United States v. Boone

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: October 30, 2025
• Docket: 24-2483
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

24-2483-cr United States v. Boone

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 30th day of October, two thousand twenty-five.

PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR., DENNIS JACOBS, JOSEPH F. BIANCO, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v. 24-2483-cr

DERON BOONE,

Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________________

FOR APPELLEE: JOSEPH H. ROSENBERG (Michael D. Maimin, Nathan Rehn, and William K. Stone, on the brief), Assistant United States Attorneys, for Jay Clayton, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, New York.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: THOMAS H. NOOTER, Freeman, Nooter & Ginsberg, New York, New York. Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York (Paul G. Gardephe, Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court, entered on September 16, 2024, is

AFFIRMED.

Defendant-Appellant Deron Boone appeals from a judgment of conviction entered by the

district court, following a jury trial at which Boone was found guilty of one count of possession of

a firearm after a felony conviction, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(8), and 2. On

appeal, Boone challenges the denial, after a hearing, of his motion to suppress evidence seized

during a search of his apartment, namely, the firearm that provided the basis for his conviction.

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on

appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

Based upon the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing, on February 14, 2023, New

York City Police Department (“NYPD”) Officers Dwight Wanzer and Alonso Mora responded to

a 911 call placed by Benjamin Fortune, reporting a shooting at an apartment in the Bronx, which

he shared with Boone. Upon arriving, the officers initially spoke with Fortune at the entrance to

the apartment, but shortly thereafter, Boone appeared in the doorway and also spoke with the

officers. Officer Wanzer asked for permission to enter the apartment, to which Fortune agreed,

and upon entering, the officers noticed shell casings on the floor and bullet holes on both sides of

the door. According to the officers, Fortune, who stated that he was the leaseholder for the

apartment, subsequently agreed to allow the officers to search the apartment and executed a form

consenting to such a search. Fortune advised the officers that he had been drinking that evening

but, according to Officer Wanzer, Fortune “seemed like he answered all of the questions very well”

2 and “seemed very coherent.” App’x at 55. Officer Mora similarly testified that Fortune appeared

to be able to understand and answer all the questions asked by the officers. After receiving

Fortune’s written consent, the officers searched Boone’s separate bedroom in the apartment and

returned to the living room around ten minutes later with a small black safe found in Boone’s

bedroom. Boone admitted that it was his safe but refused to open it. The officers subsequently

returned with a search warrant for the safe and, upon opening it, found a firearm and ammunition

inside. After it was determined that Boone’s DNA was on the firearm, Boone was arrested and

subsequently charged in an indictment with one count of possession of a firearm after a felony

conviction.

Boone moved to suppress the evidence, and the district court denied that motion after an

evidentiary hearing at which it considered, inter alia, the sworn testimony of Officers Wanzer and

Mora, as well as Boone’s testimony, along with physical evidence, including footage recorded on

body cameras worn by the NYPD officers. See generally United States v. Boone, No. 23-cr-427

(PGG), 2024 WL 382060 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 1, 2024). Following Boone’s conviction after a jury trial,

the district court sentenced him principally to 97 months’ imprisonment, to be followed by three

years’ supervised release. On appeal, Boone challenges the district court’s denial of his

suppression motion.

“On an appeal challenging a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we

review its legal conclusions de novo and its findings of fact for clear error.” See United States v.

Iverson, 897 F.3d 450, 459 (2d Cir. 2018). Findings of fact are clearly erroneous “only when the

record as a whole leaves [the reviewing court] with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake

has been committed.” United States v. Colasuonno, 697 F.3d 164, 181 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). We also give special deference to factual findings that are

3 based on determinations of witness credibility. See United States v. Jiau, 734 F.3d 147, 151 (2d

Cir. 2013).

Boone argues that, in denying his suppression motion, the district court applied the wrong

legal standard to its consideration of Fortune’s intoxication on the issue of whether he voluntarily

consented to the officers’ search of the apartment. In addition, Boone contends that the district

court erred in finding that (1) Fortune voluntarily consented to the search notwithstanding his

intoxication, and (2) the officers reasonably believed Fortune had the authority to consent to the

search of Boone’s room. We find Boone’s arguments unpersuasive and address each in turn below.

I. The Legal Standard

“It is well settled that a warrantless search does not violate the Fourth Amendment if the

authorities have obtained the voluntary consent of a person authorized to grant such consent.”

United States v. Hernandez, 85 F.3d 1023, 1028 (2d Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). Whether consent is voluntary is a question of fact to be determined from the

totality of all the circumstances, and assessed under an objective standard, namely, whether “the

officer had a reasonable basis for believing that there had been consent to the search.” United

States v. Isiofia, 370 F.3d 226, 231 (2d Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). In addition, the burden is on

the government to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that consent was voluntary. Id. at

230.

To the extent Boone argues that the district court erred by applying the wrong legal standard

in considering the impact of Fortune’s intoxication on his ability to consent to the officers’ search

of the apartment, we disagree. As an initial matter, we reject any suggestion that there is a per se

rule that intoxication necessarily vitiates the voluntariness of an individual’s consent to search.

