. Bautista, 731 F.2d 97, 100 (1st Cir. 1984)). Accordingly,
________
we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion
in refusing to grant McHugh's severance motion.
2. Evidence Relating to Brennan's Dealings with Other
2. Evidence Relating to Brennan's Dealings with Other
________________________________________________________
Banks and Persons
Banks and Persons
_________________
Brennan generally argues that "the Government was
permitted to introduce excessive evidence relating to other
transactions that were not a basis for the indictment." He
goes on, however, to specify only three examples of such
"excessive" evidence: (1) the testimony of Gloria Campobasso
regarding an outstanding promissory note Brennan had given
____________________
object to the Government's line of argument at that time.
Accordingly, we review only for plain error. United States
_____________
v. Gonzales-Torres, 980 F.2d 788, 791 (1st Cir. 1992). To
_______________
establish plain error, McHugh must demonstrate that the error
complained of is so compelling that he virtually is assured
of succeeding in his appeal, and that the error affected the
fundamental fairness and basic integrity of the proceedings
in the lower court. See id.; see also Boylan, 898 F.2d at
___ ___ ___ ____ ______
249 ("The [plain error] doctrine does not allow litigants to
be relieved from the `ordinary backfires . . . which may mar
a trial record.'") (quoting United States v. Griffin, 818
______________ _______
F.2d 97, 100 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 844 (1987)).
_____ ______
We find that the incident at issue, if erroneous, falls far
short of the plain error threshold.
-16-
16
her, (2) the testimony of Donald Moscone regarding an
outstanding promissory note Brennan had given him, and (3)
the testimony of K. Dun Gifford regarding a certain loan he
had taken out at the First American Bank on Brennan's behalf.
At trial, Brennan neither objected to the introduction of any
of this evidence nor did he request a limiting instruction.
Thus, the admission of this evidence can serve as a basis for
reversal only if plainly erroneous. Gonzales-Torres, 980
_______________
F.2d at 791. After carefully reviewing the entire record, we
discern no plain error in the district court's admission of
this evidence. Accordingly, we reject Brennan's argument for
reversal on this ground.18
3. Gifford's Testimony Characterizing Brennan's Actions
3. Gifford's Testimony Characterizing Brennan's Actions
________________________________________________________
Towards Him as "Illegal, Unlawful and Fraudulent"
Towards Him as "Illegal, Unlawful and Fraudulent"
_________________________________________________
Brennan's next argument, that K. Dun Gifford's
testimony that Brennan's dealings with him were "illegal,
unlawful and fraudulent" prejudiced him, suffers a similar
____________________
18. Without elaborating, McHugh also states that the
admission of the above-referenced evidence without limiting
instructions "was highly prejudicial" to him. However, he
neither identifies a specific instance where he was denied a
limiting instruction nor attempts to explain why the
admission of this evidence was highly prejudicial.
Accordingly, we view McHugh's "argument," to the extent that
it can be so characterized, as waived. See, e.g., Cohen v.
___ ____ _____
Brown Univ., No. 92-2483, slip op. at 30 (1st Cir. April 16,
___________
1993) ("Litigants cannot preserve an issue for appeal by
raising a pennant and then moving on to another subject.");
Ryan v. Royal Ins. Co. of America, 916 F.2d 731, 734 (1st
____ __________________________
Cir. 1990) ("[I]ssues adverted to on appeal in a perfunctory
manner, unaccompanied by some developed argumentation, are
deemed to have been abandoned.").
-17-
17
fate. Even if we construe the admission of this statement as
erroneous, Brennan's failure to object to it at trial limits
our review to the now-familiar plain error rubric. Id. Once
___
again, our review persuades us that the district court's
admission of this evidence did not rise to the level of plain
error. Accordingly, we decline to reverse on this ground.
