United States v. Bailey

169 F. App'x 815
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
DecidedFebruary 13, 2006
DocketNo. 04-31138
StatusPublished
Cited by5 cases

This text of 169 F. App'x 815 (United States v. Bailey) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Bailey, 169 F. App'x 815 (5th Cir. 2006).

Opinion

PER CURIAM:1

The defendant, Christopher Bailey, appeals his conviction and sentence for committing cruelty to a juvenile at a place under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C §§ 7(3) and 13, incorporating La.Rev.Stat. § 14:93. Mr. Bailey argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s findings that the crime was committed within the confines of Barksdale Air Force Base, a place under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, and that Mr. Bailey was the perpetrator of the crime. Mr. Bailey also argues that the district court’s imposition of the maximum statutory sentence, 120 months, was unreasonable. We find none of Mr. Bailey’s arguments convincing and affirm his conviction and sentence.

Background

In November and December of 2001, the defendant-appellant, Christopher Bailey, and his wife, Robin Bailey, lived with their infant son, P.B., on Barksdale Air Force Base near Shreveport, Louisiana. Robin, an active duty senior airman, worked nights on the base. Christopher, unemployed, stayed at home and cared for the baby, P.B. The Baileys did not employ any child care worker, daycare, or babysitter, or have any relative care for the infant during this period.

On December 14, 2001, at about 2:00 a.m., Christopher called his wife from their home on the base and told her that the baby’s “left arm moved where it shouldn’t move.” She immediately left work and the two took the baby to the emergency room of a civilian hospital in Shreveport, Louisiana. The emergency room doctor testified that Robin Bailey told him that the infant had not been using his left arm for two days. She also told the doctor that when she came home at about 5:30 a.m. on December 13, 2001, “she noticed that the infant was favoring his arm and when she picked him up, he would cry and he was more irritable.” In addition, she had observed that he had switched which fist or thumb he sucked, from left to right hands, and noticed before leaving for work on the 13th that he was guarding his left arm. [818]*818The baby had no bruises or external signs of injury or physical abuse, but appeared to experience pain when the doctor “palpated or pressed on the area of his upper arm.” The baby was slightly less than two months old. At this point in the emergency room visit, neither parent offered an explanation for the pain nor described any traumatic happening affecting the baby.

Dr. Bounds, the emergency room doctor, ordered x-rays of the arm to help determine the cause of the pain. The x-rays revealed a fracture of the left humerus, a bone in the upper arm. The fracture was described as “acute,” meaning recent, “displaced” meaning the two parts of the bone had moved apart, and painful. Further x-rays revealed another fracture, this one in the right ulna, one of two long bones between the wrist and elbow. This fracture was non-displaeed.

Dr. Bounds suspected abuse because two fractures are unusual in an eight-week-old child. The doctor called hospital security, as a precaution, and went to talk with the Baileys. The emergency room nurse described Robin Bailey’s behavior and concern as normal, she offered only one possible explanation, that perhaps the baby’s blanket had been wrapped too tight.2 In contrast, Christopher Bailey offered the initial explanation that he had rolled over on the baby accidentally while the two were napping on the couch four days earlier. He then offered several other explanations to investigators as follows: “Maybe that he might have dropped or almost dropped [P.B.] and caught him by his arm when he was playing. Maybe he slipped through his arms and he grabbed him by his arm.” He also told an investigator that he may have pulled the child too hard to get him out of a car seat. Christopher told the investigators that “[P.B.] had been favoring his left arm and crying more than normal for 2-3 days.”

The emergency room doctor was required to report suspected abuse and notified both state and Air Force officials. The Air Force and Louisiana Social Services sent investigators to the emergency room that morning. The investigators interviewed the Baileys and the state took the infant into protective custody.

Later in the investigation the government learned that the Baileys had taken the infant to the pediatric clinic on the Base in November because of what looked like a rash on his face and a scratch on his eye. P.B. was then about a month old. The nurse practitioner who saw the baby that day also testified at trial. She testified that the rash on the baby’s face was “petechia” which she described as small bruises under the skin caused by trauma, or by coughing or vomiting. The Baileys told her that the baby had not been either coughing or vomiting. The nurse practitioner also noticed a “petechial rash in a linear patter on the arm.” Christopher told her that the baby had rolled off the couch. The nurse practitioner thought this was odd because one-month-old babies are not physically capable of rolling over. She also observed that while Robin was appropriately concerned, Christopher was increasingly nervous as she asked more questions.

The nurse practitioner ordered a full skeletal x-ray. While nothing was detected at the time, during the investigation expert examination of those x-rays revealed something called a metaphyseal fracture in the infant’s right radius, which is the other long bone between the elbow and the wrist. This fracture was described at trial as follows:

[819]*819It’s a fracture that is seen only in patients 18 months and younger. It occurs at the ends of the bone, where the bone is still growing. The bones grow in length from the ends. And this Fracture occurs transversely across this weak bone. And it can be a very, very subtle fracture. It can be over looked without any problem.

Dr. Boos, an expert in child abuse, testified that P.B.’s metaphyseal was a classic metaphyseal fracture and further that:

The classic metaphyseal fracture has been called the radiological finding that is most strongly associated with abuse, meaning there is no other thing you can find in an x-ray that presents stronger evidence — no other single thing that you can find on an x-ray that presents stronger evidence of child abuse. The accidental fracture of this type is barely ever seen.

Dr. Boos testified that this type of fracture is usually caused if the bones are “shaken or whipped side to side.” He also testified that at his age, P.B. was incapable of inflicting this injury on himself.

In addition to the testimony about the cause of the injuries to P.B., Dr. Boos also testified about the Baileys’ delay in seeking treatment. He testified that the x-rays taken on December 14, 2001 revealed that the fractures in both arms had occurred some time prior to December 14. He stated that he was concerned about the delay in seeking treatment because “whenever there is a delay in care seeking for an injury as severe as this, as painful as this, then we would worry why someone is not bringing the child in, and with, that, worry about child abuse.” He testified:

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Bluebook (online)
169 F. App'x 815, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-bailey-ca5-2006.