NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 27 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-2703 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:20-cr-00449-FLA-1 v. MEMORANDUM* MOHAMMAD JAWAD ANSARI, AKA Mohammad J. Ansari, AKA Eli,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Fernando L. Aenlle-Rocha, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 5, 2024 Pasadena, California
Before: BEA, OWENS, and KOH, Circuit Judges. Concurrence by Judge KOH.
Mohammad Jawad Ansari appeals from his conviction of abusive sexual
contact in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244(b) after a jury found he knowingly and
intentionally groped a sleeping woman on an airplane. Ansari challenges the
district court’s admission of his post-incident interview and certain lay opinion
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. testimony, the exclusion of expert testimony, and the impartiality of his jury. As
the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not recount them here. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
1. First, Ansari appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion to
suppress his post-incident statements to federal agents as involuntary. We review
the district court’s voluntariness determination de novo. See United States v.
Preston, 751 F.3d 1008, 1020 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). To assess a statement’s
voluntariness, we consider the “totality of all the surrounding circumstances,”
including “the characteristics of the accused and the details of the interrogation.”
Id. at 1016 (citation and emphasis omitted).
At the time of the interview, Ansari was a forty-seven-year-old business
consultant with a college education. The interview, conducted by three plain-
clothes agents with concealed weapons in a public airport terminal, lasted
approximately two and a half hours. The agents clearly advised him of his rights
and twice provided him with water. While the agents did tell Ansari that his
version of events, if true, could land him on a no-fly list, these statements were not
so coercive that his “will was overborne.” Doody v. Ryan, 649 F.3d 986, 1008 (9th
Cir. 2011) (en banc) (quoting Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 434
(2000)). Thus, under the totality of the circumstances, we agree Ansari’s post-
incident statements were voluntary.
2 23-2703 2. Alternatively, Ansari argues that, if his statements were voluntary, the
district court erred by not admitting the entire interview under the Rule of
Completeness. See Fed. R. Evid. 106. Instead, the district court allowed Ansari to
introduce excerpts, in addition to those offered by the government, that allowed
him to challenge the reliability of his statements. We review this approach for
abuse of discretion. See United States v. Lopez, 4 F.4th 706, 717 (9th Cir. 2021).
Given the interview’s length and redundancy, we hold the district court was within
its discretion to admit only the excerpts offered by both sides.
3. Ansari also raises two challenges to the district court’s exclusion of
testimony from a psychologist and a false confessions expert, which would have
helped undercut the credibility of his statements. First, he argues the exclusion
deprived him of his constitutional right to present a defense under Crane v.
Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 687 (1986), which is a claim we review de novo. See
United States v. Ross, 206 F.3d 896, 898-99 (9th Cir. 2000). Because Ansari
introduced substantial evidence about the circumstances of his confession, we hold
this particular exclusion did not deprive him of his constitutional right to present a
defense. See Crane, 476 U.S. at 689 (a defendant cannot be “stripped of the power
to describe to the jury the circumstances that prompted his confession”); Moses v.
Payne, 555 F.3d 742, 757 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[A] defendant’s right to present
3 23-2703 relevant evidence is not unlimited[.]” (quoting United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S.
303, 308 (1998))).
Second, Ansari argues that, even if not a constitutional deprivation, the
exclusion of the experts’ testimony was an abuse of discretion. If we agree,
reversal is required “unless it is more probable than not that the error did not
materially affect the verdict.” United States v. Morales, 108 F.3d 1031, 1040 (9th
Cir. 1997). Here, Ansari challenged the reliability of his statements through his
own testimony, cross-examination of the agents, and interview excerpts.
Moreover, even if admitted, the experts’ testimony would have been considered
alongside compelling evidence of Ansari’s guilt, including eyewitness and victim
testimony. We therefore conclude it is more probable than not that the rulings,
even if erroneous, did not affect the verdict.
4. Ansari also appeals from the district court’s admission of statements from
his interview that occurred after he purportedly conditionally invoked his right to
counsel like the suspect in Smith v. Endell, 860 F.2d 1528, 1529-30 (9th Cir.
1988). The district court denied the motion, concluding that Ansari’s statements
were not unequivocal or unambiguous requests for counsel as required by Davis v.
United States, 512 U.S. 452, 459 (1994), which post-dates Smith. We review
whether a defendant’s words invoked his right to counsel de novo. United States v.
Rodriguez, 518 F.3d 1072, 1076 (9th Cir. 2008). Based on our independent
4 23-2703 assessment of his statements, we conclude Ansari’s alleged invocation could lead a
reasonable officer to believe “only that [Ansari] might be invoking the right to
counsel,” Davis, 512 U.S. at 459, and thus the district court did not err by
admitting Ansari’s subsequent statements.
5. Next, Ansari argues he was denied his right to an impartial jury because a
prospective alternate, whom he later struck, made prejudicial statements in front of
the empaneled jury. We review this claim de novo. See United States v. Milner,
962 F.2d 908, 911 (9th Cir. 1992). Ansari relies on Mach v. Stewart, in which we
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 27 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-2703 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:20-cr-00449-FLA-1 v. MEMORANDUM* MOHAMMAD JAWAD ANSARI, AKA Mohammad J. Ansari, AKA Eli,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Fernando L. Aenlle-Rocha, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 5, 2024 Pasadena, California
Before: BEA, OWENS, and KOH, Circuit Judges. Concurrence by Judge KOH.
Mohammad Jawad Ansari appeals from his conviction of abusive sexual
contact in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244(b) after a jury found he knowingly and
intentionally groped a sleeping woman on an airplane. Ansari challenges the
district court’s admission of his post-incident interview and certain lay opinion
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. testimony, the exclusion of expert testimony, and the impartiality of his jury. As
the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not recount them here. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
1. First, Ansari appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion to
suppress his post-incident statements to federal agents as involuntary. We review
the district court’s voluntariness determination de novo. See United States v.
Preston, 751 F.3d 1008, 1020 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). To assess a statement’s
voluntariness, we consider the “totality of all the surrounding circumstances,”
including “the characteristics of the accused and the details of the interrogation.”
Id. at 1016 (citation and emphasis omitted).
At the time of the interview, Ansari was a forty-seven-year-old business
consultant with a college education. The interview, conducted by three plain-
clothes agents with concealed weapons in a public airport terminal, lasted
approximately two and a half hours. The agents clearly advised him of his rights
and twice provided him with water. While the agents did tell Ansari that his
version of events, if true, could land him on a no-fly list, these statements were not
so coercive that his “will was overborne.” Doody v. Ryan, 649 F.3d 986, 1008 (9th
Cir. 2011) (en banc) (quoting Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 434
(2000)). Thus, under the totality of the circumstances, we agree Ansari’s post-
incident statements were voluntary.
2 23-2703 2. Alternatively, Ansari argues that, if his statements were voluntary, the
district court erred by not admitting the entire interview under the Rule of
Completeness. See Fed. R. Evid. 106. Instead, the district court allowed Ansari to
introduce excerpts, in addition to those offered by the government, that allowed
him to challenge the reliability of his statements. We review this approach for
abuse of discretion. See United States v. Lopez, 4 F.4th 706, 717 (9th Cir. 2021).
Given the interview’s length and redundancy, we hold the district court was within
its discretion to admit only the excerpts offered by both sides.
3. Ansari also raises two challenges to the district court’s exclusion of
testimony from a psychologist and a false confessions expert, which would have
helped undercut the credibility of his statements. First, he argues the exclusion
deprived him of his constitutional right to present a defense under Crane v.
Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 687 (1986), which is a claim we review de novo. See
United States v. Ross, 206 F.3d 896, 898-99 (9th Cir. 2000). Because Ansari
introduced substantial evidence about the circumstances of his confession, we hold
this particular exclusion did not deprive him of his constitutional right to present a
defense. See Crane, 476 U.S. at 689 (a defendant cannot be “stripped of the power
to describe to the jury the circumstances that prompted his confession”); Moses v.
Payne, 555 F.3d 742, 757 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[A] defendant’s right to present
3 23-2703 relevant evidence is not unlimited[.]” (quoting United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S.
303, 308 (1998))).
Second, Ansari argues that, even if not a constitutional deprivation, the
exclusion of the experts’ testimony was an abuse of discretion. If we agree,
reversal is required “unless it is more probable than not that the error did not
materially affect the verdict.” United States v. Morales, 108 F.3d 1031, 1040 (9th
Cir. 1997). Here, Ansari challenged the reliability of his statements through his
own testimony, cross-examination of the agents, and interview excerpts.
Moreover, even if admitted, the experts’ testimony would have been considered
alongside compelling evidence of Ansari’s guilt, including eyewitness and victim
testimony. We therefore conclude it is more probable than not that the rulings,
even if erroneous, did not affect the verdict.
4. Ansari also appeals from the district court’s admission of statements from
his interview that occurred after he purportedly conditionally invoked his right to
counsel like the suspect in Smith v. Endell, 860 F.2d 1528, 1529-30 (9th Cir.
1988). The district court denied the motion, concluding that Ansari’s statements
were not unequivocal or unambiguous requests for counsel as required by Davis v.
United States, 512 U.S. 452, 459 (1994), which post-dates Smith. We review
whether a defendant’s words invoked his right to counsel de novo. United States v.
Rodriguez, 518 F.3d 1072, 1076 (9th Cir. 2008). Based on our independent
4 23-2703 assessment of his statements, we conclude Ansari’s alleged invocation could lead a
reasonable officer to believe “only that [Ansari] might be invoking the right to
counsel,” Davis, 512 U.S. at 459, and thus the district court did not err by
admitting Ansari’s subsequent statements.
