NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 24a0269n.06
No. 23-5379
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT Jun 20, 2024 KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE ANDREW COUCH, ) Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION )
Before: SUTTON, Chief Judge; CLAY and BUSH, Circuit Judges.
CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant Andrew Couch appeals his conviction and sentence
resulting from his guilty plea to two counts of producing child pornography, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) and (e). Although Couch’s plea agreement specifies that he cannot appeal his
conviction or sentence unless the district court enters a sentence above the Guidelines range, Couch
argues that he did not knowingly and voluntarily enter into his plea agreement and the appellate
waiver therein. After arguing that his appellate waiver provision is unenforceable, Couch
challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to withdraw his plea agreement, as well as the
procedural reasonableness of the district court’s 720-month prison sentence. For the reasons set
forth below, we DISMISS Couch’s appeal as barred by his plea agreement’s appellate waiver
provision. No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Instant Offense
The facts of the instant case are not disputed. In December 2019, the Homeland Security
Investigations Internet Crimes Against Children in Knoxville (“HIS-ICAC”) received cyber-tips
regarding Defendant Andrew Couch’s production and distribution of child pornography via the
username daddy9413161719@gmail.com. The account subscriber information allowed
investigators to link this account to Couch, and HIS-ICAC subsequently obtained a search warrant
for Couch’s residence. The search uncovered two phones—one that belonged to Couch, and a
second phone that belonged to his girlfriend. A further search of Couch’s phone uncovered
multiple videos of child pornography produced by Couch involving H.L., his three-year-old
stepdaughter. “There were a total of 31 images and 11 videos on the defendant’s cellular phone,”
depicting the rape and sexual abuse of his stepdaughter. PSR, R. 34, Page ID #149.
During the execution of the search warrant, officers described the hazardous condition of
Couch’s home, which contained “‘heaps’ of garbage, bugs, bottles of urine, broken furniture, and
spoiled food.” Id. at Page ID #150. Couch and his co-conspirator girlfriend, Breanna Sluder, were
raising three children in this environment. The couple produced child pornography with two of
their children.1 The children were taken into the custody of the Tennessee Department of Children
Services. Eventually, H.L. was interviewed and recounted the events that are depicted in Couch’s
videos, as well as several other troubling details about Couch’s abuse of her.
In addition to the sexual exploitation of his own stepchildren, the investigation of this case
uncovered several additional reports of child sexual abuse committed by Couch against other
1 For the sexual abuse of their children, Sluder has also been prosecuted and was sentenced by the district court to 360 months’ imprisonment.
2 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
victims. These reports spanned from 2008 to 2015 and involved four different minor victims,
G.R., A.B., M.B., and J.B. Each of these reports resulted in the Department of Children Services
substantiating the abuse and/or the case being prosecuted. Beyond the victim reports, the
investigation also uncovered a Lexar 4GB micro SD card taken from Couch’s phone in 2014 that
contained over 150 images and videos of child pornography, including photos of G.R., A.B., M.B.,
J.B., and several additional local unidentified children.2 In all, Couch possessed 2,382 images and
343 videos of child pornography, many of which were distributed in interstate commerce.
B. Couch’s Plea Agreement
Based on the conduct described above, Couch was charged in a four-count indictment,
which included the offenses of: (1) one count of distribution of child pornography, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2); (2) two counts of production of child pornography, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) and (e); and (3) one count of possession and access with intent to view child
pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). At the outset of plea negotiations in
March 2020, the parties preliminarily determined with the assistance of the probation office that
Couch’s Guidelines would likely have an advisory range of 292 to 365 months’ imprisonment.
The probation office cautioned that the range was solely based on “preliminary estimates,” and
that “[t]he guidelines may be more or less depending on any final information.” Preliminary
Guidelines E-mails, R. 64-1, Page ID #377.
2 The PSR notes that, although some of the children depicted in the images of child pornography have been identified through the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, “hundreds, if not thousands, of children [] have yet to be identified as the victims of the sexual abuse depicted in [Couch’s] images and videos.” Id. at Page ID #155.
