NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 11 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-3825 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:21-cr-00452-JFW-1 v. MEMORANDUM* VLADISLAV KONSTANTIN AKSENOV,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California John F. Walter, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted June 9, 2025** Pasadena, California
Before: CLIFTON, IKUTA, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.
A jury convicted Defendant-Appellant Vladislav Aksenov of falsely
impersonating an FBI agent, and the district court sentenced him to four months of
imprisonment followed by two years of supervised release. On appeal, Aksenov
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). challenges his conviction and sentence. We affirm his conviction and custodial
sentence but vacate his term of supervised release as unlawful and remand for
resentencing on that limited issue.
1. Firearm Evidence. Aksenov argues the district court improperly
admitted evidence that his firearm fit a holster with a law enforcement badge affixed
to it that was found in a car parked at the scene of the crime. His arguments address
three Federal Rules of Evidence. We generally review evidentiary rulings for abuse
of discretion, United States v. Boulware, 384 F.3d 794, 800−01 (9th Cir. 2004), but
where no objection was made at trial, we review for plain error, United States v.
Gomez-Norena, 908 F.2d 497, 500 (9th Cir. 1990).
a. Rule 401. Aksenov contends that the challenged evidence was
inadmissible under Rule 401 because: (1) his gun fitting the holster did not tend to
show that he owned the holster, (2) even if it did, this evidence did not make it more
likely than not that he owned the badge affixed to the holster, and (3) even if the
evidence established that he owned both the badge and holster, it was not relevant
to determining whether he committed the charged offense of impersonating a federal
officer. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
the challenged evidence under Rule 401 because it does have a tendency to make it
more probable that Aksenov committed the charged offense. See Fed. R. Evid.
401(b); Messick v. Novartis Pharms. Corp., 747 F.3d 1193, 1196 (9th Cir. 2014)
2 (“The relevancy bar is low, demanding only that the evidence ‘logically advances a
material aspect of the proposing party’s case.’” (quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharm., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311, 1315 (9th Cir. 1995))). Specifically, the challenged
evidence makes it more probable that Aksenov was the person who showed the
badge to Nguyen, which made it more probable that Aksenov committed the offense
of impersonating an FBI agent.
Aksenov also argues that the relevancy of this evidence hinged on the
Government establishing a preliminary fact under Rule 104(b)—that the holster was
“unique enough” to make it probable that the owner of the holster necessarily owned
the firearm. Because Aksenov failed to raise this objection before the district court,
we review the admission of this evidence for plain error and find none. See Gomez-
Norena, 908 F.2d at 500. The district court did not plainly err in admitting this
evidence because a jury could reasonably find Aksenov owned the holster and badge
attached to it, regardless of whether the holster was uniquely suited to his firearm.
See Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 690 (1988).
b. Rule 404(b). Aksenov next argues the firearm evidence is not
admissible for proving identity under Rule 404(b)(2) because it does not make it
more probable that he committed the charged offense. Under Rule 404(b)(2), “other
act” evidence is only admissible if it “tends to prove a material point.” See United
States v. Beckermann, 971 F.3d 999, 1002 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). Again,
3 the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the firearm evidence
tended to tie Aksenov to the charged offense of impersonating an FBI agent.
c. Rule 403. Finally, Aksenov contends that the firearm evidence
was inadmissible under Rule 403 because any probative value was substantially
outweighed by its prejudicial effect of informing jurors that he owned a licensed
firearm. We disagree and note that Aksenov fails to cite any authority indicating that
evidence of lawful possession of a firearm is inherently prejudicial. Cf. United States
v. Dorsey, 677 F.3d 944, 952 (9th Cir. 2012) (concluding “[t]estimony about mere
gun possession was not likely to inflame the jury”).
2. References to Aksenov’s Appearance. Aksenov contends the
Government violated his right to a fair trial and committed prejudicial misconduct
by referring to him as “a big white Russian” and employing “similar terms that
reinforced his large size, foreign-ness, and supposedly threatening nature. He asserts
that such references were particularly prejudicial given Russia’s invasion into
Ukraine 15 months before his trial.1 Because Aksenov did not raise this issue before
1 We grant Aksenov’s motion for judicial notice related to the Russia-Ukraine war. Fed. R. Evid. 201(b); see Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Courts may take judicial notice of publications introduced to indicate what was in the public realm at the time, not whether the contents of those articles were in fact true.” (citation omitted)).
4 the district court, we again review for plain error. See United States v. Yijun Zhou,
838 F.3d 1007, 1010 (9th Cir. 2016).
“Appeals to racial, ethnic, or religious prejudice during the course of a trial
violate a defendant’s Fifth Amendment right to a fair trial” as well as his “due
process and equal protection rights.” United States v. Cabrera, 222 F.3d 590, 594
(9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted); United States v. Nobari, 574 F.3d 1065, 1073 (9th
Cir. 2009). But here the Government referenced Aksenov’s race, ethnicity,
nationality, and physical characteristics only to identify him as the individual who
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 11 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-3825 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:21-cr-00452-JFW-1 v. MEMORANDUM* VLADISLAV KONSTANTIN AKSENOV,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California John F. Walter, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted June 9, 2025** Pasadena, California
Before: CLIFTON, IKUTA, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.
A jury convicted Defendant-Appellant Vladislav Aksenov of falsely
impersonating an FBI agent, and the district court sentenced him to four months of
imprisonment followed by two years of supervised release. On appeal, Aksenov
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). challenges his conviction and sentence. We affirm his conviction and custodial
sentence but vacate his term of supervised release as unlawful and remand for
resentencing on that limited issue.
