UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 00-51022 Summary Calendar
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS
DAVID BECERRA, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court For the Western District of Texas, Waco Division (00-CR-39-1) August 23, 2001 Before EMILIO M. GARZA, STEWART and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Appellant David Becerra, Jr. pleaded guilty to possession of
a stolen firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(j) and 924(a)(2).
On September 28, 2000 the district court sentenced Becerra to a 51-
month term of imprisonment, a three-year period of supervised
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
1 release, a $100 mandatory assessment, and a $2,500 fine. The court
based the sentence on a total offense level of seventeen and a
criminal history of V, which the district court reached in part by
adding two criminal history points for each of Becerra’s 1996 theft
convictions. Becerra argues on appeal that these offenses involved
thefts that were related pursuant to section 4A1.2(a)(2) of the
United States Sentencing Guidelines and that the district court
should not have counted the offenses separately. See U.S.S.G. §
4A1.2(a)(2).
I. Facts
On May 24, 1996, a witness reported suspicious activity near
his home in Waco, Texas at 3:17 a.m. Police officers responded to
the call and discovered a pick-up truck with a missing window at
3612 Kenwood. The owner of the truck reported a missing case
filled with ten compact discs and a missing portable compact disc
player. Another complainant reported the theft of a cellular phone
from a motor vehicle at 3501 Kenwood. On June 11, 1996, Becerra
was arrested and found to be in possession of the stolen cellular
telephone and portable compact disc player. Because the identity
of the compact disc player was unknown at the time of the June 11
arrest, police arrested Becerra again on July 4, 1996 for the theft
from the truck. Becerra pleaded guilty to two counts of theft over
$50 and under $500. He was sentenced to 120 days in jail.
On May 11, 2000, a grand jury indicted Becerra for possession
2 of a stolen firearm. Becerra pleaded guilty to the charge on June
15, 2000. Based on a total offense level of seventeen and a
criminal history of V, the presentence report (“PSR”) recommended
forty-six to fifty-seven months imprisonment. Becerra filed
objections to the PSR, arguing that the thefts were related and
that the court should assess only two points for both convictions.
At sentencing, the district court rejected Becerra’s argument and
imposed a sentence based on a criminal history of V. Becerra filed
a timely notice of appeal.
II. Discussion
Section 4A1.2(a)(2) of the Sentencing Guidelines state that
“[p]rior sentences imposed in related cases are to be treated as
one sentence . . ..” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2). Related cases are
defined in the commentary as offenses that “(A) occurred on the
same occasion, (B) were part of a single common scheme or plan, or
(C) were consolidated for trial or sentencing.” Id., comment.
(n.3). Becerra argues that the offenses he committed on May 24,
1996 occurred on the same occasion or were part of a single common
scheme or plan. We review the district court’s application of the
sentencing guidelines de novo. See United States v. Moreno-
Arredondo, No. 00-50603, 2001 WL 694083, at *7 n.10 (5th Cir. June
19, 2001) (holding that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Buford v. United States, 121 S.Ct. 1276 (2001), which applied a
deferential standard of review to “functional consolidation” cases,
3 does not extend to cases involving whether offenses occurred on the
same occasion or were part of a single common scheme or plan).
This Court addressed whether offenses occurred on the same
occasion in United States v. Johnson, 961 F.2d 1188 (5th Cir.
1992), United States v. Cain, 10 F.3d 261, 263 (5th Cir. 1993), and
more recently in United States v. Moreno-Arredondo, 2001 WL 694083,
at *1. In Johnson, the defendant was convicted of driving while
intoxicated, driving with a suspended license, and failing to
identify himself to a police officer. See Johnson, 961 F.3d at
1188. All three offenses occurred on the same day. See id.
Without explanation, we stated, “It seems evident that the three .
. . convictions were for offenses which ‘occurred on a single
occasion.’” Id.
In Cain, the defendant committed a series of offenses over a
five-day period in connection with his escape from prison. See
Cain, 10 F.3d at 262. The defendant argued that his convictions
for the escape, stealing a motor vehicle, breaking and entering,
and attempting to steal another vehicle were committed on the same
occasion. See id. at 263. We held that the district court did not
err in finding that the claims were unrelated.
In Moreno-Arredondo, the defendant was convicted of illegal
re-entry into the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326.
Moreno-Arredondo, 2001 WL 694083, at *1. The government obtained
an enhancement of his sentence under § 1326(b)(2) based on his pre-
4 deportation convictions in Texas on two felony counts of aggravated
indecency with a child. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that
his state convictions for inappropriately touching two young girls,
within moments, on the same day, and without ever leaving the couch
on which he sat while touching the girls, were for offenses that
occurred on the same occasion and were thus related for purposes of
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2). Id. at *1, *4. We agreed, finding that
the district court’s failure to treat the two cases as related
resulted in an erroneously high sentencing range, vacated the
defendant’s sentence, and remanded the case for resentencing. Id.
at *7.