3 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
Approximately two years later, in March 2022, Couch pleaded guilty to the two counts of
producing child pornography in exchange for the dismissal of the remaining counts. Although the
plea agreement generally noted that each charge carried a statutory penalty range of a minimum
of 15 years to a maximum of 30 years’ imprisonment, the agreement did not specify a particular
sentence or Guidelines range. In addition, the plea agreement provided that Couch would waive
his right to file a direct appeal of his conviction or sentence, with the exception of his right to
appeal a sentence imposed above the Sentencing Guidelines range or above any mandatory
minimum sentence, whichever was greater.
At the change of plea hearing, the district court found that, even though Couch suffered
from various mental illnesses, he was competent to plead guilty and was satisfied with his
attorney’s representation. Couch indicated multiple times that he understood the maximum
possible penalties for his crimes, as well as the mandatory minimum penalties. The court
confirmed that Couch understood the terms of his plea agreement and held that he was pleading
guilty knowingly and voluntarily.
Following the entry of Couch’s guilty plea, the government filed a sentencing
memorandum requesting 720 months’ imprisonment, which followed the presentence report’s
recommendation entered on August 5, 2022. Instead of timely objecting to the presentence report
within 14 days, Couch filed a motion to continue sentencing over a month later. After the district
court granted this motion, Couch filed a second motion to continue sentencing, which still did not
address the presentence report, over two months later. On December 27, 2022, Couch finally filed
his objections to the presentence report. And, over a month after submitting his untimely
objections, Couch filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea on the basis that 720 months’
imprisonment vastly exceeded the parties’ predictions during their preliminary plea negotiations.
4 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
Based on the unexpectedly lengthy sentencing recommendation, Couch submitted that “the parties
did not reach a meeting of the minds and as such, [he] should be allowed to withdraw his guilty
plea.” Mot. to Withdraw Plea, R. 45, Page ID #204. In its response in opposition, the government
argued that Couch had not shown a “fair and just reason” to warrant withdrawal of the plea
agreement, and that Couch could not withdraw his plea on the basis of being dissatisfied with the
final Guidelines calculations. The district court denied Couch’s motion, and the case accordingly
proceeded to sentencing.
C. Couch’s Sentencing
During Couch’s sentencing hearing on April 13, 2023, Couch’s attorney once again
presented the parties’ pre-plea communications that indicated that Couch would likely have a base
offense level of 40, which would have resulted in a sentence of approximately 292 to 365 months’
imprisonment. While conceding that the e-mail warned that the “preliminary calculation” could
be “subject to change,” Couch’s attorney argued that it was nonetheless unfair to subject Couch to
the terms of the finalized presentence report, which included a significantly higher Sentencing
Guidelines range. Tr. Sent’g Hr’g, R. 60, Page ID #258. The government countered that, although
the preliminary calculations were lower, the subsequent investigation uncovered additional facts
that resulted in various increases to Couch’s base offense level. And importantly, the government
consistently represented that the originally presented Guidelines range was merely an estimate that
was subject to change. Because Couch’s motion to withdraw his plea agreement had already been
denied, the court determined that this pre-plea context would be relevant to its later discussion of
the § 3553(a) factors.
After ruling on the parties’ outstanding objections, the district court then considered the
factors delineated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and imposed a statutory maximum sentence of 30 years
5 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
for each count. The district court determined that these sentences should run consecutively,
totaling a 720-month term of imprisonment, because “[n]o lesser sentence of imprisonment would
sufficiently deter Mr. Couch from committing future offenses or protect the public from any future
crimes by Mr. Couch.” Id. at Page ID #318. Following the district court’s sentencing
determination, Couch appealed in a timely manner.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
As a threshold matter, we must determine whether Couch’s appellate waiver contained
within his plea agreement operates to bar Couch’s challenges to his conviction and sentence.
Indeed, it is “well settled that a defendant ‘may waive any right, even a constitutional right, by
means of a plea agreement.’” United States v. Toth, 668 F.3d 374, 377 (6th Cir. 2012) (quotation
omitted); see also United States v. Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. 196, 201 (1995). To determine whether
Couch’s waiver provision forecloses appellate review, we must decide: (1) if the defendant’s claim
falls within the scope of the appellate waiver provision, and (2) whether the defendant “knowingly
and voluntarily” agreed to the plea agreement and waiver. United States v. Milliron, 984 F.3d
1188, 1193 (6th Cir. 2021) (citing Toth, 668 F.3d at 377–78); see also United States v. Smith, 525
F. App’x 294, 295 (6th Cir. 2013) (enforcing defendant’s appellate waiver according to its terms
“so long as [the defendant] entered the agreement knowingly and voluntarily”). This Court
reviews de novo whether a defendant has waived his appellate rights in a valid plea agreement.
United States v. Detloff, 794 F.3d 588, 592 (6th Cir. 2015). If there was no valid waiver, then this
Court reviews the district court’s denial of Couch’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea for an abuse
of discretion. United States v. Parks, 700 F.3d 775, 779 (6th Cir. 2012).
6 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
B. Couch’s Appellate Waiver
As described above, Couch pleaded guilty to two counts of producing child pornography.
The plea agreement noted that the maximum punishment for each of the counts was 30 years and
listed the elements of the offenses. Importantly, in Paragraph 12(a), Couch waived his right to file
a direct appeal of his convictions or sentence, subject to one exception: “[Couch] retain[ed] the
right to appeal a sentence imposed above the sentencing guideline range determined by the Court
or above any mandatory minimum sentence deemed applicable by the Court, whichever is greater.”
Plea Ag’t, R. 18, Page ID #53. The agreement further specified that Couch waived his right to
appeal the district court’s determination “as to whether the defendant’s sentence will be
consecutive or partially concurrent to any other sentence.” Id. at Page ID #54. In Paragraph 12(b),
Couch also agreed to waive collateral attack of his convictions or sentence, with two exceptions:
“[Couch] retain[ed] the right to file a § 2255 motion as to (i) prosecutorial misconduct and (ii)
ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id.
C. The Scope of Couch’s Appellate Waiver
Based on the text of the waiver, the Court must determine whether Couch’s claim falls
within the purview of his appellate waiver provision. Milliron, 984 F.3d at 1193. Couch does not
contest that the appellate waiver provision, if entered into knowingly and voluntarily, clearly
covers his plea withdrawal claim. We have firmly established that “where a plea agreement states
that the defendant waives the right to challenge their ‘conviction’ on direct appeal, ‘an appeal of
the denial of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea is an attack on the conviction’ and is therefore
‘subject to [the] appeal waiver provision.’” Id. (quoting Toth, 668 F.3d at 378–79) (alterations in
original). “That the language did not explicitly provide that he could not appeal the denial of his
motion does not render his appellate-waiver provision unenforceable.” United States v. Duplessis,
7 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
No. 14-6558, 2016 WL 11782545, at *1 (6th Cir. Feb. 3, 2016) (citing Toth, 668 F.3d at 378–79).
Accordingly, Couch’s plea withdrawal claim falls within the scope of the appellate waiver
provision, and this Court may only review challenges to the validity of the plea agreement and the
appeal waiver therein. Milliron, 984 F.3d at 1193; see also United States v. Dennis, No. 22-3023,
2022 WL 17348383, at *3 (6th Cir. Dec. 1, 2022) (“[I]f [the defendant] waived the right to appeal
his conviction through a valid appeal waiver, he may not challenge the denial of the plea-
withdrawal motion.”).
Similarly, Couch’s procedural reasonableness claim—that the district court did not
adequately explain its decision to impose his 30-year sentences consecutively, rather than
concurrently—falls within the scope of the provision. The appellate waiver provision forecloses
both a direct appeal of Couch’s convictions and of his sentence, as the sentence imposed was not
“above the sentencing guideline range determined by the Court.” Plea Ag’t, R. 18, Page ID #53.
Cf. Detloff, 794 F.3d at 593 (“Because [the defendant’s] waiver of these rights was knowing and
voluntary, his claims of error regarding his conviction and the procedural reasonableness of the
district court's sentencing determination must be dismissed.”); United States v. Fuentes-Majano,
407 F. App’x 900, 904 (6th Cir. 2011) (based on applicability of defendant’s appellate waiver,
holding that the defendant “may not now object to the procedural reasonableness of his sentence”);
United States v. Starr, No. 22-3606, 2023 WL 4417471, at *2 (6th Cir. July 10, 2023) (barring
defendant from raising substantive and procedural challenges to his sentence based on his plea
agreement’s appeal-waiver provision). Because both of Couch’s claims clearly fall within the
scope of his appellate waiver provision, the determinative issue in this case is whether Couch
entered into the agreement and waiver therein knowingly and voluntarily.
