NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 23 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-30028
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 1:20-cr-00131-SPW-1 v.
ANTOINE ROBERT THREEFINGERS, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana Susan P. Watters, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted February 10, 2023** Portland, Oregon
Before: MURGUIA, Chief Judge, and FORREST and SUNG, Circuit Judges.
Antoine Robert Threefingers appeals from his jury conviction for one count
of assault on a federal officer, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 111(a)(1) and 111(b);
one count of assault with a dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 113(a)(3) and 1153(a); one count of possession of a firearm in furtherance of a
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); and one count of
prohibited person in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Threefingers argues that there was insufficient evidence before the jury to establish
that he was sane at the time of the charged offenses. So in Threefingers’s view, the
district court erred when it denied his Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29
motion for judgment of acquittal. Threefingers also appeals the discretionary
portion of his custodial sentence—88 of the 208 months—as substantively
unreasonable. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.
1. We review de novo a district court’s denial of a Rule 29 motion.
United States v. Carranza, 289 F.3d 634, 641 (9th Cir. 2002). On such a motion,
we “view[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution” and ask
whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).
We “must presume—even if it does not affirmatively appear in the record—that
the trier of fact resolved any . . . conflicts [in the evidence] in favor of the
prosecution and must defer to that resolution.” United States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d
1158, 1164 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326).
Threefingers’s defense of insanity required that he establish by clear and
convincing evidence that (1) “as a result of a severe mental disease or defect,” he
(2) “was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his
2 acts.” 18 U.S.C. § 17. To meet the clear-and-convincing standard, Threefingers
had to “present sufficient evidence to produce in the ultimate factfinder an abiding
conviction that the truth of its factual contentions [was] highly probable.”
Sophanthavong v. Palmateer, 378 F.3d 859, 866 (9th Cir. 2004) (cleaned up).
The parties agreed at trial that Threefingers suffered from post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) when he engaged in a shootout with federal law
enforcement. So the only question that remained for the district court on the Rule
29 motion was whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, Threefingers had proved by clear and convincing evidence that his
PTSD made him “unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness
of his acts.” 18 U.S.C. § 17(a).
At trial, Threefingers exercised his right to testify. He addressed his military
experience and resultant PTSD, as well as his intent to commit suicide on the day
of the shootout. He described that, although he knew he was being pursued by
police officers, he experienced a dissociative incident during the firefight that
turned the officers at whom he was shooting into “five targets” or “five shadows.”
He testified that, during the shootout, he “was in a fight for [his] life,” a fight for
“survival.”
The parties presented testimony of opposing expert psychologists.
Threefingers relied on Dr. Suzanne Best, a clinical psychologist who specializes in
3 post-traumatic-stress disorder (“PTSD”) in combat veterans. Dr. Best interviewed
Threefingers over Zoom for three-and-a-half hours in June 2021, about eight
months after the gunfight. Threefingers told Dr. Best that during the shootout, he
experienced a “glitch” that transformed the officers into “five shadows” from his
nightmares that have “haunted” him “since he . . . returned from Iraq,” and that
they were “trying to kill him.” Threefingers believed that the shadows were “the
souls of five of the people . . . he killed in combat in Iraq.” Dr. Best testified that
Threefingers suffers from depression, suicidal ideation, and severe chronic PTSD
with dissociative symptoms, including derealization, which is a “sense that [his]
surroundings are not real,” and reexperiencing, which are “intrusive images” and
thoughts that trigger emotional or physical reactions. Based on his description of
events, Dr. Best concluded that Threefingers dissociated during the gunfight.
Dr. Cynthia Low, a forensic psychologist who performed Threefingers’s
competency and insanity evaluations before trial, testified as the government’s
rebuttal expert. Dr. Low interviewed Threefingers in person on six occasions in
February and March of 2021, totaling about ten-and-a-half hours. After testing
Threefingers, Dr. Low concluded that he suffered from PTSD. Although
Threefingers told Dr. Low that he sought to commit suicide-by-cop, Dr. Low found
that his actions during the firefight—actively taking cover when he had several
opportunities to be shot—and his trial testimony were inconsistent with that
4 assertion. Threefingers first identified the officers as officers, but then he told Dr.
