United States v. Adams

Opinion

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21  8QLWHG6WDWHVY$GDPV 1R 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU

,,, )LOH 1DPH DS

$GDPVDOVRFKDOOHQJHVKLVVHQWHQFHRQWKHJURXQGWKDWKLV SULRUFRQYLFWLRQVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWE\D 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 SUHSRQGHUDQFH RI WKH HYLGHQFH DW VHQWHQFLQJ UDWKHU WKDQ VXEPLWWHGWRWKHMXU\DQGSURYHQEH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEW )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 LQYLRODWLRQRIWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWjVGHFLVLRQLQ$SSUHQGLY BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1HZsHUVH\862XUGHFLVLRQLQ8QLWHG 6WDWHVY*DWHZRRG)GWK&LUZKLFKKHOG WKDW SULRU FRQYLFWLRQV DUH QRW HOHPHQWV RI WKH RIIHQVH EXW 81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; PHUH VHQWHQFLQJ IDFWRUV WKDW QHHG QRW EH SURYHQ EH\RQG D 3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH  UHDVRQDEOHGRXEWWRDMXU\GLVSRVHVRI$GDPVjVFODLP6HH  *DWHZRRG)GDWVHHDOVR$SSUHQGL86DW  1R m2WKHUWKDQWKHIDFWRIDSULRUFRQYLFWLRQDQ\IDFWWKDW Y  LQFUHDVHV WKH SHQDOW\ IRU D FULPH EH\RQG WKH SUHVFULEHG !  VWDWXWRU\PD[LPXPPXVWEHVXEPLWWHGWRDMXU\DQGSURYHG 7(55< / $'$06  EH\RQG D UHDVRQDEOH GRXEWl HPSKDVLV DGGHG  8QGHU 'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW  *DWHZRRG$GDPVjVVHQWHQFHLVDIILUPHG 1 ,9 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHDW0HPSKLV )RU WKH IRUHJRLQJ UHDVRQV ZH $)),50 $GDPVj 1RnsRQ3KLSSV0F&DOOD'LVWULFWsXGJH FRQYLFWLRQVDQGVHQWHQFH $UJXHG0DUFK 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG6HSWHPEHU %HIRUH0$57,1&KLHIsXGJH0225(&LUFXLWsXGJH 7$512:'LVWULFWsXGJH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ $5*8('  5DQGDOO 3 6DON\ 7+( /$: 2)),&( 2) 5$1'$// 6$/.< 0HPSKLV 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOODQW 7RQ\ 5 $UYLQ $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6

7KH +RQRUDEOH $UWKXU s 7DUQRZ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH (DVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 0LFKLJDQ VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ

  8QLWHG6WDWHVY$GDPV 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY$GDPV 

$77251(< 0HPSKLV 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOOHH $GDPVSK\VLFDOO\VFXIIOHGZLWKKHUZKLOHDWWHPSWLQJWRHQWHU 21 %5,()  5DQGDOO 3 6DON\ 7+( /$: 2)),&( 2) KHUYHKLFOHUHVXOWLQJLQ:LWPHUIDOOLQJZLWKHQRXJKIRUFHWR 5$1'$// 6$/.< 0HPSKLV 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOODQW FXW KHU OHJ DQG DUP  7HVWLPRQ\ HVWDEOLVKHG WKDW $GDPV 7RQ\ 5 $UYLQ $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6 UREEHG:DOODFH5HHGDWJXQSRLQWWKHVDPHGD\WKDWKHILUHG $77251(<0HPSKLV7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOOHH VKRWVDWDSROLFHRIILFHU$QG'LDQQHDQG*DUODQG5HHGQR UHODWLRQWR:DOODFHWHVWLILHGWKDW$GDPVZRXOGKDYHUXQRYHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 'LDQQH5HHGjVKHDGZLWKKHURZQYHKLFOHKDGVKHQRWUROOHG RXWRIWKHZD\DWWKHODVWPLQXWH7DNLQJWKLVHYLGHQFHDVZH 23,1,21 KDYH SUHVHQWHG LW KHUH LQ WKH OLJKW PRVW IDYRUDEOH WR WKH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 8QLWHG6WDWHVZHILQGWKDWLWVKRZVWKDW$GDPVSRVVHVVHGWKH SUHVHQWPHDQVWRFDUU\RXWKLVWKUHDWVWRKDUPHDFKYLFWLP %2<&()0$57,1s5&KLHIsXGJH7HUU\/$GDPV )URP WKDW WKH MXU\ FRXOG KDYH LQIHUUHG WKDW $GDPV PDGH DSSHDOVKLVFRQYLFWLRQVXQGHUWKHIHGHUDOFDUMDFNLQJVWDWXWH DFWXDOUDWKHUWKDQHPSW\WKUHDWVDQGWKXVWKDWKHSRVVHVVHG FRGLILHGDW86&†DQGKLVFRUUHVSRQGLQJILUHDUP WKH VSHFLILF LQWHQW WR VHULRXVO\ KDUP RU NLOO KLV YLFWLPV LI FRQYLFWLRQV XQGHU  86& † F RQ WKH JURXQGV RI QHFHVVDU\  $FFRUGLQJO\ ZH DIILUP DOO VL[ FDUMDFNLQJ LQVXIILFLHQW HYLGHQFH  +H DOVR UDLVHV D FKDOOHQJH WR KLV FRQYLFWLRQV  %HFDXVH ZH DIILUP $GDPVj FDUMDFNLQJ VHQWHQFHXQGHU$SSUHQGLY1HZsHUVH\86 FRQYLFWLRQV ZH ZLOO DIILUP KLV GHULYDWLYH 6HFWLRQ F )RU WKH IROORZLQJ UHDVRQV ZH DIILUP KLV FRQYLFWLRQV DQG FRQYLFWLRQVDVZHOO VHQWHQFH , 2Q$XJXVW$GDPVDSSURDFKHG5D\+XQWHUZKR ZDVZDVKLQJKLVHPSOR\HUjV/H[XV(6DWWKH6XQVKLQH  :H DUH DZDUH RI VHYHUDO FDVHV RYHUWXUQLQJ FRQYLFWLRQV IRU ERWK VSHFLILF LQWHQW FULPHV DQG FULPHV FRPPLWWHG ZLWK D mGDQJHURXV ZHDSRQl &DU:DVKLQ0HPSKLV7HQQHVVHHSRLQWHGDILUHDUPDWKLV DEVHQW SURRI RI D ORDGHG JXQ 6HH HJ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y 7XUQHU  0s IDFHDQGRUGHUHGKLPWRZDONWRWKHEDFNRIWKHFDUDQGJLYH   $ &W &ULP $SS  YDFDWLQJ DVVDXOW ZLWK GDQJHURXV $GDPVWKHNH\VWRWKH/H[XV$GDPVWKHQSXVKHG+XQWHULQ ZHDSRQ FRQYLFWLRQ XSRQ IDLOXUH WR SURYH ORDGHG JXQ EHFDXVH ZKHQ WKHEDFNZLWKKLVJXQDQGRUGHUHGKLPWRFRQWLQXHZDONLQJ SUHVHQWHG DV ILUHDUP DQG QRW EOXGJHRQ RU PLVVLOH mXQGHU QR FRQFHLYDEOH

$GDPVGURYHDZD\LQWKH/H[XV FLUFXPVWDQFHV LV DQ XQORDGHG SLVWRO FDSDEOH RI LQIOLFWLQJ DQ\ ERGLO\ KDUPl 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y %XVK  &05   &* &W &ULP $SS  m>R@EYLRXVO\ VKRRWLQJ D EODQN LV QRW OLNHO\ WR SURGXFH GHDWK RU 2Q$XJXVW$GDPVDSSHDUHGDWWKHGULYHUjVZLQGRZRI JULHYRXV ERGLO\ KDUP MXVW DV SUHVHQWLQJ DQ XQORDGHG ULIOH LV QRW OLNHO\ WR 3DPHOD:LWPHUjV1LVVDQ3DWKILQGHUSRLQWLQJDILUHDUPDWKHU KDYH VXFK D UHVXOWl 3HRSOH Y 6\OYD  3   &DO  :LWPHU EHOLHYLQJ $GDPV ZDQWHG WKH FDVK VKH KDG MXVW m3RLQWLQJ DQ XQORDGHG JXQ DW DQRWKHU DFFRPSDQLHG E\ D WKUHDW WR ZLWKGUDZQ IURP DQ DXWRPDWHG WHOOHU PDFKLQH WKUHZ KHU GLVFKDUJH LW ZLWKRXW DQ\ DWWHPSW WR XVH LW H[FHSW E\ VKRRWLQJ GRHV QRW