4. Prosecutorial Misconduct
4. Prosecutorial Misconduct
____________________________
Brennan makes two separate arguments that
prosecutorial misconduct requires a reversal of his
conviction. He first claims that he is entitled to a new
trial because the prosecutor asked him on cross-examination,
without a good faith basis for the question, whether he was
terminated from prior employment as a stockbroker at Tucker,
Anthony, and Day. The record reveals, however, that George
Downey and Brian O'Rourke, who were interviewed by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation prior to trial, stated to the
interviewing agents that Brennan had been terminated from his
employment at Tucker, Anthony, and Day for unauthorized
trading. Brennan has not presented us with any evidence
suggesting that the Government knew, or should have known,
that these statements were false. Accordingly, there is no
reason for us to conclude that the question posed to Brennan
on cross-examination was not asked in good faith.19
____________________
19. Brennan also argues, in a paragraph that can most
charitably be described as cryptic, that one of the
Government prosecutors made false representations to the
-18-
18
Second, Brennan contends that the Government acted
improperly in putting into issue, both in its cross-
examination of Brennan and in its rebuttal argument, the fact
that Brennan did not introduce into evidence any records
corroborating certain aspects of his testimony. In Brennan's
view, such actions apparently were tantamount to making a
comment on Brennan's failure to testify and thereby shifted
the burden of proof from the Government to Brennan. Again,
we do not agree.
Without question, clearly it is impermissible for a
prosecutor to comment, either directly or by implication, on
a defendant's failure to take the stand during a trial.
Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 615 (1965). However,
_______ __________
when a defendant does take the stand, a prosecutor may attack
____________________
district court at the sidebar conference during which the
court addressed whether the Government could inquire into the
circumstances surrounding Brennan's departure from Tucker,
Anthony, and Day. In so doing, however, Brennan relies upon
an affidavit which is not part of the record before us, has
not been made part of any appendix (as no appendix was
submitted by appellants), and was not included in his inutile
addendum. Accordingly, we do not address this argument. See
___
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Dep't. of Pub. Welfare v.
__________________________________________________________
Secretary of Agric., 984 F.2d 514, 522-23 n.7 (1st Cir. 1993)
___________________
(appellant who shirks his/her duty "to provide this court
with an appendix sufficient to support his[/her] points on
appeal" must bear the onus of any insufficiencies in the
appellate record) (quoting United States v. One Motor Yacht
_____________ _______________
Named Mercury, 527 F.2d 1112, 1113 (1st Cir. 1975)).
______________
Furthermore, we admonish Brennan's appellate counsel for his
lack of professionalism in characterizing the Government's
prosecutor's statements as "false," "fictitious," and
"unconscionable" without providing us with even a scintilla
of evidence to support his allegations.
-19-
19
as weak the evidentiary foundation upon which a defendant's
testimony rests. See United States v. Garcia, 818 F.2d 136,
___ _____________ ______
143-44 (1st Cir. 1987); United States v. Savarese, 649 F.2d
_____________ ________
83, 87 (1st Cir. 1981). Moreover, we previously have held
that a prosecutor's comments regarding a defendant's failure
to produce documents corroborating a defense theory are
proper if they are limited to assailing the strength or
plausibility of the proffered theory. See United States v.
___ _____________
Glantz, 810 F.2d 316, 321-22 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 482
______ _____ ______
U.S. 929 (1987).
Having reviewed the questions and comments at issue
here,20 we are persuaded that they were made solely for the
purpose of calling into question the strength and
plausibility of certain of Brennan's testimony. Moreover, we
____________________
20. On direct, Brennan testified about a number of
transactions and facts that normally would have been
memorialized in writing during the ordinary course of
business dealings. On cross-examination, after ascertaining
that Brennan had reviewed the records of these transactions
and facts prior to trial, the Government asked Brennan: "And
some of those documents, I imagine, would corroborate what
you have been saying on the stand for the last two days, is
that right?" Later, in its rebuttal argument, the Government
made the following comment:
Then you have the suggestion that you should
take Mr. Brennan at his word that he had $700,000
in the bank. Well, first of all, ladies and
gentlemen, I suggest that you have no reason based
on his testimony, based on the evidence, to take
him at his word.