Low that, during the shootout, the officers became “the enemy,” as if he was back
in Iraq. But Dr. Low found it “questionable” and “strange” that “once the shooting
beg[an], suddenly [Threefingers had] no awareness of who he’s engaging with,”
when he was “very aware” that he had been pursued by police officers. And, when
discussing the incident with Dr. Low, Threefingers never referred to a “glitch” or
the officers as having transformed into the “five shadows” from his nightmares, as
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 23 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-30028
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 1:20-cr-00131-SPW-1 v.
ANTOINE ROBERT THREEFINGERS, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana Susan P. Watters, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted February 10, 2023** Portland, Oregon
Before: MURGUIA, Chief Judge, and FORREST and SUNG, Circuit Judges.
Antoine Robert Threefingers appeals from his jury conviction for one count
of assault on a federal officer, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 111(a)(1) and 111(b);
one count of assault with a dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 113(a)(3) and 1153(a); one count of possession of a firearm in furtherance of a
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); and one count of
prohibited person in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Threefingers argues that there was insufficient evidence before the jury to establish
that he was sane at the time of the charged offenses. So in Threefingers’s view, the
district court erred when it denied his Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29
motion for judgment of acquittal. Threefingers also appeals the discretionary
portion of his custodial sentence—88 of the 208 months—as substantively
unreasonable. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.
1. We review de novo a district court’s denial of a Rule 29 motion.
United States v. Carranza, 289 F.3d 634, 641 (9th Cir. 2002). On such a motion,
we “view[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution” and ask
whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).
We “must presume—even if it does not affirmatively appear in the record—that
the trier of fact resolved any . . . conflicts [in the evidence] in favor of the
prosecution and must defer to that resolution.” United States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d
1158, 1164 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326).
Threefingers’s defense of insanity required that he establish by clear and
convincing evidence that (1) “as a result of a severe mental disease or defect,” he
(2) “was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his
2 acts.” 18 U.S.C. § 17. To meet the clear-and-convincing standard, Threefingers
had to “present sufficient evidence to produce in the ultimate factfinder an abiding
conviction that the truth of its factual contentions [was] highly probable.”
Sophanthavong v. Palmateer, 378 F.3d 859, 866 (9th Cir. 2004) (cleaned up).
The parties agreed at trial that Threefingers suffered from post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) when he engaged in a shootout with federal law
enforcement. So the only question that remained for the district court on the Rule
29 motion was whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, Threefingers had proved by clear and convincing evidence that his
PTSD made him “unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness
of his acts.” 18 U.S.C. § 17(a).
At trial, Threefingers exercised his right to testify. He addressed his military
experience and resultant PTSD, as well as his intent to commit suicide on the day
of the shootout. He described that, although he knew he was being pursued by
police officers, he experienced a dissociative incident during the firefight that
turned the officers at whom he was shooting into “five targets” or “five shadows.”
He testified that, during the shootout, he “was in a fight for [his] life,” a fight for
“survival.”
The parties presented testimony of opposing expert psychologists.
Threefingers relied on Dr. Suzanne Best, a clinical psychologist who specializes in
3 post-traumatic-stress disorder (“PTSD”) in combat veterans. Dr. Best interviewed
Threefingers over Zoom for three-and-a-half hours in June 2021, about eight
months after the gunfight. Threefingers told Dr. Best that during the shootout, he
experienced a “glitch” that transformed the officers into “five shadows” from his
nightmares that have “haunted” him “since he . . . returned from Iraq,” and that
they were “trying to kill him.” Threefingers believed that the shadows were “the
souls of five of the people . . . he killed in combat in Iraq.” Dr. Best testified that
Threefingers suffers from depression, suicidal ideation, and severe chronic PTSD
with dissociative symptoms, including derealization, which is a “sense that [his]
surroundings are not real,” and reexperiencing, which are “intrusive images” and
thoughts that trigger emotional or physical reactions. Based on his description of
events, Dr. Best concluded that Threefingers dissociated during the gunfight.