PRQH\ DW $GDPV DQG WKHQ DWWHPSWHG WR H[LW WKH YHKLFOH FRQVWLWXWH DQ DVVDXOWl )DVWELQGHU Y 6WDWH  2KLR 6W  2KLR  YDFDWLQJ DVVDXOW ZLWK LQWHQW WR NLOO FRQYLFWLRQ XSRQ IDLOXUH WR SURYH $GDPVDQG:LWPHUHQJDJHGLQDVPDOOVFXIIOHDVVKHWULHGWR ORDGHG JXQ ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH MXU\ FRXOG KDYH LQIHUUHG WKDW $GDPV UREEHG H[LWWKHFDUZKLOH$GDPVWULHGWRHQWHULW)LQDOO\:LWPHUIHOO 5HHG ZLWK D ORDGHG JXQ IURP WKH WHPSRUDO SUR[LPLW\ RI $GDPVj ILULQJ WRWKHJURXQGDQG$GDPVEHJDQVFUHDPLQJIRUWKHNH\VWRWKH VKRWV DW D SROLFH RIILFHU DQG WKH UREEHU\ 7KHUHIRUH ZH QHHG QRW GHFLGH 3DWKILQGHU DOO WKH ZKLOH SRLQWLQJ KLV ILUHDUP DW :LWPHU WRGD\ ZKHWKHU ZKHQ WKH RQO\ SURRI RI LQWHQW LV WKDW WKH GHIHQGDQW

:KHQ$GDPVILQDOO\XQGHUVWRRGWKDWWKHNH\VZHUHDOUHDG\LQ EUDQGLVKHG D JXQ DQG WKUHDWHQHG WR VKRRW KLV YLFWLP WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV ZRXOG KDYH WR SURYH WKDW WKH JXQ ZDV ORDGHG DQG WKXV WKDW KH FRXOG KDYH WKHFDUKHSLFNHGXS:LWPHUjVPRQH\DQGGURYHDZD\ FDUULHG RXW KLV WKUHDW LQ RUGHU WR VXVWDLQ D 6HFWLRQ  FRQYLFWLRQ  8QLWHG6WDWHVY$GDPV 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY$GDPV 

FRXUWV KDYH KHOG WKDW D WKUHDW WR KDUP GRHV QRW LQ LWVHOI $URXQGDPRQ6HSWHPEHU2IILFHU'RQQD5RDFK FRQVWLWXWHLQWHQWWRKDUPRUNLOOl,GDWQFLWLQJ+DLUVWRQ RIWKH0HPSKLV3ROLFH'HSDUWPHQWREVHUYHG$GDPVDQGKLV Y6WDWH0LVVm>:@HKDYHIRXQGQRFDVH EURWKHU&KHVWHULQWKHVWROHQ/H[XV2IILFHU5RDFKIROORZHG RIDFRQYLFWLRQRIDVVDXOWZLWKLQWHQWWRNLOORUPXUGHUXSRQ WKH /H[XV XQWLO WKH $GDPV EURWKHUV ILUHG VKRWV DW KHU FDU SURRIRQO\RIWKHOHYHOOLQJRIDJXQRUSLVWROlDQG0H\HUVY +DOIDQKRXU ODWHU SROLFH IRXQG WKH /H[XV DEDQGRQHG DQG &OHDUPDQ  1:   ,RZD  GUDZLQJ VPROGHULQJIURPDUHFHQWILUHZLWKD5XJHUQLQHPLOOLPHWHU GLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQDLPLQJDUHYROYHUZLWKLQWHQWWRLQIOLFW SLVWRO QHDU LWV ULJKW UHDU WLUH  /DWHU WKDW HYHQLQJ $GDPV JUHDWERGLO\KDUPDQGDLPLQJDUHYROYHUZLWKLQWHQWRQO\WR DSSURDFKHG :DOODFH 5HHG DV KH ZDV UHHQWHULQJ KLV )RUG IULJKWHQ VHHDOVR%HDOOY6WDWH$G0G 7DXUXV DW D JDV VWDWLRQ GHPDQGLQJ KLV PRQH\ DQG FDU UHLWHUDWLQJWKDWWKHWKUHDWHQHGXVHRIDGHDGO\ZHDSRQ $GDPVSRLQWHGDILUHDUPDW5HHGjVVWRPDFKWRRNKLVPRQH\ GRHVQRWHVWDEOLVKLQWHQWWRNLOODVDPDWWHURIODZ DQGFDUNH\DQGGURYHRIILQ5HHGjV7DXUXV ,W LV XQGLVSXWHG WKDW $GDPV WKUHDWHQHG HDFK RI KLV VL[ 2Q6HSWHPEHU$GDPVSODFHGDJXQWR'DQD3HWHUVjV FDUMDFNLQJYLFWLPVZLWKDJXQ:HPXVWWKHUHIRUHGHWHUPLQH KHDG DQG SXOOHG KLP RXW RI KLV +RQGD &LYLF UHSHDWHGO\ ZKHWKHUVXIILFLHQWHYLGHQFHH[LVWHGIURPZKLFKWKHMXU\FRXOG GHPDQGLQJPRQH\$GDPVVHDUFKHG3HWHUVjVZDOOHWDQGWRRN KDYHGHWHUPLQHGWKDW$GDPVjVWKUHDWVZHUHDFWXDOUDWKHUWKDQ KLVZDWFKWKHQSXVKHGWKHILUHDUPLQWR3HWHUVjVVWRPDFKDQG HPSW\DQGWKDWWKH\ZHUHLQGLFDWLYHRIKLVFRQGLWLRQDOLQWHQW VHDUFKHGKLVSRFNHWV)LQDOO\$GDPVSXVKHG3HWHUVDQGWROG WRVHULRXVO\KDUPRUNLOOKLVYLFWLPV:HWKLQNPDNLQJWKLV KLPWRUXQDZD\$GDPVGURYHRIILQ3HWHUVjV&LYLF GHWHUPLQDWLRQ PXVW UHTXLUH DW WKH OHDVW D VKRZLQJ WKDW $GDPVFRXOGKDYHFDUULHGRXWKLVWKUHDWVWRKDUPKLVYLFWLPV 2Q$XJXVW$GDPVDSSURDFKHG&ODUHQFHsRKQVRQ 6HH+ROORZD\86DWUHTXLULQJWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV DWDFDUZDVKSRLQWHGDJXQDQGGHPDQGHGKLVPRQH\DQGKLV WRSURYHWKDWmWKHGHIHQGDQWZRXOGKDYHDWOHDVWDWWHPSWHGlWR *0& 6LHUUD SLFNXS WUXFN  :KHQ sRKQVRQ H[SODLQHG KH FDUU\RXWKLVLQWLPLGDWLQJWKUHDWWRNLOORUFDXVHVHULRXVERGLO\ ZRXOGQHHGKHOSXQGRLQJWKHEDUEHFXHFRRNHUKLWFKHGWRWKH KDUPVHHDOVR&RQQRUV1(DWDSSO\LQJFRQGLWLRQDO EDFNRIWKHWUXFN$GDPVZDUQHGm,I\RXPDNHRQHIXQQ\ LQWHQWGRFWULQHWRWKRVHFDVHVZKHUHWKHDVVDLODQWmZLWKWKH PRYH,jOOEORZ\RXUEUDLQVDOORYHUWKHEDFNRIWKDWWUXFNl SUHVHQWDELOLW\WRGHVWUR\OLIHRUGRJUHDWERGLO\KDUPlPDNHV $GDPVSXVKHGWKHILUHDUPLQWRsRKQVRQjVQHFNZKLOHWKHWZR DWKUHDWDQGDQXQODZIXOGHPDQGHPSKDVLVDGGHG:HILQG XQGLGWKHKLWFKWKHQRUGHUHGKLPWRWXUQDURXQGDQGZDON WKDW LQ WKLV FDVH WDNLQJ DOO WKH HYLGHQFH LQ WKH OLJKW PRVW DZD\ ZLWK KLV KDQGV LQ WKH DLU  $GDPV IOHG LQ sRKQVRQjV IDYRUDEOH WR WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV D UDWLRQDO MXU\ FRXOG KDYH WUXFN IRXQGWKDW$GDPVPDGHDFWXDOWKUHDWVDQGWKXVSRVVHVVHGWKH UHTXLVLWHVSHFLILFLQWHQWGXULQJHDFKRIWKHVL[FDUMDFNLQJVDW 2Q 6HSWHPEHU  'LDQQH DQG *DUODQG 5HHG ZHUH HDFK LVVXH HQWHULQJWKHLURZQYHKLFOHVSDUNHGQH[WWRHDFKRWKHUZKHQ $GDPVUDQXSWR'LDQQHSRLQWHGDQDVVDXOWULIOHDWKHUDQG 7KHHYLGHQFHVKRZHGWKDW$GDPVXVHGDJXQWRVXEMHFW5D\ GHPDQGHG WKH NH\V WR KHU 7R\RWD $YDORQ  :KHQ *DUODQG +XQWHU'DQD3HWHUVDQG&ODUHQFHsRKQVRQWRDQRIIHQVLYH WKUHZDERWWOHWRGLVWUDFW$GDPV$GDPVWXUQHGDQGSRLQWHG WRXFKLQJGXULQJWKHLUFDUMDFNLQJV:HWKLQNWKDWSK\VLFDOO\ WKHULIOHDWKLPFDXVLQJKLPWREDFNDZD\VORZO\'LDQQH WRXFKLQJDYLFWLPZLWKDZHDSRQVWDQGLQJDORQHLVVXIILFLHQW JDYH$GDPVWKHNH\VWRKHUFDUEXWFROODSVHGLQIHDUEHKLQG WRMXVWLI\DILQGLQJWKDWWKHYLFWLPIDFHVDQLPPLQHQWWKUHDWRI WKH$YDORQjVUHDUWLUHV'LDQQHPDQDJHGWRUROORXWRIWKH SK\VLFDO KDUP DQG LQGLFDWHV DQ LQWHQW RQ WKH SDUW RI WKH $YDORQjVZD\VKRUWO\EHIRUH$GDPVEDFNHGRXWRIWKHSDUNLQJ GHIHQGDQW WR DFW YLROHQWO\  3DPHOD :LWPHU WHVWLILHG WKDW VSRWDQGGURYHRII  8QLWHG6WDWHVY$GDPV 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY$GDPV 

