NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 21a0333n.06
No. 20-1630
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jul 13, 2021 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff–Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN ANTHONY MICHAEL ASSFY, ) ) OPINION Defendant–Appellant. ) )
Before: SILER, MOORE, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. This case starkly presents the tragedy of
the ongoing opioid crisis. In the early morning hours on August 29, 2018, Defendant Anthony
Assfy sold what he thought was heroin to Daniel Coon. Later that day, Coon overdosed on
methadone and fentanyl and died shortly thereafter. Investigations by local and federal law
enforcement identified Assfy as the dealer who last sold narcotics to Coon as well as a dealer
involved in several other drug deals. Subsequently, a federal grand jury indicted Assfy on several
counts of drug possession and distribution offenses, including for selling Coon the fentanyl that
resulted in Coon’s death. A jury found Assfy guilty on all counts. Assfy now challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury’s verdict as well as various rulings that the district
court made over the course of his trial. We AFFIRM. No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
I. BACKGROUND
The events that precipitated this case began late in the evening on August 28, 2018. At
around 11:00 p.m., Assfy and Coon engaged in a series of text messages, setting up a drug deal.
Coon asked Assfy to deliver $100 worth of narcotics, split into two packages, to Coon’s workplace.
R. 112 (Trial Tr. Vol. I, Hansen Test. at 168–70) (Page ID #1741–43). At around 1:00 a.m. on
August 29, Assfy delivered the drugs to Coon’s car. Id. at 169–70 (Page ID #1742–43). Several
hours later, at approximately 10:00 p.m., the local fire department responded to an emergency call
from Coon’s residence and found him deceased in his basement from what appeared to be a drug
overdose. R. 112 (Trial Tr. Vol. I, Tuinhoff Test. at 124–27) (Page ID #1697–1700). A medical
examiner later determined that Coon died eight to twelve hours before emergency services arrived.
R. 106 (Trial Tr. Vol. III, Cohle Test. at 25) (Page ID #636). The medical examiner also concluded
that an extreme level of fentanyl, coupled with a high level of methadone, caused Coon’s death.
Id. at 20, 28, 31 (Page ID #631, 639, 642).
Law enforcement immediately began investigating Coon’s death. Using Coon’s cell
phone, Detective Warren Hansen identified a likely source of the narcotics that appeared to have
caused Coon’s death. R. 112 (Trial Tr. Vol. I, Hansen Test. at 162–63) (Page ID #1735–36).
Hansen, pretending to be Coon, set up a controlled buy for the next day with the last narcotics
dealer with whom Coon texted before his death, requesting the same amount of drugs at the same
drop-off location. Id. at 171–76 (Page ID #1744–49). On August 30, Assfy showed up at the
drop-off location and attempted to leave drugs in what he believed was Coon’s car. Id. at 177
(Page ID #1750). Law enforcement arrested him on the spot. Subsequent searches after the arrest
revealed fentanyl in Assfy’s vehicle and fentanyl and crack cocaine on his person, as well as a cell
2 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
phone with the text messages that matched the conversations between Assfy and Coon found on
Coon’s phone. R. 111 (Trial Tr. Vol. II, Hansen Test. at 16) (Page ID #1406); R. 111 (Trial Tr.
Vol. II, Giudice Test. at 138, 140) (Page ID #1528, 1530). Although Coon’s text messages
reflected that he dealt marijuana and had several other sources for acquiring drugs, law
enforcement determined that the last narcotic transaction Coon completed before his death was
with Assfy. R. 111 (Trial Tr. Vol. II, Hansen Test. at 24–25, 28, 51) (Page ID #1414–15, 1418,
1441). Detective Hansen also interviewed Assfy after the arrest, and Assfy admitted to selling
drugs to Coon at least four or five times. R. 112 (Trial Tr. Vol. I, Hansen Test. at 184) (Page ID
#1757).
