NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 4 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-902 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:19-cr-00051-TOR-1 v. MEMORANDUM* JACKSON DANIEL BOWERS,
Defendant – Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington Thomas O. Rice, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 20, 2024 Seattle, Washington
Before: HAWKINS, McKEOWN, and DE ALBA, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-Appellant Jackson Daniel Bowers appeals the district court order
revoking his supervised release and imposing a new sentence.1 We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1 Bowers’ claim that Article III, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution guarantees the right to a jury trial in supervised release revocation proceedings is addressed in a concurrently filed opinion. 1. Bowers claims that the district court admitted hearsay from multiple
declarants in violation of his right to confront witnesses under the Fifth
Amendment’s Due Process Clause and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1.
Specifically, at the revocation hearing, a probation officer testified to (1)
statements that Ms. Mendoza provided to a police officer after Bowers allegedly
assaulted her, (2) statements from the police officer who interviewed Ms.
Mendoza, and (3) statements from a police officer who reviewed a jail call in
which Bowers purportedly violated a restraining order. “Although the Federal
Rules of Evidence do not strictly apply to revocation proceedings,” United States
v. Hall, 419 F.3d 980, 987 (9th Cir. 2005), admission of hearsay evidence must
satisfy the Fifth Amendment right to due process. See United States v. Perez, 526
F.3d 543, 548 (9th Cir. 2008). Thus, “every releasee is guaranteed the right to
confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses at a revocation hearing, unless the
government shows good cause for not producing the witnesses.” United States v.
Comito, 177 F.3d 1166, 1170 (9th Cir. 1999); see also Fed. R. Crim. P.
32.1(b)(1)(B)(iii) (providing for an “opportunity to question adverse witnesses” at
revocation hearings). “[T]he court must weigh the releasee's interest in his
constitutionally guaranteed right to confrontation against the Government's good
cause for denying it.” Comito, 177 F.3d at 1170.
By objecting to the “nature of the proceedings” after the district court
2 23-902 admitted hearsay statements from Ms. Mendoza, Bowers preserved his claim for
appeal. See Holguin-Hernandez v. United States, 589 U.S. 169, 174 (2020) (“The
question is simply whether the claimed error was ‘brought to the court’s
attention.’” (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b))); see also Fed. R. Crim. P. 51(b).
Thus, we review it de novo, Perez, 526 F.3d at 547, and subject it to harmless error
analysis, United States v. Verduzco, 330 F.3d 1182, 1184 (9th Cir. 2003).
Here, the district court erred when it failed to perform the Comito balancing
test or make an express finding that the interests of justice did not require Ms.
Mendoza to appear at the hearing. Comito, 177 F.3d at 1170 (noting that a district
court’s failure to perform the balancing test constitutes error). But the error was
harmless because the probation officer’s testimony had substantial indicia of
reliability and Bowers’ assertion of self-defense implied that an assault occurred.
State v. Pottorff, 156 P.3d 955, 958 (Wash. Ct. App. 2007) (“A defendant asserting
self-defense is ordinarily required to admit an assault occurred.”). Further, Bowers
failed to produce evidence to support his self-defense argument.
Because Bowers did not object to the admission of hearsay statements of the
officer who interviewed Ms. Mendoza, we review his claim for plain error. “Plain
error is (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights.” United
States v. Depue, 912 F.3d 1227, 1232 (9th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (quoting United
States v. Hammons, 558 F.3d 1100, 1103 (9th Cir. 2009)). “If these conditions are
3 23-902 met, the reviewing court has the discretion to grant relief so long as the error
‘seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.’” Id. (quoting Hammons, 558 F.3d at 1103).
The district court committed error, and the error was plain, by failing to
conduct the Comito balancing test. Comito, 177 F.3d at 1170; Valdivia v.
Schwarzenegger, 599 F.3d 984, 990 (9th Cir. 2010) (“The application of a
balancing test to the admission of hearsay evidence in [supervised release]
revocation hearings is not an open question in this circuit.”). But Bowers’
substantial rights were not affected because the probation officer’s testimony had
substantial indicia of reliability. Bowers impliedly admitted to the assault by
asserting self-defense, and Bowers failed to produce any evidence to support his
defense. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993) (stating that an
error “affect[s] substantial rights” when it “affected the outcome of the district
court proceedings.”).
We also review the admission of hearsay statements from the officer who
reviewed the jail call for plain error. As with the admission of the other two
hearsay statements, the district court erred by failing to conduct a Comito
balancing test. But here too, the district court’s error did not affect Bowers’
substantial rights. Although the evidence before the district court lacked indicia of
reliability because the police officer’s statements were neither written nor sworn,
4 23-902 Bowers admitted to contacting Ms. Mendoza, claiming that the call was accidental.
Nevertheless, he failed to provide evidence to support this defense or explain how
he “accidentally” dialed Ms. Mendoza’s number from jail. Thus, Bowers cannot
show that his substantial rights were affected.
2. We review for plain error Bowers’ claim that the district court violated
the party presentation principle. Bower alleges that the district court was the
“grand jury, prosecutor, petit jury, and sentencing court” and that it left the role of
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 4 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-902 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:19-cr-00051-TOR-1 v. MEMORANDUM* JACKSON DANIEL BOWERS,
Defendant – Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington Thomas O. Rice, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 20, 2024 Seattle, Washington
Before: HAWKINS, McKEOWN, and DE ALBA, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-Appellant Jackson Daniel Bowers appeals the district court order
revoking his supervised release and imposing a new sentence.1 We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1 Bowers’ claim that Article III, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution guarantees the right to a jury trial in supervised release revocation proceedings is addressed in a concurrently filed opinion. 1. Bowers claims that the district court admitted hearsay from multiple
declarants in violation of his right to confront witnesses under the Fifth
Amendment’s Due Process Clause and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1.