Instead, intoxication is one factor in assessing voluntariness under the totality of the circumstances.

4 See Isiofia, 370 F.3d at 231 & n.1; see also United States v. Vega, No. 20-4135, 2021 WL 6116823,

at *1, 3 (2d Cir. Dec. 27, 2021) (summary order) (explaining that there was “no clear error in the

district court’s conclusion that [the visitor] voluntarily consented to the officers’ entry and search

of the apartment,” even though, “[a]s the district court recognized, [the visitor] was intoxicated on

the night at issue” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Here, it is abundantly clear

from the district court’s decision that it utilized the proper legal standard in examining Fortune’s

intoxication. See Boone, 2024 WL 382060, at *7 (“[I]ntoxication may be a factor which impacts

the voluntariness of an individual’s consent to search. The fact that a person is under the influence

of drugs or alcohol does not necessarily render consent involuntary, although intoxication may be

considered in the evaluation of voluntariness.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).

Boone argues, in part, that we should “remand to the district court to review his findings

applying a standard similar to that which would be applied to whether an intoxicated person can

enter a guilty plea in federal court.” Appellant’s Br. at 21. However, there is no support in our

precedent for utilizing the standard for guilty pleas in the Fourth Amendment context. Indeed, we

have made clear that the “standard of voluntariness designed to govern consensual searches and

seizures” is entirely distinct from the standard for determining whether a guilty plea was knowing

and voluntary. Rosado v. Civiletti, 621 F.2d 1179, 1190 (2d Cir. 1980) (explaining that, in

determining the voluntariness of international prisoners’ consents to transfer to United States

custody, courts should “turn for guidance to the line of cases construing the voluntariness of guilty

pleas,” rather than “adopt[ing the] standard of voluntariness designed to govern consensual

searches and seizures within the United States”). In short, we conclude that the district court did

not err in considering Fortune’s intoxication, along with other factors under the “totality of the

circumstances” standard, in analyzing whether Fortune voluntarily gave officers consent to search

5 the apartment. Iverson, 897 F.3d at 458 (“Determination of whether such an individual has so

consented requires a fact-based inquiry that considers the ‘totality of all the circumstances.’”

(quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227 (1973))).

II. Voluntariness

Boone next argues that the district court erred in determining that Fortune voluntarily

consented to the search because, according to Boone, Fortune was too intoxicated to do so. We

disagree.

To be sure, as the district court recognized, there was evidence in the record that Fortune

had some level of intoxication at the time he gave his consent. Indeed, Officer Mora testified that

Fortune was intoxicated and smelled of alcohol at the time of the search. Nevertheless, after

examining the totality of the circumstances, the district court determined that Fortune’s consent

was voluntary. There was sufficient evidence in the record to support that determination. For

example, Officer Wanzer testified that, even though one of the first things Fortune said was that

he had been drinking, Fortune “answered all of the questions very well” and seemed “coherent”

throughout the night. App’x at 54–55. Furthermore, Officer Mora, who testified to recognizing

Fortune’s intoxication as soon as the officers arrived at the apartment, maintained that Fortune was

“cooperative” and never “veer[ed] off in any sort of way” during the questioning. Id. at 76–77. In

fact, the only moment in the record where Fortune had difficulty understanding and responding to

the officers was when Officer Wanzer asked Fortune to write the time on the consent-to-search

form in military time, a format which Fortune appeared to not “understand.” Id. at 59–60.

Boone suggests that the district court’s determination was erroneous because the district

court failed to address other evidence in the record, based in part on Fortune’s affirmation and

Boone’s testimony at the suppression hearing, that Fortune’s level of intoxication was too great to

6 support a finding of voluntary consent. However, the district court carefully considered the

evidence of Fortune’s intoxication (including Boone’s testimony on the subject) and thoroughly

explained why the body camera footage supported its voluntariness determination:

[W]hile Boone testified at the suppression hearing that when the police arrived, Fortune was “not there” mentally—“the lights [were] on, but nobody’s home”— the body camera footage does not support Boone’s account. The body camera footage shows that Fortune was coherent and lucid in speaking with the officers. He provides clear answers to the officers’ questions about the shooting incident and his living arrangement with Boone. Fortune’s speech is not slurred, and he walks normally when moving from room to room in the [a]partment, without stumbling or weaving. The camera footage shows Fortune, at various points, rummaging through a drawer, adjusting a curtain, and taking a soft drink out of the refrigerator; there is no lack of physical coordination.

Similarly, when Officer Wanzer reads the consent to search form to Fortune in the kitchen, Fortune appears to understand what Wanzer is saying, and to read along from his own copy of the form. Fortune’s actions and remarks are appropriate in context. Apart from not understanding Officer Wanzer’s direction to use military time—a concept with which many are unfamiliar—Fortune has no difficulty in filling out the consent form. In sum, the video evidence corroborates Officer Wanzer and Officer Mora’s testimony that Fortune appeared to be coherent, cooperative, and capable of understanding what was happening.