After being released on bond, Assfy continued selling drugs, including three controlled
buys to a confidential informant, which resulted in law enforcement arresting him again. R. 111
(Trial Tr. Vol. II, Woollam Test. at 96, 111) (Page ID #1486, 1501). A federal grand jury then
indicted Assfy on the following six counts: (1) distribution of fentanyl, which resulted in the death
of Coon on August 29, 2018, (2) possession with intent to distribute fentanyl and cocaine base on
August 30, 2018, (3) distribution of heroin and cocaine base on October 2, 2018, (4) distribution
of heroin and cocaine base on October 25, 2018, (5) distribution of heroin and cocaine base on
November 12, 2018, and (6) possession with intent to distribute heroin and cocaine base on
November 13, 2018. R. 1 (Indictment at 1–6) (Page ID #1–6). Assfy initially pleaded not guilty
and proceeded to trial.
Before trial, Assfy filed a motion in limine, seeking to prohibit one of the government’s
expert witnesses, Agent Thomas Burns, from testifying. Assfy argued that Agent Burns’s
testimony focused on discussing common drug-trafficking practices and interpreting “drug lingo”
3 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
and that such testimony would not be reliable, nor would it be helpful to the jury. R. 50 (Def.’s
Mot. in Lim. at 1–4, 11) (Page ID #149–52, 159). The district court disagreed, noting that the
Sixth Circuit recently affirmed the admission of “testimony from Agent Burns on similar topics in
another distribution resulting in death case,” and that the government would be able to establish
the necessary foundation to qualify Agent Burns as an expert witness. R. 67 (Mot. in Lim. Order
at 1–3) (Page ID #278–80).
The Friday before the trial was to begin, Assfy attempted to plead guilty to counts three
through six of the indictment. The district court denied Assfy’s request. The district court
determined that “[e]ven if Counts 3 through 6 were somehow removed from the jury by
Defendant’s guilty plea, the scope of the government’s evidentiary proofs on the remaining counts
would probably remain about the same,” reasoning that Assfy’s conduct “could still be relevant,
for example, in establishing his intent to distribute” for the remaining counts. R. 77 (Sealed Order
at 2) (Page ID #365). The district court also noted that counts three through six contained similar
types of conduct as counts one and two, and the conduct at issue was not “highly inflammatory.”
Id. Prior to proceeding with the trial, the district court allowed both parties to state their positions
as to whether the court should accept Assfy’s partial plea. R. 112 (Trial Tr. Vol. I at 4–10) (Page
ID #1577–83). After hearing both parties’ arguments, the district adhered to its original order. Id.
at 9 (Page ID #1582). Assfy proceeded to trial on all six counts.
A jury found Assfy guilty on all counts. R. 85 (Verdict) (Page ID #375). Assfy
subsequently filed a motion for acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29 and a
motion for a new trial under Rule 33. The district court denied both motions. The case proceeded
to sentencing, and the district court sentenced Assfy to 240 months’ imprisonment to be served
4 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
concurrently for all six counts. R. 100 (Judgment at 3) (Page ID #540). Assfy timely appealed,
challenging the jury’s verdict as well as various rulings the district court made over the course of
his trial.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Assfy raises three sets of issues: (A) evidentiary issues, (B) plea issues, and
(C) sufficiency-of-proof issues. We address each in turn.
A. Admission of Expert Testimony
Assfy contends that the district court erred in permitting Agent Burns to offer unreliable
testimony concerning the common practices of drug traffickers and opinion testimony about the
meaning of certain “plain English” drug-trafficking phrases. We review a district court’s decision
to admit evidence as expert testimony for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Lopez-Medina,
461 F.3d 724, 741 (6th Cir. 2006).
Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, a witness with “specialized knowledge” qualified by
his or her “knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” may give “expert” opinion
testimony if it “will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.”
FED. R. EVID. 702. District courts must ensure that any expert testimony is both relevant, i.e., aids
the jury in understanding evidence or determining a fact in issue, and reliable. Kumho Tire Co. v.
Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 147 (1999). Rule 702 affords district courts “considerable leeway in
deciding in a particular case how to go about determining whether particular expert testimony is
reliable.” Id. at 152. In the law-enforcement context, we routinely hold that testimony concerning
the “common practices of the drug trade,” including the translation of drug-trafficking vernacular
used by other witnesses, is both relevant and reliable expert testimony when given by experienced
5 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
law-enforcement agents. United States v. Maya, 966 F.3d 493, 505 (6th Cir. 2020) (collecting
cases).
The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Agent Burns’s testimony was
both relevant and reliable. Agent Burns’s testimony focused on the common practices of narcotics
distribution and drug trafficking generally. He also translated several examples of drug-trafficking
“code” for the jury, including the terms “boy,” “girl,” “smoke,” and “bars.” R. 111 (Trial Tr. Vol.
II, Burns Test. at 165–66) (Page ID #1555–56). As mentioned earlier, we consistently have
concluded that such translation services are relevant and assist jurors in understanding text
messages and other communications exchanged between dealers and their customers, like Assfy
and Coon. See, e.g., United States v. Whyte, 795 F. App’x 353, 360–61 (6th Cir. 2019) (permitting
Agent Burns to offer his expert opinion on the meaning of “drug trafficking jargon” such as “hot,”
“cut,” and “the trap”). Moreover, despite Assfy’s contention, Agent Burns’s testimony was also
reliable: Agent Burns testified to having almost thirty years of Drug Enforcement Administration
(“DEA”) experience, extensive training in drug investigations, and almost fifteen years of
experience working with local law-enforcement teams conducting drug investigations in
Michigan. R. 111 (Trial Tr. Vol. II, Burns Test. at 160–62) (Page ID #1550–52). See Lopez-
Medina, 461 F.3d at 742–43 (holding that agents with seventeen years and six years, respectively,
of DEA employment and other experience and training in narcotics investigations were reliable
expert witnesses on drug-trafficking practices). Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting Agent Burns’s testimony.
6 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
B. Denial of Partial Guilty Plea
We review a district court’s decision to reject a guilty plea for an abuse of discretion.
United States v. Doggart, 906 F.3d 506, 509 (6th Cir. 2018). Although criminal defendants do not
have an absolute constitutional right to plead guilty, “a district court must provide a sound reason
for refusing a plea.” Id.; see also Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262 (1971).
Assfy argues that the district court erred in denying his partial guilty plea. As a result,
Assfy contends that the district court allowed the government to present “irrelevant and highly
prejudicial evidence” that would have been inadmissible had the court accepted the partial plea.
Appellant Br. at 20. We addressed this same argument in a recent unpublished decision, United
States v. Simpson, 845 F. App’x 403 (6th Cir. 2021). There we held that the district court did not
abuse its discretion in rejecting the defendant’s request to accept his partial guilty plea. The district
court denied the request for three reasons: (1) the admissible evidence would have been the same
regardless of whether the defendant pleaded guilty, (2) if the defendant pleaded guilty, he likely
would have made “unfavorable admissions” during the plea colloquy that “would presumptively
be considered admissible evidence,” and (3) the defendant could have stipulated during his
opening statement that he was not contesting guilt for certain counts. Id. at 409. We concluded
that these constituted sound reasons for rejecting the partial plea and upheld the district court’s
decision. Id.
The district court in the instant case provided similar reasons for denying Assfy’s request
to plead guilty to certain counts. First, the district court stated that it was not “aware of [any]
authority that would require it to accept a guilty plea well after the Final Pretrial Conference was
held and on the eve of trial.” R. 77 (Sealed Order at 2) (Page ID #365). Second, the district court
7 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
also found that Assfy would not suffer any prejudice from the denial because the government’s
evidence would likely remain the same, the conduct to which Assfy wanted to plead guilty was
similar to the remaining two counts and was not “highly inflammatory,” the government could still
use the defendant’s statements during the plea colloquy as evidence, and Assfy could concede
certain facts or charges without pleading guilty. Id. at 2–3 (Page ID #365–66); R. 112 (Trial Tr.