You may ask yourselves the question: Where is
the bank statement? Where is the thing produced?
Who corroborates his testimony?
-20-
20
are convinced that the jury could not have drawn an improper
inference from them. Accordingly, we reject Brennan's
request for a new trial insofar as it is based upon these
questions and comments.
5. Deposition Testimony of Non-Testifying Codefendant
5. Deposition Testimony of Non-Testifying Codefendant
______________________________________________________
Brennan also argues that the district court's
admission against him, pursuant to Fed. R. Evid.
801(d)(2),21 of certain deposition testimony given by the
non-testifying McHugh during the course of a civil case in
1989 entitles him to a new trial.22 In Brennan's view, the
admission of this material infringed on his Sixth Amendment
right to conduct adequate cross-examination of an adverse
witness and resulted in reversible error. We do not share
Brennan's belief that reversible error was committed.
As an initial matter, we agree with Brennan that
because the disputed deposition testimony was not given
"during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy," it
was not admissible under Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E). See
___
____________________
21. Although it did not so specify, it is apparent that the
court admitted the statement as "a statement by a
coconspirator of a party during the course and in furtherance
of the conspiracy." See Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E).
___
22. During McHugh's cross-examination of Brennan, Brennan
represented that, at the time he had requested two of the
loans applied for at CSB, he told McHugh the reasons he
needed the loans. In response, the Government, during its
cross-examination of Brennan, successfully sought to
introduce the prior testimony of McHugh that he did not know
the purposes of the loans at issue at the time Brennan
applied for them.
-21-
21
United States v. Carper, 942 F.2d 1298, 1301 (8th Cir.)
______________ ______
(statement made to officer after arrest of coconspirator not
admissible under Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E) because it was
not made in furtherance of conspiracy), cert. denied, ___
_____ ______
U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 614 (1991). However, even if we
construe the admission of the statement as erroneous, our
review of the entire record persuades us that the error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.23 See Chapman v.
___ _______
California, 386 U.S. 18, 22-24 (1967); Manocchio v. Moran,
__________ _________ _____
919 F.2d 770, 783-84 (1st Cir. 1990) (subjecting material
which creates Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause problems
to harmless error analysis), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 111
_____ ______
S. Ct. 1695 (1991); see also Carper, 942 F.2d at 1301-02
___ ____ ______
(admission of statement to officer under Fed. R. Evid.
801(d)(2)(E) held to be harmless error).
Simply put, we do not believe, as Brennan contends,
that McHugh's testimony tended to prove that "Brennan was
fabricating the purposes of the loans." McHugh's deposition
testimony was that McHugh did not know why Brennan was
seeking the loans; it was not that Brennan provided him with
___
false purposes for the loans. Thus, the testimony had
little, if any, probative value. This fact, when coupled
____________________
23. On appeal, the Government makes a somewhat strained
argument that the material was admissible under Fed. R. Evid.
806. Because we find that the admission of this material, if
erroneous, was harmless error, we need not reach the merits
of the Government's position.
-22-
22
with the abundance of evidence, completely independent of the
material here at issue, to support each of Brennan's
convictions, convinces us beyond a reasonable doubt that the
jury "would have reached the same verdict without having
received the tainted evidence." Clark v. Moran, 942 F.2d 24,
_____ _____
27 (1st Cir. 1991) (quoting Milton v. Wainwright, 407 U.S.
______ __________
371, 377 (1972)); see also United States v. Hudson, 970 F.2d
___ ____ _____________ ______
948, 953-54 (1st Cir. 1992) (overwhelming independent
evidence of guilt renders erroneous failure to admit certain
exculpatory evidence harmless error). Accordingly, we
decline Brennan's request for a new trial insofar as it is
premised on the allegedly erroneous admission of the McHugh
deposition testimony.