Specifically, at the revocation hearing, a probation officer testified to (1)
statements that Ms. Mendoza provided to a police officer after Bowers allegedly
assaulted her, (2) statements from the police officer who interviewed Ms.
Mendoza, and (3) statements from a police officer who reviewed a jail call in
which Bowers purportedly violated a restraining order. “Although the Federal
Rules of Evidence do not strictly apply to revocation proceedings,” United States
v. Hall, 419 F.3d 980, 987 (9th Cir. 2005), admission of hearsay evidence must
satisfy the Fifth Amendment right to due process. See United States v. Perez, 526
F.3d 543, 548 (9th Cir. 2008). Thus, “every releasee is guaranteed the right to
confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses at a revocation hearing, unless the
government shows good cause for not producing the witnesses.” United States v.
Comito, 177 F.3d 1166, 1170 (9th Cir. 1999); see also Fed. R. Crim. P.
32.1(b)(1)(B)(iii) (providing for an “opportunity to question adverse witnesses” at
revocation hearings). “[T]he court must weigh the releasee's interest in his
constitutionally guaranteed right to confrontation against the Government's good
cause for denying it.” Comito, 177 F.3d at 1170.
By objecting to the “nature of the proceedings” after the district court
2 23-902 admitted hearsay statements from Ms. Mendoza, Bowers preserved his claim for
appeal. See Holguin-Hernandez v. United States, 589 U.S. 169, 174 (2020) (“The
question is simply whether the claimed error was ‘brought to the court’s
attention.’” (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b))); see also Fed. R. Crim. P. 51(b).
Thus, we review it de novo, Perez, 526 F.3d at 547, and subject it to harmless error
analysis, United States v. Verduzco, 330 F.3d 1182, 1184 (9th Cir. 2003).
Here, the district court erred when it failed to perform the Comito balancing
test or make an express finding that the interests of justice did not require Ms.
Mendoza to appear at the hearing. Comito, 177 F.3d at 1170 (noting that a district
court’s failure to perform the balancing test constitutes error). But the error was
harmless because the probation officer’s testimony had substantial indicia of
reliability and Bowers’ assertion of self-defense implied that an assault occurred.
State v. Pottorff, 156 P.3d 955, 958 (Wash. Ct. App. 2007) (“A defendant asserting
self-defense is ordinarily required to admit an assault occurred.”). Further, Bowers
failed to produce evidence to support his self-defense argument.
Because Bowers did not object to the admission of hearsay statements of the
officer who interviewed Ms. Mendoza, we review his claim for plain error. “Plain
error is (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights.” United
States v. Depue, 912 F.3d 1227, 1232 (9th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (quoting United
States v. Hammons, 558 F.3d 1100, 1103 (9th Cir. 2009)). “If these conditions are
3 23-902 met, the reviewing court has the discretion to grant relief so long as the error
‘seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.’” Id. (quoting Hammons, 558 F.3d at 1103).
The district court committed error, and the error was plain, by failing to
conduct the Comito balancing test. Comito, 177 F.3d at 1170; Valdivia v.
Schwarzenegger, 599 F.3d 984, 990 (9th Cir. 2010) (“The application of a
balancing test to the admission of hearsay evidence in [supervised release]
revocation hearings is not an open question in this circuit.”). But Bowers’
substantial rights were not affected because the probation officer’s testimony had
substantial indicia of reliability. Bowers impliedly admitted to the assault by
asserting self-defense, and Bowers failed to produce any evidence to support his
defense. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993) (stating that an
error “affect[s] substantial rights” when it “affected the outcome of the district
court proceedings.”).
We also review the admission of hearsay statements from the officer who
reviewed the jail call for plain error. As with the admission of the other two
hearsay statements, the district court erred by failing to conduct a Comito
balancing test. But here too, the district court’s error did not affect Bowers’
substantial rights. Although the evidence before the district court lacked indicia of
reliability because the police officer’s statements were neither written nor sworn,
4 23-902 Bowers admitted to contacting Ms. Mendoza, claiming that the call was accidental.
Nevertheless, he failed to provide evidence to support this defense or explain how
he “accidentally” dialed Ms. Mendoza’s number from jail. Thus, Bowers cannot
show that his substantial rights were affected.
2. We review for plain error Bowers’ claim that the district court violated
the party presentation principle. Bower alleges that the district court was the
“grand jury, prosecutor, petit jury, and sentencing court” and that it left the role of
the prosecution in limbo by not accepting the parties’ recommendation to dismiss
the violations. The party presentation principle requires “the parties to frame the
issues for decision and assign[s] to courts the role of neutral arbiter.” Greenlaw v.
United States, 554 U.S. 237, 243 (2008). Here, the district court did not violate the
party presentation principle because it acted well within its statutory sentencing
discretion, which includes monitoring a defendant’s supervision. See 18 U.S.C. §
3583(a), (e) (authorizing district courts to impose, terminate, extend, or revoke a
defendant’s term of supervised release). Also, the district court’s power to
supervise defendants on supervised release necessarily includes the power to
approve or disapprove any agreement between the prosecution and the defendant.
3. Finally, Bowers claims that the district court has insufficient evidence to
conclude that he violated the terms of his supervised release by committing assault
and violating a protective order. “On a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge to a
5 23-902 supervised release revocation, we ask whether, viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the government, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of a violation by a preponderance of the evidence.” United
States v. King, 608 F.3d 1122, 1129 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v.
Jeremiah, 493 F.3d 1042, 1045 (9th Cir. 2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
As discussed above, the district court had sufficient evidence, including
admissions from Bowers about engaging in the conduct in question, to find him in
violation of his supervised release by a preponderance of the evidence.
AFFIRMED.
6 23-902