Dr. Cynthia Low, a forensic psychologist who performed Threefingers’s
competency and insanity evaluations before trial, testified as the government’s
rebuttal expert. Dr. Low interviewed Threefingers in person on six occasions in
February and March of 2021, totaling about ten-and-a-half hours. After testing
Threefingers, Dr. Low concluded that he suffered from PTSD. Although
Threefingers told Dr. Low that he sought to commit suicide-by-cop, Dr. Low found
that his actions during the firefight—actively taking cover when he had several
opportunities to be shot—and his trial testimony were inconsistent with that
4 assertion. Threefingers first identified the officers as officers, but then he told Dr.
Low that, during the shootout, the officers became “the enemy,” as if he was back
in Iraq. But Dr. Low found it “questionable” and “strange” that “once the shooting
beg[an], suddenly [Threefingers had] no awareness of who he’s engaging with,”
when he was “very aware” that he had been pursued by police officers. And, when
discussing the incident with Dr. Low, Threefingers never referred to a “glitch” or
the officers as having transformed into the “five shadows” from his nightmares, as
he had with Dr. Best. Dr. Low concluded that it was highly improbable that
Threefingers was in a dissociative state during the gunfight.
All this evidence was presented to the jury, and it was similarly before the
district court when it denied Threefingers’s Rule 29 motion. Because we “must
presume . . . that the trier of fact resolved any” conflicts in the evidence and
inferences “in favor of the prosecution and must defer to that resolution,” Nevils,
598 F.3d at 1164, we find that the jury credited Dr. Low over Dr. Best and defer to
that finding. Threefingers’s argument rests almost entirely on Dr. Best’s
testimony, and he does not contend with Dr. Low’s testimony to the contrary, so he
cannot show by clear and convincing evidence that his PTSD precluded him from
appreciating the wrongfulness of his actions.
Accordingly, we will not disturb the district court’s refusal to override the
jury’s verdict.
5 2. We review a sentence’s substantive reasonableness for abuse of
discretion. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007); United States v. Cruz-
Mendez, 811 F.3d 1172, 1175 (9th Cir. 2016). Appellate review for substantive
reasonableness should not simply be a “rubber stamp,” but we “will provide relief
only in rare cases.” United States v. Ressam, 679 F.3d 1069, 1087–88 (9th Cir.
2012). “The abuse of discretion standard is deferential, but it does not mean
anything goes.” Id. at 1087. A district court must make its sentencing decision by
first calculating the guideline range under the United States Sentencing Guidelines,
but the court “may not presume that the Guidelines range is reasonable.” Gall, 552
U.S. at 49–50. Then the district court must consider all the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
factors and apply them to the case in an individualized manner. Id.
Threefingers challenges his non-mandatory 88-month sentence for three
counts: assault on a federal officer, assault with a dangerous weapon, and
prohibited person in possession of a firearm. The guideline range for these
offenses, given Threefingers’s criminal history, was 77 to 96 months, and
Threefingers does not challenge the calculation. Rather, he argues that the district
court abused its discretion because the sentencing hearing was “one-sided,” and the
district court failed to consider his mitigation evidence regarding his PTSD,
dissociation, and military service.
6 The district court carefully considered the sentencing factors and both
aggravating and mitigating evidence, and it recognized that a sentence within the
guideline range was appropriate in this case, as it was “sufficient but not greater
than necessary.” See United States v. Carty, 520 F.3d 984, 991–92 (9th Cir. 2008).
Specifically, the district court recognized that, as a veteran, Threefingers suffered
from “mental health issues, particularly . . . PTSD,” but found that military service
and PTSD did not excuse “firing on law enforcement.” And the district court
found that Threefingers’s criminal history and his past failures to abide by
conditions of release, as well as the people in the community that his offenses
endangered, justified a within-guidelines sentence.
Threefingers’s sentence was therefore substantively reasonable, and the
district court did not abuse its discretion.
***
AFFIRMED.