UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 16-4840
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
BRANDON GALE COMBS,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at Rock Hill. Mary G. Lewis, District Judge. (0:15-cr-00881-MGL-1)
Submitted: March 30, 2018 Decided: April 10, 2018
Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and DIAZ and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Kimberly H. Albro, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant. Beth Drake, United States Attorney, William K. Witherspoon, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Brandon Gale Combs appeals from his conviction and 51-month sentence imposed
pursuant to his guilty plea to possession of a firearm by a prohibited person. On appeal,
Combs asserts that his motion to suppress was improperly denied and that his sentence
was erroneously enhanced under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A)
(2015). We affirm.
Combs first contends that the search warrant affidavit, prepared by Lieutenant
Tanner Davis, was insufficient to establish probable cause. In the affidavit, Davis
averred that, on May 20, 2015, he received a call from Kristen Shea, the mother of
Combs’ daughter, who claimed that Combs had assaulted her the previous evening.
Davis averred that he had “received intelligence the previous week” regarding Combs
purchasing a handgun. After the officer asked Shea about the handgun, Shea said that
Combs still had the handgun in the house. Davis responded to the scene, removed Shea
and her children from the house, and then asked Combs to step out of the house. When
Combs attempted to close the door, the officer entered the house, had Combs dress, and
sit in a chair. Combs asked the officer to get him a cigarette from his bedroom. When
Davis did that, he observed a bullet on the floor. Davis asked Combs for permission to
search the home, and Combs denied permission. Combs was arrested for domestic
violence, and, while being escorted to the car, Combs stated “just let me go get the gun
for you.” Davis denied him permission. The officer ran a check of Combs’ criminal
history and determined that he had prior convictions for violent burglary and Criminal
Domestic Violence of a High and Aggravated Nature (“CDVHAN”).
2 Combs asserts that “the intelligence” received should have been treated as if it was
from an anonymous source, with no information regarding the informant’s credibility or
veracity. Thus, according to Combs, the information regarding Combs’ purchase of a
gun should be stripped from the magistrate’s consideration. Next, Combs asserts that his
statement regarding the gun should be excluded from consideration because he was not
given Miranda warnings. Finally, Combs alleges that Davis’s entry into his house
without a warrant was illegal and, thus, anything found or said during the illegal presence
in the house should be suppressed.
According to Combs, the only remaining information in the affidavit would be
Shea’s statement. However, Combs alleged that the officer did not provide any
information about Shea’s veracity or credibility. In addition, Combs asserts that Shea
was not credible and that, because the officer omitted information regarding Shea’s
intoxicated state when she “thought” she saw the gun, the good faith exception was
inapplicable.
The Fourth Amendment, which protects individuals from “unreasonable searches,”
provides that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or
things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. To deter police misconduct, evidence
seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment generally is inadmissible at trial. United
States v. Andrews, 577 F.3d 231, 235 (4th Cir. 2009). However, “[u]nder the good faith
exception to the warrant requirement, evidence obtained from an invalidated search
warrant will be suppressed only if the officers were dishonest or reckless in preparing
3 their affidavit or could not have harbored an objectively reasonable belief in the existence
of probable cause.” United States v. Lalor, 996 F.2d 1578, 1583 (4th Cir. 1993).
Ordinarily, “a warrant issued by a magistrate . . . suffices to establish that a law
enforcement officer has acted in good faith in conducting the search.” United States v.
Perez, 393 F.3d 457, 461 (4th Cir. 2004). Case law establishes four situations in which
an officer’s reliance on a search warrant is not considered reasonable:
(1) the magistrate was misled by information in an affidavit that the officer knew was false or would have known was false except for the officer’s reckless disregard of the truth;
(2) the magistrate wholly abandoned his detached and neutral judicial role;
(3) the warrant was based on an affidavit that was so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable; and
(4) the warrant was so facially deficient, by failing to particularize the place to be searched or the things to be seized, that the executing officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid.
United States v. Hyppolite, 65 F.3d 1151, 1156 (4th Cir. 1995). Under any of these
circumstances, the good faith exception does not apply, and evidence gathered pursuant
to the deficient warrant must be excluded from trial. Andrews, 577 F.3d at 236.