6. Jury Instructions
6. Jury Instructions
_____________________
McHugh contends that, in three respects, the
district court committed reversible error in its jury
instructions. After carefully reviewing the record in light
of McHugh's arguments, we do not agree.
a. Ratification of Board as a Defense
a. Ratification of Board as a Defense
______________________________________
McHugh argues that the court erred in refusing to
instruct the jury that ratification by the Board constitutes
a complete defense to willful misapplication. In so doing,
McHugh refers us to several cases which, without analysis,
simply state that valid consent or ratification by the Board
-23-
23
of Directors is a defense to a charge of misapplication.
See, e.g., United States v. Gregory, 730 F.2d 692, 701 (11th
___ ____ _____________ _______
Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1208 (1985); United States
_____ ______ _____________
v. Beran, 546 F.2d 1316, 1321 (8th Cir. 1976), cert. denied,
_____ _____ ______
430 U.S. 916 (1977).
In contrast, courts which recently have had
occasion to address the issue specifically have concluded
that, absent special circumstances, "knowledge, ratification
and consent [of the Board] are not per se defenses to the
___ __
charge [of willful misapplication]." United States v.
______________
Cauble, 706 F.2d 1322, 1353 (5th Cir. 1983) cert. denied, 465
______ _____ ______
U.S. 1005 (1984); see generally Villa, Banking Crimes,
___ _________ ______________
3.02[5][c]; accord United States v. Bailey, 859 F.2d 1265,
______ _____________ ______
1279 (7th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1010 (1989);
_____ ______
United States v. Castro, 837 F.2d 441, 442 (11th Cir.
______________ ______
1988).24 Instead, they have determined that knowledge,
ratification, and consent "are evidentiary matters that may
be considered as part of the defense that there was either
not willful misapplication or not intent to injure the bank."
Cauble, 706 F.2d at 1353; see also United States v. Castro,
______ ___ ____ _____________ ______
____________________
24. Of course, there may be peculiar circumstances where a
finding of ratification by the Board would, per se, compel
___ __
the defendant's acquittal. If, for example, the charge of
willful misapplication were premised entirely upon a bank
officer's non-disclosure of a loan to the Board, clearly a
jury could not convict that officer of misapplication if it
found that s/he had presented the loan to the Board and the
Board had ratified it.
-24-
24
887 F.2d 988, 995 (9th Cir. 1989). We are in full agreement
with the rule established by these courts.
In our view, the correctness of this recent line of
authority is best demonstrated by a brief explication of the
practical effects of its negation. If we were to adopt the
absolute rule proposed by McHugh and hold that ratification
by a Board of Directors per se exonerates a bank officer from
___ __
charges of willful misapplication, then we would, for
example, put beyond the reach of 656 a bank officer who, in
collusion with a rogue Board, provides bank funds to an
otherwise unqualified personal friend. We simply cannot
discern any rational justification for reaching such a
result.
In the instant matter, the district court declined
to instruct the jury that, as a matter of law, it could not
convict McHugh of misapplication if it found that the Board
had ratified the loans at issue. Instead, the court allowed
McHugh to introduce evidence of ratification and to argue
that this evidence suggested that McHugh had no intent to
injure or defraud CSB. We believe that, in this case, the
court's actions were entirely appropriate. Accordingly, we
reject McHugh's claim of reversible error.
b. Reference to False Entries in Overt Act Instructions
b. Reference to False Entries in Overt Act Instructions
________________________________________________________
McHugh next contends that because the district
court entered a judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the
-25-
25
verdict for McHugh on the false entry counts, it was
reversible error for it to have allowed the jury to consider
the incident underlying one of the false entries counts as an
overt act in its conspiracy instruction. The error, in
McHugh's view, arises from the fact that "the jury may have
found [McHugh] guilty of conspiracy solely on the basis of an
alleged act which was not criminal." However, it is well
established that an overt act need not be a crime. Yates v.
_____
United States, 354 U.S. 298, 334 (1957), overruled on other
_____________ _________ __ _____
grounds, Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1 (1978); see also
_______ _____ _____________ ___ ____
United States v. Medina, 761 F.2d 12, 15 (1st Cir. 1985).