Becerra’s string of car thefts on May 24, 1996 more closely
resembles the crime spree in Cain than the offenses relating to the
traffic violations in Johnson or the offenses relating to the
child indecency convictions in Moreno-Arredondo. Presumably, the
offenses in Johnson occurred within a short period of time and
related to one arrest. See Johnson, 961 F.2d at 1188. Likewise,
only moments separated the two offenses in Moreno-Arredondo. See
Moreno-Arredondo, 2001 WL 694083, at *1 (“In both Johnson and
Moreno, offenses were committed sequentially, albeit with but
momentary temporal separations in each case.”). Moreover, in
Moreno-Arredondo, both offenses “took place in precisely the same,
small place: the same seat, on the same couch, in the same room, in
the same house.” Id. at *5.
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 00-51022 Summary Calendar
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS
DAVID BECERRA, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court For the Western District of Texas, Waco Division (00-CR-39-1) August 23, 2001 Before EMILIO M. GARZA, STEWART and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Appellant David Becerra, Jr. pleaded guilty to possession of
a stolen firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(j) and 924(a)(2).
On September 28, 2000 the district court sentenced Becerra to a 51-
month term of imprisonment, a three-year period of supervised
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
1 release, a $100 mandatory assessment, and a $2,500 fine. The court
based the sentence on a total offense level of seventeen and a
criminal history of V, which the district court reached in part by
adding two criminal history points for each of Becerra’s 1996 theft
convictions. Becerra argues on appeal that these offenses involved
thefts that were related pursuant to section 4A1.2(a)(2) of the
United States Sentencing Guidelines and that the district court
should not have counted the offenses separately. See U.S.S.G. §
4A1.2(a)(2).
I. Facts
On May 24, 1996, a witness reported suspicious activity near
his home in Waco, Texas at 3:17 a.m. Police officers responded to
the call and discovered a pick-up truck with a missing window at
3612 Kenwood. The owner of the truck reported a missing case
filled with ten compact discs and a missing portable compact disc
player. Another complainant reported the theft of a cellular phone
from a motor vehicle at 3501 Kenwood. On June 11, 1996, Becerra
was arrested and found to be in possession of the stolen cellular
telephone and portable compact disc player. Because the identity
of the compact disc player was unknown at the time of the June 11
arrest, police arrested Becerra again on July 4, 1996 for the theft
from the truck. Becerra pleaded guilty to two counts of theft over
$50 and under $500. He was sentenced to 120 days in jail.
On May 11, 2000, a grand jury indicted Becerra for possession
2 of a stolen firearm. Becerra pleaded guilty to the charge on June
15, 2000. Based on a total offense level of seventeen and a
criminal history of V, the presentence report (“PSR”) recommended
forty-six to fifty-seven months imprisonment. Becerra filed
objections to the PSR, arguing that the thefts were related and
that the court should assess only two points for both convictions.
At sentencing, the district court rejected Becerra’s argument and
imposed a sentence based on a criminal history of V. Becerra filed
a timely notice of appeal.
II. Discussion
Section 4A1.2(a)(2) of the Sentencing Guidelines state that
“[p]rior sentences imposed in related cases are to be treated as
one sentence . . ..” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2). Related cases are
defined in the commentary as offenses that “(A) occurred on the
same occasion, (B) were part of a single common scheme or plan, or
(C) were consolidated for trial or sentencing.” Id., comment.
(n.3). Becerra argues that the offenses he committed on May 24,
1996 occurred on the same occasion or were part of a single common
scheme or plan. We review the district court’s application of the
sentencing guidelines de novo. See United States v. Moreno-
Arredondo, No. 00-50603, 2001 WL 694083, at *7 n.10 (5th Cir. June
19, 2001) (holding that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Buford v. United States, 121 S.Ct. 1276 (2001), which applied a
deferential standard of review to “functional consolidation” cases,
3 does not extend to cases involving whether offenses occurred on the
same occasion or were part of a single common scheme or plan).
This Court addressed whether offenses occurred on the same
occasion in United States v. Johnson, 961 F.2d 1188 (5th Cir.
1992), United States v. Cain, 10 F.3d 261, 263 (5th Cir. 1993), and
more recently in United States v. Moreno-Arredondo, 2001 WL 694083,
at *1. In Johnson, the defendant was convicted of driving while
intoxicated, driving with a suspended license, and failing to
identify himself to a police officer. See Johnson, 961 F.3d at
1188. All three offenses occurred on the same day. See id.
Without explanation, we stated, “It seems evident that the three .