Vol. I at 9–10) (Page ID #1582–83). Assfy has not identified any binding Sixth Circuit precedent
that indicates that the district court’s reasons would or would not constitute sound reasons for
declining to accept his late partial guilty plea.
Assfy, however, raises one argument that we did not address in Simpson. Relying on two
out-of-circuit cases, Assfy contends that the district court lacked any discretion to reject his
“straight up” guilty plea that did not include a plea agreement because Assfy’s plea satisfied the
requirements of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b). Appellant Br. at 22–25; In re Vasquez-
Ramirez, 443 F.3d 692, 695–96 (9th Cir. 2006) (“[V]iewing Rules 11(a) and (b) together, it is clear
that a court must accept an unconditional guilty plea, so long as the Rule 11(b) requirements are
met. The existence or non-existence of a Rule 11(c) plea agreement is irrelevant to the separate
issue of how a defendant chooses to plead.”); United States v. Martin, 528 F.3d 746, 750 (10th
Cir. 2008) (citing Vasquez-Ramirez, 443 F.3d at 695–96) (doubting that a “district court’s desire
to avoid confusing the jury or complicating the evidentiary issues was a sufficient basis for
rejecting the partial plea,” but affirming its decision due to the lack of a factual basis for the plea
as required by Rule 11(b)(3)). In Vasquez-Ramirez, the Ninth Circuit astutely noted that although
many courts cite to Santobello for the “‘well-settled proposition that a defendant has no absolute
right . . . to have his guilty plea accepted,’ . . . . Santobello was decided before 1975, when Rule
8 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
11 was amended to remove the language that explicitly gave courts the ability to reject a guilty
plea.” Vasquez-Ramirez, 443 F.3d at 700 n.9 (alteration in original) (quoting United States v.
Gomez-Gomez, 822 F.2d 1008, 1010 (11th Cir. 1987). In reaching its holding that district courts
must accept an unconditional guilty plea when the plea meets Rule 11(b)’s requirements, the Ninth
Circuit also cited United States v. Maddox, 48 F.3d 555, 559–60 (D.C. Cir. 1995), where the D.C.
Circuit held that “a district court abused its discretion by rejecting a guilty plea without regard for
whether the Rule 11(b) requirements had been met.” Vasquez-Ramirez, 443 F.3d at 700. Taken
together, these cases persuasively suggest that the district court in this case abused its discretion
by rejecting Assfy’s partial guilty plea without ever conducting a hearing or colloquy to ascertain
whether his partial guilty plea would satisfy Rule 11(b)’s requirements.
Even if we decide that these out-of-circuit cases persuade us to disagree with our
unpublished decision in Simpson, we hold that the district court’s error was harmless. We agree
with the district court’s determination that it more than likely would have admitted the evidence
concerning counts three through six, regardless of whether Assfy pleaded guilty to those counts
because the government still needed to prove Assfy’s specific intent to distribute controlled
substances for counts one and two. And we have held that subsequent acts of drug distribution,
like counts three through six at issue here, may be admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence
404(b) to prove a specific intent offense at issue in a trial, such as the count of possession with
intent to distribute to which Assfy did not agree to plead guilty. See United States v. Barnes, 822
F.3d 914, 920–24 (6th Cir. 2016); see also United States v. Johnson, 27 F.3d 1186, 1192–93 (6th
Cir. 1994) (When a defendant does not plead guilty and the government has “the affirmative duty
to prove that the underlying prohibited act was done with a specific criminal intent, other acts
9 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
evidence may be introduced under Rule 404(b)”).1 Consequently, we conclude that were we to
hold that, in accordance with Vasquez-Ramierz, the district court abused its discretion by rejecting
Assfy’s partial guilty plea, that ruling did not materially affect the verdict and therefore was
harmless. See Whyte, 795 F. App’x at 359–60 (discussing the harmless-error rule).2
C. Sufficiency of Proof
We review de novo challenges to the sufficiency of evidence. United States v. Ray, 803
F.3d 244, 262 (6th Cir. 2015). However, “[w]hen reviewing for the sufficiency of evidence in
support of a jury verdict, . . . we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government
and give the government the benefit of all reasonable inferences from the testimony”; we do “not
‘weigh the evidence, consider the credibility of witnesses or substitute our judgment for that of the
jury.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Hilliard, 11 F.3d 618, 620 (6th Cir. 1993)). Accordingly, if
“any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt,” we must uphold the jury’s verdict. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). Assfy
has not overcome this heavy burden.