1. Firearm Evidence. Aksenov argues the district court improperly
admitted evidence that his firearm fit a holster with a law enforcement badge affixed
to it that was found in a car parked at the scene of the crime. His arguments address
three Federal Rules of Evidence. We generally review evidentiary rulings for abuse
of discretion, United States v. Boulware, 384 F.3d 794, 800−01 (9th Cir. 2004), but
where no objection was made at trial, we review for plain error, United States v.
Gomez-Norena, 908 F.2d 497, 500 (9th Cir. 1990).
a. Rule 401. Aksenov contends that the challenged evidence was
inadmissible under Rule 401 because: (1) his gun fitting the holster did not tend to
show that he owned the holster, (2) even if it did, this evidence did not make it more
likely than not that he owned the badge affixed to the holster, and (3) even if the
evidence established that he owned both the badge and holster, it was not relevant
to determining whether he committed the charged offense of impersonating a federal
officer. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
the challenged evidence under Rule 401 because it does have a tendency to make it
more probable that Aksenov committed the charged offense. See Fed. R. Evid.
401(b); Messick v. Novartis Pharms. Corp., 747 F.3d 1193, 1196 (9th Cir. 2014)
2 (“The relevancy bar is low, demanding only that the evidence ‘logically advances a
material aspect of the proposing party’s case.’” (quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharm., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311, 1315 (9th Cir. 1995))). Specifically, the challenged
evidence makes it more probable that Aksenov was the person who showed the
badge to Nguyen, which made it more probable that Aksenov committed the offense
of impersonating an FBI agent.
Aksenov also argues that the relevancy of this evidence hinged on the
Government establishing a preliminary fact under Rule 104(b)—that the holster was
“unique enough” to make it probable that the owner of the holster necessarily owned
the firearm. Because Aksenov failed to raise this objection before the district court,
we review the admission of this evidence for plain error and find none. See Gomez-
Norena, 908 F.2d at 500. The district court did not plainly err in admitting this
evidence because a jury could reasonably find Aksenov owned the holster and badge
attached to it, regardless of whether the holster was uniquely suited to his firearm.
See Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 690 (1988).
b. Rule 404(b). Aksenov next argues the firearm evidence is not
admissible for proving identity under Rule 404(b)(2) because it does not make it
more probable that he committed the charged offense. Under Rule 404(b)(2), “other
act” evidence is only admissible if it “tends to prove a material point.” See United
States v. Beckermann, 971 F.3d 999, 1002 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). Again,
3 the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the firearm evidence
tended to tie Aksenov to the charged offense of impersonating an FBI agent.
c. Rule 403. Finally, Aksenov contends that the firearm evidence
was inadmissible under Rule 403 because any probative value was substantially
outweighed by its prejudicial effect of informing jurors that he owned a licensed
firearm. We disagree and note that Aksenov fails to cite any authority indicating that
evidence of lawful possession of a firearm is inherently prejudicial. Cf. United States
v. Dorsey, 677 F.3d 944, 952 (9th Cir. 2012) (concluding “[t]estimony about mere
gun possession was not likely to inflame the jury”).
2. References to Aksenov’s Appearance. Aksenov contends the
Government violated his right to a fair trial and committed prejudicial misconduct
by referring to him as “a big white Russian” and employing “similar terms that
reinforced his large size, foreign-ness, and supposedly threatening nature. He asserts
that such references were particularly prejudicial given Russia’s invasion into
Ukraine 15 months before his trial.1 Because Aksenov did not raise this issue before
1 We grant Aksenov’s motion for judicial notice related to the Russia-Ukraine war. Fed. R. Evid. 201(b); see Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Courts may take judicial notice of publications introduced to indicate what was in the public realm at the time, not whether the contents of those articles were in fact true.” (citation omitted)).
4 the district court, we again review for plain error. See United States v. Yijun Zhou,
838 F.3d 1007, 1010 (9th Cir. 2016).
“Appeals to racial, ethnic, or religious prejudice during the course of a trial
violate a defendant’s Fifth Amendment right to a fair trial” as well as his “due
process and equal protection rights.” United States v. Cabrera, 222 F.3d 590, 594
(9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted); United States v. Nobari, 574 F.3d 1065, 1073 (9th
Cir. 2009). But here the Government referenced Aksenov’s race, ethnicity,
nationality, and physical characteristics only to identify him as the individual who
committed the crime. See Cabrera, 222 F.3d at 597 (“In some instances, such as
eyewitness identification, a defendant’s race or ethnicity is relevant and not
prejudicial.”). The record is devoid of evidence that the Government made ethnic
generalizations or attempted to connect Aksenov’s criminal conduct to his ethnicity
or nationality. Cf. Nobari, 574 F.3d at 1076 (concluding “[t]he district court abused
its discretion by . . . allowing the closing argument concerned with ethnic
generalizations”).
3. Cumulative Error. Because we conclude that the district court did not
commit any trial errors, Aksenov’s theory of cumulative error necessarily fails. See
United States v. Solorio, 669 F.3d 943, 956 (9th Cir. 2012).
4. Supervised Release. The parties agree that the district court erred by
imposing a two-year term of supervised release. Because Aksenov’s conviction
5 under 18 U.S.C. § 912 was for a Class E felony, the law allows for a supervised
release term of no more than one year. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 3559(a)(5), 3583(b)(3). We
therefore vacate Aksenov’s supervised release term and remand for resentencing on
that issue.
AFFIRMED in part; VACATED and REMANDED in part.