The good faith analysis must be “confined to the objectively ascertainable
question whether a reasonably well trained officer would have known that the search was
illegal” in light of “all of the circumstances.” United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 922
n.23 (1984). In deciding whether the officer’s reliance on a warrant was objectively
reasonable, courts consider information in the warrant affidavit and any “uncontroverted
facts known to officers but inadvertently not disclosed to the magistrate.” United
4 States v. McKenzie-Gude, 671 F.3d 452, 459 (4th Cir. 2011). In this regard, we have
“consistently rejected the notion that reviewing courts may not look outside the four
corners of a deficient affidavit when determining . . . whether an officer’s reliance on the
. . . warrant was objectively unreasonable.” Id. Accordingly, in making its
determination, a court may consider information presented to the magistrate but not
contained in the affidavit, as well as uncontroverted facts known to the officer but
inadvertently not presented to the magistrate. Id. at 460-61.
We review “factual findings regarding [a] motion to suppress for clear error and
legal conclusions de novo.” United States v.
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 16-4840
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
BRANDON GALE COMBS,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at Rock Hill. Mary G. Lewis, District Judge. (0:15-cr-00881-MGL-1)
Submitted: March 30, 2018 Decided: April 10, 2018
Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and DIAZ and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Kimberly H. Albro, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant. Beth Drake, United States Attorney, William K. Witherspoon, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Brandon Gale Combs appeals from his conviction and 51-month sentence imposed
pursuant to his guilty plea to possession of a firearm by a prohibited person. On appeal,
Combs asserts that his motion to suppress was improperly denied and that his sentence
was erroneously enhanced under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A)
(2015). We affirm.
Combs first contends that the search warrant affidavit, prepared by Lieutenant
Tanner Davis, was insufficient to establish probable cause. In the affidavit, Davis
averred that, on May 20, 2015, he received a call from Kristen Shea, the mother of
Combs’ daughter, who claimed that Combs had assaulted her the previous evening.
Davis averred that he had “received intelligence the previous week” regarding Combs
purchasing a handgun. After the officer asked Shea about the handgun, Shea said that
Combs still had the handgun in the house. Davis responded to the scene, removed Shea
and her children from the house, and then asked Combs to step out of the house. When
Combs attempted to close the door, the officer entered the house, had Combs dress, and
sit in a chair. Combs asked the officer to get him a cigarette from his bedroom. When
Davis did that, he observed a bullet on the floor. Davis asked Combs for permission to
search the home, and Combs denied permission. Combs was arrested for domestic
violence, and, while being escorted to the car, Combs stated “just let me go get the gun
for you.” Davis denied him permission. The officer ran a check of Combs’ criminal
history and determined that he had prior convictions for violent burglary and Criminal
Domestic Violence of a High and Aggravated Nature (“CDVHAN”).
2 Combs asserts that “the intelligence” received should have been treated as if it was
from an anonymous source, with no information regarding the informant’s credibility or
veracity. Thus, according to Combs, the information regarding Combs’ purchase of a
gun should be stripped from the magistrate’s consideration. Next, Combs asserts that his
statement regarding the gun should be excluded from consideration because he was not
given Miranda warnings. Finally, Combs alleges that Davis’s entry into his house
without a warrant was illegal and, thus, anything found or said during the illegal presence
in the house should be suppressed.
According to Combs, the only remaining information in the affidavit would be
Shea’s statement. However, Combs alleged that the officer did not provide any
information about Shea’s veracity or credibility. In addition, Combs asserts that Shea
was not credible and that, because the officer omitted information regarding Shea’s
intoxicated state when she “thought” she saw the gun, the good faith exception was
inapplicable.
The Fourth Amendment, which protects individuals from “unreasonable searches,”
provides that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or
things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. To deter police misconduct, evidence
seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment generally is inadmissible at trial. United
States v. Andrews, 577 F.3d 231, 235 (4th Cir. 2009). However, “[u]nder the good faith
exception to the warrant requirement, evidence obtained from an invalidated search
warrant will be suppressed only if the officers were dishonest or reckless in preparing
3 their affidavit or could not have harbored an objectively reasonable belief in the existence
of probable cause.” United States v. Lalor, 996 F.2d 1578, 1583 (4th Cir. 1993).
Ordinarily, “a warrant issued by a magistrate . . . suffices to establish that a law
enforcement officer has acted in good faith in conducting the search.” United States v.
Perez, 393 F.3d 457, 461 (4th Cir. 2004). Case law establishes four situations in which
an officer’s reliance on a search warrant is not considered reasonable:
(1) the magistrate was misled by information in an affidavit that the officer knew was false or would have known was false except for the officer’s reckless disregard of the truth;
(2) the magistrate wholly abandoned his detached and neutral judicial role;
(3) the warrant was based on an affidavit that was so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable; and
(4) the warrant was so facially deficient, by failing to particularize the place to be searched or the things to be seized, that the executing officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid.