8 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
D. Whether Couch’s Waiver was “Knowing and Voluntary”
1. Meeting of the Minds
In arguing that he did not enter into the plea agreement knowingly, Couch first contends
that “there was no meeting of the minds” because Couch thought he was waiving his right to appeal
“in exchange for a sentence of about 292 months in federal prison.” Pet’r’s Br., ECF No. 30, 22–
23. Instead of receiving approximately 25 to 30 years’ imprisonment, as the parties originally
anticipated during pre-plea negotiations, Couch received “the maximum possible sentence,” which
was “2.47 times greater” than what he had anticipated. Id. at 23. Based on the unexpected 60-
year sentence that he actually received, Couch argues that he “gave up significant constitutional
rights and received nothing in return.” Id.
An independent review of the record reveals that Couch’s guilty plea and appeal waiver
were both entered knowingly and voluntarily. Couch’s plea agreement specifically states:
No promises have been made by any representative of the United States to the defendant as to what the sentence will be in this case. Any estimates or predictions made to the defendant by defense counsel or any other person regarding any potential sentence in this case are not binding on the Court, and may not be used as a basis to rescind this plea agreement or withdraw the defendant’s guilty pleas. The defendant understands that the sentence in this case will be determined by the Court after it receives the presentence investigation report from the United States Probation Office and any information presented by the parties. The defendant acknowledges that the sentencing determination will be based upon the entire scope of the defendant’s criminal conduct, the defendant’s criminal history, and pursuant to other factors and guidelines as set forth in the Sentencing Guidelines and the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553.
Plea Ag’t, R. 18, Page ID #49–50 (emphasis added). The defendant signed this plea agreement,
indicating that he understood and voluntarily agreed to the plea agreement.
There is no mention of, much less any promise to adhere to the terms of, this pre-plea
preliminarily calculated presentence report. In fact, the text of the plea agreement explicitly
counsels otherwise. Accordingly, the appropriate Guidelines range was not an essential term of
9 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
Couch’s plea agreement. Cf. United States v. Woods, 59 F. App’x 162, 163–64 (7th Cir. 2003)
(defendant could not withdraw his plea where the court was not bound by the Guidelines estimates
in his plea agreement); United States v. Luczak, 370 F. App’x 3, 4 (11th Cir. 2010) (affirming
district court’s denial of defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea where defendant
acknowledged that “he was aware that the court could impose any sentence up to the statutory
maximum, and that he would not be allowed to withdraw his plea if his attorney’s predictions
about the sentencing range proved inaccurate”).
Although the parties engaged in pre-plea negotiations, during which time Couch received
a much lower sentencing estimate, this estimate was laced with contingencies. When the
government directed the probation officer to send Guidelines estimates to Couch’s attorney at the
attorney’s request, the officer bolded, underlined, and italicized “preliminary guidelines
calculations” to thoroughly emphasize that the presentence report was not finalized. Preliminary
Guidelines E-mails, R. 64-1, Page ID #377. And if that were not enough, the officer then included
a specific disclaimer that “[t]hese are only preliminary estimates based on preliminary information.
The guidelines may be more or less depending on any final information we may receive. No
criminal history records were considered.” Id. Both Couch and his attorney were on clear notice
that the finalized presentence report could differ from the initial estimate.
In addition, the district court carefully complied with the strict requirements of Rule 11(b)
of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. During the change of plea hearing, Couch agreed that
his attorney explained the maximum possible penalties. The district court directly addressed the
appellate waiver provisions within Paragraph 12 of Couch’s plea agreement, explaining that Couch
was agreeing to waive his right to file an appeal of his sentence or convictions with one exception.
Couch replied that he understood and had no questions regarding this provision of his plea
10 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
agreement. See United States v. Jones, 403 F.3d 817, 823–24 (6th Cir. 2005) (acknowledging that,
in determining whether a guilty plea is knowing and voluntary, “a straightforward and simple ‘Yes,
your Honor’ is sufficient to bind a defendant to [the plea agreement’s] consequences” (quoting
United States v. Walker, 160 F.3d 1078, 1096 (6th Cir. 1998))). The district court then asked again
whether Couch understood the maximum possible penalty for his offenses both when he pleaded
guilty to count two, as well as when he pleaded guilty to count three. Couch replied that he
understood the maximum and minimum penalties both times. Any time that Couch had a doubt
or a question, the court allotted time for Couch to discuss with his attorney. Overall, the district
court repeatedly reminded Couch that each count could result in a maximum sentence of 30 years’
imprisonment, and meticulously dissected the provisions of Couch’s appellate waiver.