5. Next, Ansari argues he was denied his right to an impartial jury because a
prospective alternate, whom he later struck, made prejudicial statements in front of
the empaneled jury. We review this claim de novo. See United States v. Milner,
962 F.2d 908, 911 (9th Cir. 1992). Ansari relies on Mach v. Stewart, in which we
vacated a conviction after determining the jury had been infected by repeated,
inflammatory, and expert-like comments from a prospective juror about the
conduct charged. 137 F.3d 630, 633-34 (9th Cir. 1998). We conclude the
comments here, which described anecdotal, secondhand knowledge of
inappropriate conduct towards flight attendants, differ meaningfully from those in
Mach and did not result in a partial jury.
6. Ansari also challenges the limitations the district court imposed on Dr.
Raphael Pelayo’s testimony as a sleep specialist. While the district court permitted
Dr. Pelayo to testify about “general human behavior while sleeping,” which has
been the subject of “long-established medical research and clinical practice,” it
excluded any testimony about Ansari’s sleep patterns or behavior on the flight,
which was based on “untested, self-serving hearsay.” The court also excluded Dr.
5 23-2703 Pelayo’s testimony that lay people were unable to tell when a person was fake
sleeping, which it determined was “a bit of a leap.” Under the deferential abuse of
discretion standard, we conclude the district court’s limitation on Dr. Pelayo’s
testimony was consistent with its gatekeeper role under Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579, 597 (1993).
7. Ansari challenges the admission under Rule 701 of opinion testimony
from lay witnesses stating their belief that Ansari was fake sleeping on the flight
after the assault. See Fed. R. Evid. 701. We review the ruling for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Rodriguez, 971 F.3d 1005, 1017 (9th Cir. 2020). After
reviewing the challenged testimony, we agree it was within the scope of Rule 701,
and the district court did not abuse its discretion by so concluding. See United
States v. Beck, 418 F.3d 1008, 1013-15 & n.3 (9th Cir. 2005) (lay opinion
testimony is within the meaning of Rule 701 when it is “based upon personal
observation and recollection of concrete facts” (citation omitted)).
8. Lastly, Ansari argues the trial court’s cumulative errors warrant reversal.
Because the only potential error was the exclusion of expert testimony, which was
harmless, there was no cumulative error. See United States v. Anekwu, 695 F.3d
967, 988 (9th Cir. 2012).
AFFIRMED.
6 23-2703 FILED United States v. Ansari, No. 23-2703 DEC 27 2024 KOH, Circuit Judge, concurring: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I join the memorandum disposition in full. However, I write separately to
underscore that, in my view, the district court abused its discretion when it
excluded the testimony of Dr. Leo, although I agree that this error was not of
constitutional dimension and was harmless.
First, Dr. Leo’s testimony satisfied Rule 702’s reliability criteria. The notion
that expert testimony based in the social sciences can never satisfy Daubert is
plainly incorrect. See United States v. Hall, 93 F.3d 1337, 1342 (7th Cir. 1996). Dr.
Leo is a leading expert in the field of false confessions, so much so that his work
has been cited by both this Court and the Supreme Court in evaluating whether a
confession was voluntary. See Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303, 321 (2014);
United States v. Preston, 751 F.3d 1008, 1022, 1027 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). It
would be strange to hold that the courts may rely on Dr. Leo’s work in deciding the
legal question of voluntariness, but the jury may not even consider it in evaluating
the factual question of whether a confession was coerced.
Second, Dr. Leo’s testimony could have been helpful to the jury. We have
held that “false confessions are an issue beyond the common knowledge of the
average layperson,” and juries benefit from “expert knowledge about the science of
1 coercive interrogation tactics.” Tekoh v. County of Los Angeles, 75 F.4th 1264,
1266 (9th Cir. 2023).
Third, Dr. Leo’s testimony would not have violated Rule 704(b)’s
prohibition of expert testimony “about whether the defendant did or did not have a
mental state or condition that constitutes an element of the crime charged or of a
defense.” Fed. R. Evid. 704(b). Dr. Leo’s testimony exclusively concerned whether
defendant falsely confessed, which is not “an element of the crime charged or of a
defense.” Fed. R. Evid. 704(b). Rule 704(b) also does not apply where, as here, the
expert testifies about the mental state of individuals in the defendant’s position
generally, rather than the mental state of this particular defendant. See Diaz v.
United States, 144 S. Ct. 1727, 1734 (2024) (holding Rule 704(b) did not prohibit
expert testimony that “most drug couriers know that they are transporting drugs”
because the expert “did not express an opinion about whether [defendant] herself
knowingly transported methamphetamine”).