United States v. Hyppolite, 65 F.3d 1151, 1156 (4th Cir. 1995). Under any of these
circumstances, the good faith exception does not apply, and evidence gathered pursuant
to the deficient warrant must be excluded from trial. Andrews, 577 F.3d at 236.
The good faith analysis must be “confined to the objectively ascertainable
question whether a reasonably well trained officer would have known that the search was
illegal” in light of “all of the circumstances.” United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 922
n.23 (1984). In deciding whether the officer’s reliance on a warrant was objectively
reasonable, courts consider information in the warrant affidavit and any “uncontroverted
facts known to officers but inadvertently not disclosed to the magistrate.” United
4 States v. McKenzie-Gude, 671 F.3d 452, 459 (4th Cir. 2011). In this regard, we have
“consistently rejected the notion that reviewing courts may not look outside the four
corners of a deficient affidavit when determining . . . whether an officer’s reliance on the
. . . warrant was objectively unreasonable.” Id. Accordingly, in making its
determination, a court may consider information presented to the magistrate but not
contained in the affidavit, as well as uncontroverted facts known to the officer but
inadvertently not presented to the magistrate. Id. at 460-61.
We review “factual findings regarding [a] motion to suppress for clear error and
legal conclusions de novo.” United States v. Williams, 740 F.3d 308, 311 (4th Cir. 2014).
When the district court has denied a motion to suppress, we review the evidence in the
light most favorable to the Government. United States v. Grossman, 400 F.3d 212, 216
(4th Cir. 2005). In cases where a defendant challenges both probable cause and the
applicability of the good faith exception, we may proceed directly to the good faith
analysis without first deciding whether the warrant was supported by probable cause.
United States v. Legg, 18 F.3d 240, 243 (4th Cir. 1994).
We conclude that, contrary to Combs’ assertions, there is no evidence that Davis
intentionally or recklessly omitted material information from the affidavit. In fact,
Davis’s testimony at the suppression hearing shows that the facts not included in the
affidavit would actually have strengthened probable cause rather than defeating it. Davis
testified that he had contact with Combs previously on “several different occasions.” In
fact, in 2015, Davis retrieved a gun from Combs’ home and warned him that he could not
possess firearms. In addition, Davis had previously been involved in police
5 investigations regarding Combs and Shea, and when Shea called the police department,
she specifically asked for Davis. Shea stated that she had seen a gun the previous night
when Combs placed it under the mattress in his bedroom. When Davis removed Shea
from the house, he saw bruising on her face.
Concerning the “intelligence” regarding Combs’ possession of a firearm, Davis
testified that it came from a concerned citizen who did not want to give their name, but
that Davis knew who it was and that the person was a “[c]lose personal friend” of Combs.
Further, Combs told Davis that Shea’s bruising was caused by an individual named
“Michael” and that Combs’ roommate could confirm this. However, when Davis called
the roommate, the roommate stated that Combs’ statement was not true.
Assuming, without deciding, that the affidavit supporting the warrant was
insufficient because it included information from the improper questioning of Combs and
did not provide any information regarding the informant, we conclude that the good faith
exception applied. The informant’s statement regarding the gun was corroborated by
Shea. In addition, Shea’s story was corroborated by her physical appearance and Combs’
criminal background. Finally, even if Davis purposely omitted the facts that Shea was
intoxicated the night before and used the words “I think” with regard to the gun, we find
that these facts are not material, given that Shea provided details about the gun and her
statement was corroborated by the anonymous tip. While Davis could have, and perhaps
should have, detailed further the basis for his determination that the informant was
reliable, such a failure will not prohibit the application of the good faith exception. See
United States v. Bynum, 293 F.3d 192, 197 (4th Cir. 2002) (upholding application of the
6 good faith exception when the affiant omitted the basis for an informant’s reliability);
United States v. Edwards, 798 F.2d 686, 688-92 (4th Cir. 1986) (same). In light of all the
circumstances, we find that a reasonably well-trained law enforcement officer objectively
would have believed the search to have been lawful.
Next, Combs argues that his sentence was improperly enhanced. The presentence
report (“PSR”) calculated Combs’ base offense level under USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) as
20, as he had a prior felony conviction of a “crime of violence.” The PSR relied upon
Combs’ conviction for South Carolina CDVHAN. Combs contends that CDVHAN is not
a crime of violence because it can be committed without the use of violent physical force.
However, we find no error in the district court’s enhancement of Combs’ sentence.
Accordingly, we affirm Combs’ conviction and sentence. We dispense with oral
argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the
materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED