Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-10315 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cr-20421-KMW-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
BOBBY MILLS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(April 8, 2019)
Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, MARCUS, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 2 of 7
Bobby Mills appeals his 210-month sentence and conviction for knowing
possession of a firearm and ammunition by a convicted felon. He contends that the
district court erred by admitting certain evidence, failing to declare a mistrial, and
sentencing him under the Armed Career Criminal Act.
I.
In May 2017 Mills was riding in the passenger seat of a vehicle when
Miami-Dade police conducted a traffic stop. When Mills exited the vehicle an
officer saw a semi-automatic firearm with an extended magazine on the passenger
side floorboard. After Mills’ arrest the police executed a search warrant on his
phone, which he had been using for three months since his release from prison in
March 2017 for a previous offense. They discovered a photograph of a man’s arm
holding a firearm that appeared similar to the one discovered at the time of Mills’
arrest. In the photo a tattoo was partially visible on the underside of the
individual’s wrist.
The government filed a notice of intent to introduce at trial the photograph
from Mills’ phone as Rule 404(b) evidence and Mills responded with a motion in
limine to exclude the evidence. The court overruled Mills’ motion, reasoning that
the government could use the photograph to prove lack of mistake since it was
unlikely to be a coincidence that Mills entered a vehicle that happened to contain a
2 Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 3 of 7
firearm similar to one depicted in a photograph on his phone. The government
later introduced the photograph into evidence at trial over Mills’ objections.
During closing arguments Mills’ counsel highlighted the fact that the
government had not introduced evidence showing that Mills had a tattoo similar to
the one in the photograph. During rebuttal the prosecutor pointed at Mills and
opined that this was “a very bold argument to make to you as her client sits there
with a long sleeve shirt.” Mills objected and the court overruled the objection.
After the jury left to deliberate Mills renewed his objection, arguing that the
government’s comments had inappropriately shifted the burden of proof to Mills to
show that he did not have a tattoo. The court ordered the jury to stop deliberating
and provided a curative instruction. After receiving a note from the jury indicating
that it could not arrive “at a conclusive agreement,” the court said that “the way
this has transpired today, I think our next step is a mistrial.” Mills then asked that
the jury have more time to deliberate. The court asked Mills if his earlier request
for a mistrial was “off the table” and Mills asked the court to allow the jury to
continue to deliberate. The jury eventually returned a guilty verdict.
The Presentence Investigation Report determined that Mills was subject to a
15-year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment as an armed career criminal
under the ACCA due to prior convictions. Mills objected to the PSR, arguing that
his prior aggravated battery and robbery convictions were not violent felonies
3 Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 4 of 7
under the ACCA. The district court acknowledged Mills’ objections, but noted
that Mills’ prior convictions were ACCA predicate offenses under binding circuit
precedent. It sentenced Mills to 210 months.
II.
Mills first contends that the district court erred in admitting the photograph
from his phone.
“We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for clear abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Perez-Oliveros, 479 F.3d 779, 783 (11th Cir. 2007).
To be admissible, Rule 404(b) evidence must: (1) be relevant to an issue other than
the defendant’s character; (2) be sufficiently proven to allow a jury to find by a
preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed the act; and
(3) possess probative value that is not substantially outweighed by its undue
prejudice under Rule 403. United States v. Edouard, 485 F.3d 1324, 1344
(11th Cir. 2007).
Here the government used the photograph to show that Mills had knowledge
of similar firearms, so it was relevant to an issue other than his character. The
government provided evidence that the phone was in Mills’ sole possession for
three months prior to his arrest and that the firearm in the photo was nearly
identical to the one found in the vehicle when he was arrested. This could allow a
jury to find by a preponderance of the evidence that Mills had knowledge of this
4 Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 5 of 7
type of firearm. And we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in
finding that the probative value of the photo was not substantially outweighed by
undue prejudice.
III.
Mills next contends that the district court abused its discretion in failing to
grant a mistrial.
Whether “to grant a mistrial lies within the sound discretion of the trial
judge” because the court “is in the best position to evaluate the prejudicial effect of
a statement or evidence on the jury.” United States v. Mendez, 117 F.3d 480, 484
(11th Cir. 1997) (quotation marks omitted). “It is a cardinal rule of appellate
review that a party may not challenge as error a ruling or other trial proceeding
invited by that party.” United States v. Ross, 131 F.3d 970, 988 (11th Cir. 1997)
(quotation marks omitted). “The doctrine of invited error is implicated when a
party induces or invites the district court into making an error.” United States v.
Silvestri, 409 F.3d 1311, 1327 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted).
Mills may not challenge as error the district court’s decision not to declare a
mistrial because he invited that error — if error it was. The record clearly shows
that the court was on the verge of declaring a mistrial when Mills asked the court
to allow the jury to continue deliberating instead. Mills cannot now take a second
bite at the apple because this decision did not yield the result he hoped for. The
5 Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 6 of 7
district court properly exercised its discretion in granting Mills’ request to allow
the jury to reach a verdict.
IV.
Finally, Mills claims he should not be subject to a 15-year minimum
sentence under the ACCA because his Florida robbery, felony battery, and
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-10315 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cr-20421-KMW-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
BOBBY MILLS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(April 8, 2019)
Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, MARCUS, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 2 of 7
Bobby Mills appeals his 210-month sentence and conviction for knowing
possession of a firearm and ammunition by a convicted felon. He contends that the
district court erred by admitting certain evidence, failing to declare a mistrial, and
sentencing him under the Armed Career Criminal Act.
I.
In May 2017 Mills was riding in the passenger seat of a vehicle when
Miami-Dade police conducted a traffic stop. When Mills exited the vehicle an
officer saw a semi-automatic firearm with an extended magazine on the passenger
side floorboard. After Mills’ arrest the police executed a search warrant on his
phone, which he had been using for three months since his release from prison in
March 2017 for a previous offense. They discovered a photograph of a man’s arm
holding a firearm that appeared similar to the one discovered at the time of Mills’
arrest. In the photo a tattoo was partially visible on the underside of the
individual’s wrist.
The government filed a notice of intent to introduce at trial the photograph
from Mills’ phone as Rule 404(b) evidence and Mills responded with a motion in
limine to exclude the evidence. The court overruled Mills’ motion, reasoning that
the government could use the photograph to prove lack of mistake since it was
unlikely to be a coincidence that Mills entered a vehicle that happened to contain a
2 Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 3 of 7
firearm similar to one depicted in a photograph on his phone. The government
later introduced the photograph into evidence at trial over Mills’ objections.
During closing arguments Mills’ counsel highlighted the fact that the
government had not introduced evidence showing that Mills had a tattoo similar to
the one in the photograph. During rebuttal the prosecutor pointed at Mills and
opined that this was “a very bold argument to make to you as her client sits there
with a long sleeve shirt.” Mills objected and the court overruled the objection.
After the jury left to deliberate Mills renewed his objection, arguing that the
government’s comments had inappropriately shifted the burden of proof to Mills to
show that he did not have a tattoo. The court ordered the jury to stop deliberating
and provided a curative instruction. After receiving a note from the jury indicating
that it could not arrive “at a conclusive agreement,” the court said that “the way
this has transpired today, I think our next step is a mistrial.” Mills then asked that
the jury have more time to deliberate. The court asked Mills if his earlier request
for a mistrial was “off the table” and Mills asked the court to allow the jury to
continue to deliberate. The jury eventually returned a guilty verdict.
The Presentence Investigation Report determined that Mills was subject to a
15-year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment as an armed career criminal
under the ACCA due to prior convictions. Mills objected to the PSR, arguing that
his prior aggravated battery and robbery convictions were not violent felonies
3 Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 4 of 7
under the ACCA. The district court acknowledged Mills’ objections, but noted
that Mills’ prior convictions were ACCA predicate offenses under binding circuit
precedent. It sentenced Mills to 210 months.
II.
Mills first contends that the district court erred in admitting the photograph
from his phone.
“We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for clear abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Perez-Oliveros, 479 F.3d 779, 783 (11th Cir. 2007).