. . convictions were for offenses which ‘occurred on a single
occasion.’” Id.
In Cain, the defendant committed a series of offenses over a
five-day period in connection with his escape from prison. See
Cain, 10 F.3d at 262. The defendant argued that his convictions
for the escape, stealing a motor vehicle, breaking and entering,
and attempting to steal another vehicle were committed on the same
occasion. See id. at 263. We held that the district court did not
err in finding that the claims were unrelated.
In Moreno-Arredondo, the defendant was convicted of illegal
re-entry into the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326.
Moreno-Arredondo, 2001 WL 694083, at *1. The government obtained
an enhancement of his sentence under § 1326(b)(2) based on his pre-
4 deportation convictions in Texas on two felony counts of aggravated
indecency with a child. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that
his state convictions for inappropriately touching two young girls,
within moments, on the same day, and without ever leaving the couch
on which he sat while touching the girls, were for offenses that
occurred on the same occasion and were thus related for purposes of
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2). Id. at *1, *4. We agreed, finding that
the district court’s failure to treat the two cases as related
resulted in an erroneously high sentencing range, vacated the
defendant’s sentence, and remanded the case for resentencing. Id.
at *7.
Becerra’s string of car thefts on May 24, 1996 more closely
resembles the crime spree in Cain than the offenses relating to the
traffic violations in Johnson or the offenses relating to the
child indecency convictions in Moreno-Arredondo. Presumably, the
offenses in Johnson occurred within a short period of time and
related to one arrest. See Johnson, 961 F.2d at 1188. Likewise,
only moments separated the two offenses in Moreno-Arredondo. See
Moreno-Arredondo, 2001 WL 694083, at *1 (“In both Johnson and
Moreno, offenses were committed sequentially, albeit with but
momentary temporal separations in each case.”). Moreover, in
Moreno-Arredondo, both offenses “took place in precisely the same,
small place: the same seat, on the same couch, in the same room, in
the same house.” Id. at *5.
5 Becerra’s crimes, while occurring on the same day, involved
two separate acts of theft. Unlike the traffic violations in
Johnson, Becerra’s crimes involved two different victims and
resulted in two arrests. Also, unlike the child indecency offenses
in Moreno-Arredondo, Berreca’s offenses occurred in two different
locations, though on the same street. Becerra’s offenses therefore
did not occur on the same occasion. See also United States v.
Williams, 187 F.3d 429 (4th Cir. 1999) (holding that crimes
committed while police were pursuing a defendant were not committed
on the same occasion even though the offenses occurred only fifteen
minutes apart); United States v. Jones, 899 F.2d 1097 (11th Cir.
1990), overruled on other grounds, United States v. Morrill, 984
F.2d 1136 (11th Cir. 1993) (concluding that the offenses of bank
robbery and attempted bank robbery did not occur on the same
occasion even though the crimes were committed only ninety minutes
apart).
Becerra also argues that the offenses were related because
they were part of a single common scheme or plan. “[T]he term
‘common scheme or plan’ . . . mean[s] more than repeated
convictions for the same criminal offense.” United States v.
Robinson, 187 F.3d 516, 520 (5th Cir. 1999). “The fact that [a]
defendant repetitiously commits the same offense, in and of itself,
is insufficient to establish a common scheme for the purposes of
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2).” United States v. Mota-Aguirre, 186 F.3d
6 596, 600 (5th Cir. 1999). Even if crimes are committed on the same
day, at the same place, and involve the same participants, they are
not necessarily part of a common scheme or plan. See United States
v. Ford, 996 F.2d 83, 86 (5th Cir. 1993) (citing United States v.
Garcia, 962 F.2d 479 (5th Cir.), cert denied, 506 U.S. 902 (1992)).
“[O]ffenses are part of a common scheme or plan where ‘commission
of one crime entailed the commission of the other,’ i.e., the
second offense could not have occurred but for the first offense.”
United States v. Salter, 241 F.3d 392, 396 (5th Cir. 2001) (quoting
Robinson, 187 F.3d at 520).
Becerra argues that the thefts on May 24, 1996 were part of a
single plan to steal items from cars in the same neighborhood
during the same day. He claims that the only reasonable
explanation is that the offenses were part of a common scheme or
plan. Although Becerra’s offenses occurred on the same day, on the
same street, and for the same objective, the first theft did not
necessarily entail the commission of the second. Becerra’s
offenses on May 24, 1996 therefore did not occur on the same
occasion and were not part of a common scheme or plan.
Accordingly, we affirm Becerra’s sentence.
AFFIRMED.