Federal law imposes enhanced penalties on persons who knowingly distribute a controlled
substance that then results in a user’s death. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C); Burrage v. United States,
1 In his opening statement, Assfy’s counsel focused exclusively on the “resulting in death” count (count one) but never explicitly conceded counts two through six. R. 112 (Trial Tr. Vol. I at 118–21) (Page ID #1691–94). Because “[i]t is not entirely clear whether, by reason of his counsel’s opening statement to the jury,” Assfy “placed in issue the intent to distribute component of the offense with which he [was] charged,” the government still had the duty to prove Assfy’s specific intent to distribute for count two. Johnson, 27 F.3d at 1193. 2 Although Assfy does not argue that the rejected partial plea prejudiced his sentencing, we note that any error in rejecting the plea also would be harmless error as it relates to Assfy’s sentence because we have held that partial guilty pleas do not entitle a defendant to a reduction in sentence for acceptance of responsibility. United States v. Chambers, 195 F.3d 274, 278–79 (6th Cir. 1999). Furthermore, the district court considered Assfy’s willingness to plead guilty to certain counts when determining his sentence. R. 108 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 28–29) (Page ID #780– 81). Accordingly, Assfy did not suffer any prejudice during sentencing from the denied partial guilty plea.
10 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
571 U.S. 204, 206 (2014). To prove that a particular distribution resulted in a user’s death, the
government must show that the distribution was “either an independent, sufficient cause of the
victim’s death or a but-for cause.” United States v. Allen, 716 F. App’x 447, 450 (6th Cir. 2017).
“But-for causation” occurs when the distributed drug “‘combines with other factors to produce’
death, and death would not have occurred ‘without the incremental effect’ of the controlled
substance.” United States v. Volkman, 797 F.3d 377, 392 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Burrage,
571 U.S. at 211).
Sufficient evidence exists to uphold the jury’s verdict. A rational jury could have found
that the drugs Coon used on August 29 were the drugs that Assfy distributed to Coon earlier that
morning. Text messages, video evidence, and other records revealed that Assfy distributed drugs
to Coon early in the morning on August 29. R. 111 (Trial Tr. Vol. II, Hansen Test. at 6–14, 24)
(Page ID #1396–1404, 1414); R. 112 (Trial Tr. Vol. I, Hansen Test. at 168–77) (Page ID #1741–
50). Later that night, after Coon’s death, the police, using Coon’s cell phone, set up another buy
for the very next day with Assfy, asking Assfy to drop off the same amount of drugs at the same
location. Id. at 171–76 (Page ID #1744–49). When Assfy attempted to drop off the drugs, the
police arrested him and found what they later ascertained to be fentanyl and cocaine base in his
car and on his person. R. 111 (Trial Tr. Vol. II, Hansen Test. at 16) (Page ID #1406). Although
Assfy thought he was selling heroin, a rational jury could find that he was unknowingly selling the
much stronger fentanyl. See United States v. Davis, 970 F.3d 650, 658 (6th Cir. 2020). Detective
Hansen testified that Assfy’s drugs were not the same color that heroin normally appears. R. 112
(Trial Tr. Vol. I, Hansen Test. at 187–88) (Page ID #1760–61). And text messages confirmed that
Assfy’s customers noted that the batch of drugs he was selling at or around the end of August was
11 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
a much stronger batch than normal. R. 111 (Trial Tr. Vol. II, Giudice Test. at 154) (Page ID
#1544). Furthermore, a rational jury could have found that Coon’s death “result[ed] from [his]
use of” Assfy’s drugs. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C). Both medical experts testified that fentanyl was
a sufficient independent cause of Coon’s death, and the government’s expert found that the
methadone found in Coon’s system was not by itself the cause of Coon’s death. R. 106 (Trial Tr.