To be admissible, Rule 404(b) evidence must: (1) be relevant to an issue other than
the defendant’s character; (2) be sufficiently proven to allow a jury to find by a
preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed the act; and
(3) possess probative value that is not substantially outweighed by its undue
prejudice under Rule 403. United States v. Edouard, 485 F.3d 1324, 1344
(11th Cir. 2007).
Here the government used the photograph to show that Mills had knowledge
of similar firearms, so it was relevant to an issue other than his character. The
government provided evidence that the phone was in Mills’ sole possession for
three months prior to his arrest and that the firearm in the photo was nearly
identical to the one found in the vehicle when he was arrested. This could allow a
jury to find by a preponderance of the evidence that Mills had knowledge of this
4 Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 5 of 7
type of firearm. And we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in
finding that the probative value of the photo was not substantially outweighed by
undue prejudice.
III.
Mills next contends that the district court abused its discretion in failing to
grant a mistrial.
Whether “to grant a mistrial lies within the sound discretion of the trial
judge” because the court “is in the best position to evaluate the prejudicial effect of
a statement or evidence on the jury.” United States v. Mendez, 117 F.3d 480, 484
(11th Cir. 1997) (quotation marks omitted). “It is a cardinal rule of appellate
review that a party may not challenge as error a ruling or other trial proceeding
invited by that party.” United States v. Ross, 131 F.3d 970, 988 (11th Cir. 1997)
(quotation marks omitted). “The doctrine of invited error is implicated when a
party induces or invites the district court into making an error.” United States v.
Silvestri, 409 F.3d 1311, 1327 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted).
Mills may not challenge as error the district court’s decision not to declare a
mistrial because he invited that error — if error it was. The record clearly shows
that the court was on the verge of declaring a mistrial when Mills asked the court
to allow the jury to continue deliberating instead. Mills cannot now take a second
bite at the apple because this decision did not yield the result he hoped for. The
5 Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 6 of 7
district court properly exercised its discretion in granting Mills’ request to allow
the jury to reach a verdict.
IV.
Finally, Mills claims he should not be subject to a 15-year minimum
sentence under the ACCA because his Florida robbery, felony battery, and
aggravated battery offenses are not violent felonies under the Act.
We review de novo the district court’s conclusion that a particular offense
constitutes a violent felony under the ACCA. United States v. Wilkerson, 286 F.3d
1324, 1325 (11th Cir. 2002). The ACCA stipulates that any crime punishable by a
term of imprisonment exceeding one year that “has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another” is
a violent felony for which a 15-year minimum sentence applies. 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B)(i). This first prong of the ACCA’s definition of violent felony is
sometimes referred to as the “elements clause.” United States v. Owens, 672 F.3d
966, 968 (11th Cir. 2012).1 The Supreme Court has held that “Florida robbery
qualifies as an ACCA-predicate offense under the elements clause.” Stokeling v.
United States, 586 U.S. ___, 139 S. Ct. 544, 555 (2019). We have held that
1 The Supreme Court has held that “imposing an increased sentence under the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act violates the Constitution’s guarantee of due process.” Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2563 (2015). But because we analyze Mills’ prior offenses under only the elements clause of the ACCA, these due process concerns are not implicated. 6 Case: 18-10315 Date Filed: 04/08/2019 Page: 7 of 7
Florida felony battery is a predicate offense under the elements clause. United
States v. Green, 873 F.3d 846, 869 (11th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 2620
(2018). And we have held that Florida aggravated battery offenses that, like
Mills’, involve intentionally causing great bodily harm or using a deadly weapon
categorically qualify as violent felonies under the ACCA’s elements clause. See
Turner v. Warden Coleman FCI (Medium), 709 F.3d 1328, 1341 (11th Cir. 2013),
abrogated on other grounds by Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at 2563. As a result, Mills’
claims that his Florida robbery and battery offenses are not violent felonies for
ACCA purposes are foreclosed by binding precedent. See Stokeling, 139 S. Ct. at
555; Green, 873 F.3d at 869; Turner, 709 F.3d at 1341. So the district did not err
in sentencing Mills as an armed career criminal.
AFFIRMED.