_____________ ______
Accordingly, McHugh's argument, limited as it is to the
statement quoted above, fails as a matter of well-
established law.
c. Loan Authority Instruction
c. Loan Authority Instruction
______________________________
McHugh also takes issue with the district court's
having instructed the jury: "In addition, with regard to
these charges, you may also consider the evidence concerning
Mr. McHugh's loan authority and question whether he acted
with intent to injure [the CSB] in his dealings with Mr.
Brennan." It is McHugh's opinion that this instruction
improperly "focused the attention of the jury on resolution
of one evidentiary issue as especially significant in their
[sic] deliberations [concerning] whether [McHugh] acted with
intent to injure and defraud." Our review of the record,
-26-
26
however, persuades us that this instruction, far from being
faulty, was an altogether proper exercise by the district
judge of his authority to "assist the jury in arriving at a
just conclusion by explaining and commenting upon the
evidence, [and] by drawing their [sic] attention to the parts
of it which he thinks important[.]" Querica v. United
_______ ______
States, 289 U.S. 466, 469 (1933). Accordingly, we reject
______
McHugh's characterization of this instruction as erroneous.
C. Miscellany
C. Miscellany
______________
Brennan raises three final arguments. First, he
asserts that his representation at trial and at sentencing
was constitutionally deficient. Next, he contends that the
district court abused its discretion in sentencing him to the
high end of the relevant guideline range. Finally, he
maintains that the court abused its discretion in adjusting
his sentence upward for obstruction of justice. None of
Brennan's arguments requires extended discussion.
1. Ineffective Assistance
1. Ineffective Assistance
__________________________
Brennan claims that his representation at trial and
at sentencing was ineffective and violated his Sixth
Amendment rights. In so doing, Brennan points primarily to
the failure of trial counsel to introduce certain documents
into evidence and the failure of sentencing counsel to spend
sufficient time preparing for the sentencing hearing.
However, the appellate record does not indicate that either
-27-
27
of these claims was properly raised before and/or addressed
by the district court. Moreover, our review of the record
persuades us that the record is not sufficiently developed
for us to address the merits of Brennan's Sixth Amendment
claim at this time. Accordingly, we do not reach it. See,
___
e.g., United States v. Gray, 958 F.2d 9, 15 (1st Cir. 1992)
____ _____________ ____
("Time and again we have held that a claim of inadequate
representation will not be resolved on direct appeal when the
claim has not been raised in the district court, unless the
critical facts are not in dispute and a sufficiently
developed record exists."); see also United States v. Hoyos-
___ ____ _____________ ______
Medina, 878 F.2d 21, 22 (1st Cir. 1989) ("Fairness to the
______
parties and judicial economy both warrant that, absent
extraordinary circumstances, an appellate court will not
consider an ineffective assistance claim where no endeavor
was first made to determine the claim at the district court
level.").25
2. Sentence at High End of Guidelines Range
2. Sentence at High End of Guidelines Range
____________________________________________
Brennan also contends that the district court
abused its discretion in sentencing him to the high end of
the relevant guideline range while departing downward in
sentencing McHugh. The thrust of Brennan's argument is that
the disparity between the sentences of McHugh and himself is
____________________
25. Brennan may, of course, press his ineffective assistance
claim in the district court by way of a collateral proceeding
under 28 U.S.C. 2255.
-28-
28
unfair. Established caselaw, however, makes clear that we
have no jurisdiction to review a sentence that is within the
applicable guideline range. E.g., United States v. Aubin,
____ _____________ _____
961 F.2d 980, 984 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 248
_____ ______
(1992). Accordingly, we do not reach the merits of Brennan's
argument.26
3. Enhancement for Obstruction of Justice
3. Enhancement for Obstruction of Justice
__________________________________________
Finally, Brennan asserts that the district court
abused its discretion by enhancing his sentence two levels
for obstruction of justice for perceived perjurious
testimony. See U.S.S.G. 3C1.1 ("If the defendant willfully
___
obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede,
the administration of justice during the investigation,
prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense, increase
the offense level by 2 levels.") (1991 version). A district
2
court's application of this guideline provision is reviewable
only for clear error. E.g., United States v. Batista-
____ ______________ ________
Polanco, 927 F.2d 14, 22 (1st Cir. 1991). Our review
_______
convinces us that the district court's application of
U.S.S.G. 3C1.1, far from being clearly erroneous, is amply
____________________
26. In his reply brief, Brennan also challenges the district
court's calculation of loss. As noted above, see supra note
___ _____
7, arguments made for the first time in an appellant's reply
brief are deemed waived. See Rivera-Muriente, 959 F.2d at
___ _______________
354. Thus, we do not address Brennan's loss calculation
challenge.