Finally, Couch’s repeated acknowledgement that he understood that he was subject to up
to 30 years’ imprisonment for each of the counts to which he pleaded guilty—both during his plea
colloquy and during his sentencing hearing—further belies his contention that there was no
“meeting of the minds.” Cf. Baker v. United States, 781 F.2d 85, 90 (6th Cir. 1986) (where the
trial court has followed the required procedure in Rule 11, “the defendant is bound by his
statements in response to that court’s inquiry,” as the trial judge cannot administer a plea agreement
that consists of “secret terms known only to the parties” (quotation omitted)). Based on the text
of the plea agreement and Couch’s representations during his plea colloquy, Couch entered into
both the plea agreement and the appellate waiver therein knowingly and voluntarily. The waiver
provision is thus enforceable and bars review of Couch’s challenges to his convictions and
sentence on appeal.
11 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
2. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
A valid plea also requires that Couch have available the advice of competent counsel. See
Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 756 (1970). Couch’s second argument to invalidate his
appellate waiver provision is that his counsel was ineffective because he erroneously anticipated a
more lenient sentence of 292 months. We “ordinarily do not review ineffective assistance of
counsel claims on direct appeal because the record is usually insufficient to permit adequate
review.” United States v. Tudor, 796 F. App’x 267, 270 (6th Cir. 2019); see also United States v.
Ferguson, 669 F.3d 756, 762 (6th Cir. 2012). However, we may elect to review the ineffective
assistance claim on direct appeal if the parties have adequately developed the record. United States
v. Hall, 200 F.3d 962, 965 (6th Cir. 2000).
Contrary to Couch’s contentions, which are unsupported by any citation to the record, the
record in this case does not contain the contents of Couch’s conversations with his trial counsel
regarding the presentation of the potential sentencing options. The district court did not hold any
evidentiary hearing related to Couch’s potential ineffective assistance of counsel claims, and in
fact noted that discussions related to the plea negotiations were “[not] appropriate for the Court to
consider or assess.” Tr. Sent’g Hr’g, R. 60, Page ID #268. Cf. United States v. Williams, 682 F.
App’x 453, 458 (6th Cir. 2017) (holding that the record was not sufficiently developed for Court
to review IAC claim related to defendant’s attempted plea withdrawal); United States v. McCarty,
628 F.3d 284, 295–96 (6th Cir. 2010) (holding that, when the appellate record “consists largely of
unsubstantiated allegations without affidavits from defense counsel or [the defendant],” it is not
adequately developed); United States v. Carson, 32 F.4th 615, 621 (6th Cir. 2022) (ruling on IAC
claim where the district court held several evidentiary hearings, at which the defendant testified
12 No. 23-5379, United States v. Couch
that his attorney promised him that pleading guilty would result in a sentence of only seventeen
years).
Although there is evidence in the record related to the government’s preliminary estimation
of the applicable sentencing range, there is no evidence related to the manner in which Couch’s
attorney presented this estimate to Couch or later presented the plea agreement. Without evidence
of the content of these conversations, this Court cannot determine whether Couch’s counsel
effectively negotiated his plea agreement or meaningfully explained the maximum and minimum
sentencing possibilities. We therefore decline to review Couch’s ineffective assistance of counsel
claim, as pursuit of this issue is “more appropriately undertaken pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255.”
Tudor, 796 F. App’x at 270.
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the text of the plea agreement and Couch’s representations at his plea colloquy,
the plea agreement and the appellate waiver were entered into knowingly and voluntarily.
Therefore, the appellate waiver provision operates to bar Couch’s claims challenging his
convictions and sentence. For the reasons set forth above, we DISMISS Couch’s appeal as related
to these claims. As for Couch’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we DISMISS this claim
without prejudice to his right to seek relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, which is also expressly
permitted under his plea agreement.