Acknowledging the evidence that Fortune had been drinking prior to the officers’ arrival at the [a]partment, the record does not demonstrate that he was too intoxicated to provide voluntary consent to a search of the [a]partment.

Boone, 2024 WL 382060, at *8–9 (internal citations omitted). On this record, we discern no clear

error in the district court’s factual findings based upon its consideration of the testimony and other

evidence adduced at the hearing, including the video evidence from the officer’s body camera.

Moreover, in light of those factual findings, the district court did not err in determining that

Fortune’s consent to the search was voluntary.

III. Apparent Authority to Consent

Boone also asserts that the district court erred in finding that Fortune had apparent authority

to consent to the search of Boone’s bedroom. We are unpersuaded.

7 A warrantless search does not violate the Fourth Amendment if voluntary consent to the

search is given by a third person “who possessed common authority over or other sufficient

relationship to the premises or effects sought to be inspected.” United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S.

164, 171 (1974). In addition, authority to consent to a search may be either actual or apparent.

See United States v. McGee, 564 F.3d 136, 139 (2d Cir. 2009). Actual authority requires that the

third party “(1) has access to the area searched and (2) has either (a) common authority over the

area, (b) a substantial interest in the area, or (c) permission to gain access to the area.” Moore v.

Andreno, 505 F.3d 203, 208–09 (2d Cir. 2007). Apparent authority, on the other hand, exists when

the third party “reasonably appear[s] to the police to possess authority to consent to the search.”

McGee, 564 F.3d at 139. Courts assess apparent authority by utilizing an objective standard,

asking whether “the facts available to the officer at the moment . . . warrant a man of reasonable

caution in the belief that the consenting party had authority over the premises.” Illinois v.

Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 188 (1990) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Here, the district court did not err in determining that “Fortune reasonably appear[ed] to

the police to possess authority to consent to the search of the entire [a]partment, including Boone’s

bedroom.” 1 Boone, 2024 WL 382060, at *13 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In

addition, the district court found that “there [was] no credible evidence that Boone objected to

Fortune providing consent to search or to the search itself prior to the discovery of the safe in

1 The district court first concluded that Fortune did not have actual authority to consent to a search of Boone’s bedroom. Although the evidence supported a determination that Fortune was the leaseholder of the apartment, the district court correctly focused not on “the mere property interest a third party has in the property,” but rather on the “mutual use of the property.” Matlock, 415 U.S. at 171 n.7. In particular, the district court noted the uncontroverted evidence that neither Boone nor Fortune kept belongings in, or had permission to enter, or had any expectation of control over, the other’s bedroom. Accordingly, the district court concluded that it “[could not] find that Fortune had actual authority to consent to a search of Boone’s bedroom” because “[t]he record does not establish that Fortune had permission to enter Boone’s bedroom, or that he had either common authority over or had a substantial interest in Boone’s bedroom.” Boone, 2024 WL 382060, at *12 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

8 Boone’s bedroom.” Id. Boone challenges that factual determination, pointing to his testimony in

which he stated that he objected to the search of the apartment both before, and immediately after,

Fortune signed the consent-to-search form. Moreover, Boone argues, inter alia, that “[i]t is very

improbable that [he] would have sat silently after learning of the signing of the consent form . . . if

he knew that the search would turn up the weapon in the safe in his room.” Appellant’s Br. at 25.

However, we have emphasized that, “[w]hen . . . credibility determinations are at issue, we give

particularly strong deference to a district court finding.” United States v. Iodice, 525 F.3d 179, 185

(2d Cir. 2008). Here, after explicitly considering Boone’s testimony on this issue, the district court

“rejected [it] as not credible, given the implausibilities, inconsistencies, and contradictions in his

varied accounts” and, instead, “accept[ed] the officers’ testimony that Boone remained silent even

after he became aware that Fortune had signed a consent to search form, and even after the search

of the [a]partment began.” Boone, 2024 WL 382060, at *13. We conclude that there is nothing in

the record to suggest that the district court clearly erred in crediting the officers’ testimony over

Boone’s testimony, including on the issue of whether he raised any objection to the search before

the safe was found. See Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 575 (1985) (explaining

that when a district court’s factual finding “is based on [a] decision to credit the testimony of one

of two or more witnesses, each of whom has told a coherent and facially plausible story that is not

contradicted by extrinsic evidence, that finding, if not internally inconsistent, can virtually never

be clear error”). Moreover, the officers could consider Boone’s silence in context: the occupants

called the police and thereby invited police investigation of the premises.

In sum, there is no basis to disturb the district court’s determination, after weighing the

testimony and other evidence adduced at the hearing, that the officers reasonably believed that

Fortune had authority to consent to the search of the apartment, including Boone’s bedroom.

9 Therefore, the district court properly denied Boone’s motion to suppress the evidence seized during

the search.

* * *

We have considered Boone’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are without

merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court