United States v. Barajas-Ruiz

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
• Decided: December 21, 2000
• Docket: 99-4171
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 21 2000 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. No. 99-4171 (D.C. No. 98-CR-499) JOSE JESUS BARAJAS-RUIZ, (D. Utah) aka Jose Barajas Jesus-Ruiz, aka Jose Jesus Barajas-Baajas,

Defendant-Appellant.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before TACHA , EBEL , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.

* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. Defendant Jose Jesus Barajas-Ruiz appeals the district court’s refusal to

grant him a downward departure in sentencing. We dismiss this appeal for lack of

jurisdiction.

In February 1997, defendant was deported from the United States by the

Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). On May 30, 1997, he was arrested

for aggravated assault in Utah. The next day, while doing a routine sweep of the

jail, an INS agent discovered defendant and placed an immigration hold on him.

Defendant was arraigned in Utah state court on July 16, 1997, and pled guilty at

that time. He was sentenced on August 27, 1997 to zero to five years’

incarceration in the state prison.

On September 30, 1998, a federal grand jury returned an indictment

charging defendant with illegal re-entry after deportation, in violation of 8 U.S.C.

§ 1326. Because defendant had been convicted of an aggravated felony in 1996,

the United States filed a notice of sentence enhancement under § 1326(b)(2).

Upon defendant’s release from state custody, he was arrested and brought to

federal court on January 27, 1999. On April 13, 1999, he pled guilty to the

federal charge. During sentencing, defendant raised the unfairness of allowing

the INS to delay seeking an indictment against him for almost sixteen months,

thereby depriving him of the opportunity to receive a concurrent sentence.

Defendant argued that the district court should remedy this unfairness by

-2- departing downward from the sentencing guidelines range to reflect the time he

spent in state custody. The district court denied defendant’s motion, and this

appeal followed.

We review de novo the district court’s interpretation and application of the

sentencing guidelines. United States v. Chavez-Valenzuela , 170 F.3d 1038, 1039

(10th Cir. 1999). We lack jurisdiction, however, to review a district court’s

refusal to depart from the guidelines unless the court refused to depart because it

thought it was without authority to do so. United States v. Fortier , 180 F.3d 1217,

1231 (10th Cir. 1999). “[W]e treat ambiguous statements made by district judges

as though the judge was aware of his or her legal authority to depart but chose

instead, in an exercise of discretion, not to depart.” Id.

Here, both sides seem to have informed the district court that it had the

authority to depart downward. In making his argument, defendant’s attorney cited

the court to an unpublished case out of the Southern District of New York, United

States v. Padilla , No. 97 CR. 127-01(RWS), 1997 WL 790741, at *2 (S.D.N.Y.

Dec. 23, 1997), in which the district court granted a downward departure to a

defendant who had been deprived of the opportunity for a concurrent sentence

because of the government’s delay in charging him with illegal reentry. See R. II

at 4. The prosecutor responded with the following argument:

[T]he government has outlined its opposition to the motion for downward departure. Many of those things the court has the

-3- discretion of whether to depart or not but ultimately it’s what are the totality of the circumstances. In this case does this defendant warrant some kind of departure. .... . . . The United State[s’] position Your Honor is basically this, that even if there were factors for departure or if there were ability to depart given this individual’s horrendous criminal history it just would be inappropriate and our position is that the low end of the sentencing guidelines . . . is appropriate. .... . . . His crimes have been that of crimes of violence and it’s just the position that this isn’t a case that warrants departure.

Id. at 5-6. When the court sought to clarify whether defense counsel was arguing

that defendant would have been entitled to a mandatory concurrent sentence, the

attorney responded, “No. . . . [I]t appears that the court does have discretion on

it.” Id. at 7. Thereafter, the district court noted it was willing to sentence

defendant to the low end of the sentencing range, but stated, “I can’t go beyond

the powers that they [Congress] have given me and it seems to me that this is not

the kind of case that in any way triggers or provides me with the factual footing to

do other than follow the guidelines.” Id. at 13.

We read this statement to mean that the court knew it had discretion to

depart from the sentencing guideline range but found that under the facts of the

case it was not appropriate to do so. The court did not state that it lacked

authority to depart from the guideline range, and even if the court’s language was

somewhat ambiguous regarding its authority, that ambiguity is not enough for this

court to review its decision. See United States v. Rodriguez , 30 F.3d 1318, 1319

-4- (10th Cir. 1994) (“[W]e no longer are willing to assume that a judge’s ambiguous

language means that the judge erroneously concluded that he or she lacked

authority to downward depart. . . . [U]nless the judge’s language unambiguously

states that the judge does not believe he has authority to downward depart, we

will not review his decision.”).

The appeal is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.

Entered for the Court

Deanell Reece Tacha Circuit Judge

-5- No. 99-4171, United States v. Barajas-Ruiz

LUCERO, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

Two aspects of the trial court's ruling cause me to conclude the trial court

did not believe it had authority to depart downward from the sentencing guideline

range. The first is the court's reference to the result in the case being unfair, the

second is the court's unequivocal, express conclusion that any relief for defendant

must come from the United States Congress.

Given these factors, I would not conclude, as my colleagues have done, that

the district court knew it had discretion to depart or that, at worst, the court’s

language may have been “somewhat ambiguous regarding its authority.” Instead I

conclude that the district court’s language admits but to one reading--that is, the

trial court unambiguously concluded it did not believe it had the authority to

depart downward. For this reason, I respectfully dissent.

-6-