Vol. III, Cohle Test. at 30–31) (Page ID #641–42); R. 106 (Trial Tr. Vol. III, Judge Test. at 46–
47) (Page ID #657–58). Dr. Stephen Cohle, the medical examiner, also testified that Coon would
have taken the fentanyl and methadone separately; Coon would have injected the fentanyl and
orally consumed the methadone. R. 106 (Trial Tr. Vol. III, Cohle Test. at 22, 35) (Page ID #633,
646). The evidence adequately establishes both requirements of the § 841(b)(1)(C) enhancement.
See United States v. Simer, 835 F. App’x 60, 65 (6th Cir. 2020) (noting that “‘[c]ircumstantial
evidence alone is sufficient to sustain a conviction,’ as ‘such evidence need not remove every
reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt’” (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Peters,
15 F.3d 540, 544 (6th Cir. 1994))).
Assfy’s sole contention on appeal is that no rational juror could have found that the drugs
he sold Coon caused Coon’s death. Specifically, he argues that the time that elapsed between the
sale and Coon’s death plus Coon’s known other drug dealings point to some other unidentified
dealer as the source of the fentanyl that killed Coon. We typically reject these types of sufficiency
arguments as they are “speculative possibilities already rejected by the jury.” Id. at 65–66; see
also Whyte, 795 F. App’x at 364. Moreover, the detectives who searched Coon’s phone
determined that Coon did not deal in narcotics. R. 111 (Trial Tr. Vol. II, Hansen Test. at 51) (Page
ID #1441); R. 111 (Trial Tr. Vol. II, Giudice Test. at 159) (Page ID #1549). Detective Hansen
12 No. 20-1630, United States v. Assfy
also testified that the last narcotic transaction that Coon completed was with Assfy. R. 111 (Trial
Tr. Vol. II, Hansen Test. at 24–25, 44, 51) (Page ID #1414–15, 1434, 1441). Thus, the jury had
sufficient evidence from which to conclude that Assfy was the source of the fentanyl that resulted
in Coon’s death.
Assfy’s reliance on our decision in United States v. Ewing is not persuasive. 749 F. App’x
317 (6th Cir. 2018). In Ewing, the evidence showed that the defendant sold the victim fentanyl
laced with heroin but there was no trace of heroin in the victim’s system. Id. at 329. Because the
victim “clearly had access to other illicit substances” in the period before his death, which the
government did not attribute to the defendant, and the government did not put forth any evidence
to explain the absence of heroin in the victim’s blood, we concluded that the jury’s verdict
regarding the enhancement was not supported by sufficient evidence. Id. at 330. Here, however,
there is no such “unexplained gap in the evidence.” Id. at 329. As discussed above, the
government put forth enough evidence for a rational juror to conclude that (1) Assfy unknowingly
sold fentanyl to Coon, (2) Assfy was the last person to sell narcotics to Coon, and (3) Coon died
from a fentanyl overdose. Unlike in Ewing, there was no evidence that Assfy sold Coon fentanyl
that was laced with a drug that did not appear in his blood. Consequently, we reject Assfy’s
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.
III. CONCLUSION
For reasons explained above, we AFFIRM Assfy’s convictions.