United States v. Almonte-Polanco

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: June 29, 2023
• Docket: 20-4126
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

20-4126 United States v. Almonte-Polanco

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 29th day of June, two thousand twenty-three.

Present: DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, ROSEMARY S. POOLER, WILLIAM J. NARDINI, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v. 20-4126

FELIPE CONFESOR ALMONTE-POLANCO,

Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________________

For Appellee: TIFFANY H. LEE, Assistant United States Attorney for Trini E. Ross, United States Attorney, Western District of New York, Buffalo, NY.

For Defendant-Appellant: STEPHANIE M. CARVLIN, Law Office of Stephanie Carvlin, New York, NY.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of New

1 York (Larimer, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Defendant-Appellant Felipe Confesor Almonte-Polanco (“Almonte-Polanco”) appeals

from the December 10, 2020 judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District

of New York (Larimer, J.) convicting him, following a guilty plea, of making a false statement in

a passport application in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1542 and aggravated identity theft in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A. Almonte-Polanco challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to

suppress evidence seized following a July 23, 2018 street encounter, which culminated in his arrest

and the subsequent search, pursuant to a warrant, of his personal residence. 1 Almonte-Polanco

contends that law enforcement violated his Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights by seizing him

without reasonable suspicion and thereafter searching his home pursuant to a search warrant that

was based in part on information derived from the earlier Fourth Amendment violation. 2

On appeal from the denial of a suppression motion, we review a district court’s findings of

fact for clear error and its resolution of questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact de

novo. See United States v. Hawkins, 37 F.4th 854, 857 (2d Cir. 2022). The denial of a request

for an evidentiary hearing on a motion to suppress is reviewed for abuse of discretion. United

States v. Lewis, 62 F.4th 733, 741 (2d Cir. 2023). In resolving this appeal, we assume the parties’

1 The facts of this encounter are derived from the video files of Rochester Police Officer William Baker’s (“Officer Baker”) body-worn camera footage included in the Government’s supplemental appendix. 2 Almonte-Polanco additionally argues in his briefing that law enforcement subjected him to custodial interrogation without reading him his Miranda rights. Almonte-Polanco conceded at argument that this claim was beyond the scope of what he reserved for appeal in his written plea agreement. Accordingly, we deem this claim waived.

2 familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

I. Seizure

Almonte-Polanco contests the district court’s conclusion that Officer Baker did not seize

him at the outset of their July 2018 interaction but rather initiated a consensual encounter that did

not implicate Almonte-Polanco’s Fourth Amendment rights. The critical moment, according to

Almonte-Polanco, occurred within seconds of Officer Baker’s approach. Almonte-Polanco was

seated on a low-lying barrier on the perimeter of a parking lot with two friends when Officer Baker

approached. One friend, Brian, started to walk away, and returned after Officer Baker told him,

“You can hang for a second, man, yeah, you’re good.” Almonte-Polanco argues that he was

unlawfully seized the instant Officer Baker uttered these words to Brian, because, at that point,

Officer Baker made clear that the three men were not free to leave, even though Officer Baker

lacked reasonable suspicion that Almonte-Polanco was engaged in criminal activity.

For the purposes of the Fourth Amendment, a police encounter becomes a seizure when,

“in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have

believed that he was not free to leave.” United States v. Weaver, 9 F.4th 129, 142 (2d Cir. 2021)

(en banc) (quoting United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980)). By this standard, it

is “clear that a seizure does not occur simply because a police officer approaches an individual and

asks a few questions.” Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434 (1991); see also Florida v. Royer,

460 U.S. 491, 497 (1983) (plurality opinion of White, J.). In determining whether a seizure has

occurred, we consider “the overall coercive effect of the police conduct.” United States v. Lee,

916 F.2d 814, 819 (2d Cir. 1990) (citation omitted). “Factors which might suggest a seizure . . .

include: the threatening presence of several officers; the display of a weapon; physical touching of

the person by the officer; language or tone indicating that compliance with the officer was

3 compulsory; prolonged retention of a person’s personal effects, such as . . . identification; and a

request by the officer to accompany him to the police station or a police room.” Id. (citing

Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554).

Here, the district court did not err in concluding that Almonte-Polanco was not seized

within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment upon this initial encounter with Officer Baker. The

circumstances bear none of the hallmarks indicating that Officer Baker exercised a degree of

coercive pressure rising to the level of a seizure. See I.N.S. v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216

(“Unless the circumstances of the encounter are so intimidating as to demonstrate that a reasonable

person would have believed he was not free to leave if he had not responded, one cannot say that

the questioning resulted in a detention under the Fourth Amendment.”). Officer Baker was on

bicycle patrol by himself when he came upon Almonte-Polanco’s group. Officer Baker spoke to

the group in a cordial tone of voice without making any demands and never displayed a weapon.