-29-
29
supported by the record.27 Accordingly, we reject
Brennan's claim that the enhancement at issue was an abuse of
discretion.
III.
III.
____
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
__________
Having rejected each of the arguments made on
appeal by Brennan and McHugh, we affirm their convictions and
sentences.
Affirmed.
Affirmed.
_________
____________________
27. The district court explicitly found each of the
following to be examples of Brennan's perjurious testimony:
(1) Brennan's claim that he did not submit a PFS for purposes
of influencing CSB's decision to provide him with the June 5,
1987, $70,000 loan; (2) Brennan's assertion that he expected
all of his bounced checks to be honored because he expected
there to be sufficient funds in the appropriate accounts at
the time the checks were presented for payment; and (3)
Brennan's statement that he did not acknowledge having any
notes payable to others on his PFS because of sufficient
"offsetting assets." There was overwhelming evidence to
support each of these findings.
-30-
30
Related
Quercia v. United States
289 U.S. 466 (Supreme Court, 1933)
Yates v. United States
354 U.S. 298 (Supreme Court, 1957)
Chapman v. California
386 U.S. 18 (Supreme Court, 1967)
Burks v. United States
437 U.S. 1 (Supreme Court, 1978)
United States v. Richard H. Gens, United States of America v. Anthony W. Carleton, United States of America v. Richard T. Porter
493 F.2d 216 (First Circuit, 1974)
United States v. One Motor Yacht Named Mercury, Serial Number 237590
527 F.2d 1112 (First Circuit, 1975)
United States v. Ray J. Beran and Andrew Kaminski, A/K/A Andrew M. Kaminski
546 F.2d 1316 (Eighth Circuit, 1977)
United States v. Theodore C. Larson
581 F.2d 664 (Seventh Circuit, 1978)
United States v. Rex C. Cauble, Individually and Doing Business as Cauble Enterprises
706 F.2d 1322 (Fifth Circuit, 1983)
United States v. Nunziato Fusaro, United States v. Richard R. Saccone, United States v. Richard E. Robidoux
708 F.2d 17 (First Circuit, 1983)
United States v. Marie v. Cyr
712 F.2d 729 (First Circuit, 1983)
United States v. E.A. Gregory, Vonna Jo Gregory, G.W. Atkinson and Robert T. Spurlock, Jr.
730 F.2d 692 (Eleventh Circuit, 1984)
United States v. Juan A. Bautista
731 F.2d 97 (First Circuit, 1984)
United States v. Alejo Maldonado Medina
761 F.2d 12 (First Circuit, 1985)
United States v. Jose Angel Luciano Pacheco, United States of America v. Anthony John Augustine
794 F.2d 7 (First Circuit, 1986)
United States v. Ronald H. Glantz and Anthony J. Bucci
810 F.2d 316 (First Circuit, 1987)
United States v. Jack McNatt
813 F.2d 499 (First Circuit, 1987)
United States v. Ramon Castro Garcia, United States of America v. Ramon Castro Dominicci
818 F.2d 136 (First Circuit, 1987)
United States v. Jose Luis Castro, Alberto Duque, Gaston Pereira, Jaime Bayon, Defendants
837 F.2d 441 (Eleventh Circuit, 1988)
United States v. Robert L. Bailey, Kevin Kehoe, Robert M. Lang, and Harold J. Ticktin
859 F.2d 1265 (Seventh Circuit, 1988)
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