Officer Baker did not alter these dynamics when he told Brian that he could “hang for a second”—

a precatory statement not phrased in the imperative, not intonated in a threatening manner, nor

suggestive of mandatory compliance. That Brian chose to stay does not mean that Officer Baker

coerced him to do so. See id. (“While most citizens will respond to a police request, the fact that

people do so, and do so without being told they are free not to respond, hardly eliminates the

consensual nature of the response.”). Furthermore, prior to these pivotal words, Officer Baker

had not evinced any special interest in Almonte-Polanco, as distinct from the other members of his

group. There is thus nothing in Baker’s brief exchange with Brian to suggest that a reasonable

person in Almonte-Polanco’s position would have felt coerced to stay as a result of this exchange.

Almonte-Polanco’s Fourth Amendment claim hinges on whether he was seized at this

initial juncture because, immediately thereafter, Officer Baker received a radio transmission

4 informing him that a man matching Almonte-Polanco’s description was observed in the area

peddling illegal cigarettes and may have been involved in a recent shooting. Officer Baker’s

suspicions were reinforced when Almonte-Polanco handed him an identification card bearing the

name Manuel Soto-Torres, which prompted Officer Baker to undertake investigative steps to

confirm whether Almonte-Polanco had presented a false identity. 3 This information gave Officer

Baker reasonable suspicion to detain Almonte-Polanco briefly for the purpose of investigating

these potential crimes. See United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989) (explaining that “the

police can stop and briefly detain a person for investigative purposes if the officer has a reasonable

suspicion supported by articulable facts that criminal activity ‘may be afoot’” (quoting Terry v.

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968))).

In sum, Almonte-Polanco’s Fourth Amendment rights were not violated during this

interaction. There is thus no basis to suppress any tangible evidence resulting from the street

encounter or the subsequent warrant-based search of Almonte-Polanco’s residence.

II. Evidentiary Hearing

Almonte-Polanco next contends that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to

hold an evidentiary hearing on his motion to suppress. For the following reasons, this claim, too,

provides him no basis for relief.

As an initial matter, the Government contends that this claim should be reviewed only for

plain error. We disagree. Plain error review is ordinarily reserved for claims of error not raised

Almonte-Polanco argues that the record fails to support the inference that Officer Baker was alert 3

to the possibility that Almonte-Polanco was impersonating somebody else. To the contrary, as described infra, Officer Baker’s interactions with other law enforcement personnel following his receipt of Almonte- Polanco’s identification card demonstrate that Officer Baker reasonably suspected that Almonte-Polanco was not Manuel Soto-Torres.

5 in the district court, see United States v. Boyland, 862 F.3d 279, 288–89 (2d Cir. 2017), but that is

not the case here. The magistrate judge convened a hearing to discuss the evidence he should

consider in adjudicating Almonte-Polanco’s suppression motion, during which the Government

rebuffed Almonte-Polanco’s request for a hearing by asserting that “there is no need for a factual

hearing” because “everything this court needs to consider to make a ruling . . . is on the tape.”

App’x 175–76. Later, and contrary to its original position that no evidence other than the footage

need be considered, the Government introduced in supplemental briefing an officer awareness

bulletin flagging Almonte-Polanco’s use of a false identity that Officer Baker purportedly saw

prior to the July 23, 2018 encounter. Almonte-Polanco again objected—this time to the

introduction of the bulletin. Thus, Almonte-Polanco repeatedly sought an evidentiary hearing,

and we review his claim for abuse of discretion. Lewis, 62 F.4th at 741.

“[A]n evidentiary hearing on a motion to suppress ordinarily is required if the moving

papers are sufficiently definite, specific, detailed, and nonconjectural to enable the court to

conclude that contested issues of fact going to the validity of the search are in question.” In re

Terrorist Bombings of U.S. Embassies in E. Afr., 552 F.3d 157, 165 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting United

States v. Watson, 404 F.3d 163, 167 (2d Cir. 2005)). Almonte-Polanco has failed to establish that

any such issue of fact was genuinely in dispute. Almonte-Polanco asserts that the district court

erred in finding that Officer Baker had contemporaneous knowledge of the officer awareness

bulletin when he stopped Almonte-Polanco on July 23, 2018. But the footage of the encounter

demonstrates that Officer Baker knew of the bulletin when he encountered Almonte-Polanco, as

reflected by: (1) Officer Baker’s decision to call Investigator Cynthia Muratore (“Muratore”)—the

investigator who drafted the bulletin—immediately after obtaining the identification card from

Almonte-Polanco with the name Manuel Soto-Torres; (2) Officer Baker’s unprompted question to

6 Muratore seeking to confirm whether the man presenting as Manuel Soto-Torres was actually

Almonte-Polanco; and (3) Officer Baker’s subsequent remark to Muratore that Almonte-Polanco

may have arrived in one of the cars in the parking lot, but that “it’s not the same car from the

bulletin.” Without reason to conclude that there existed a genuinely contested issue of fact going

to the validity of the stop, the district court did not abuse its discretion in resolving the suppression

motion without a hearing.

* * *

We have considered Almonte-Polanco’s remaining arguments and find them to be

without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court