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mGHDWKRUVHULRXVERGLO\KDUPl6HH86&† NQLIHDQXQORDGHGSLVWRODQGDORDGHGDVVDXOWULIOH 7RVDWLVI\WKHVSHFLILFLQWHQWUHTXLUHPHQWWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV PXVW VKRZ PRUH WKDQ WKDW WKH GHIHQGDQW FRPPLWWHG WKH 2Q 0DUFK   D MXU\ IRXQG $GDPV JXLOW\ RI VL[ FULPLQDO DFWV LW PXVW DOVR VKRZ HYLGHQFH RI WKH VSHFLILF FRXQWVRIFDUMDFNLQJLQYLRODWLRQRI86&†WZR PHQWDOFXOSDELOLW\DWLVVXH6HH8QLWHG6WDWHVY.LPHV FRXQWV RI UREEHU\ LQ YLRODWLRQ RI  86& †  QLQH )G   WK &LU  m>$@ JHQHUDO LQWHQW FULPH FRXQWVRISRVVHVVLQJDILUHDUPGXULQJDFULPHRIYLROHQFHLQ UHTXLUHVWKHNQRZLQJFRPPLVVLRQRIDQDFWWKDWWKHODZPDNHV YLRODWLRQRI86&†FILYHFRXQWVRIEHLQJDIHORQ D FULPH  $ VSHFLILF LQWHQW FULPH UHTXLUHV DGGLWLRQDO µEDG LQSRVVHVVLRQRIDILUHDUPLQYLRODWLRQRI86&†J SXUSRVHjlFLWDWLRQRPLWWHG DQGWKUHHFRXQWVRIDVVDXOWRQDIHGHUDORIILFHULQYLRODWLRQRI 86&†7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWVHQWHQFHG$GDPVWRDOLIH ,QWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV6XSUHPH&RXUWKHOGWKDWSURRI WHUPRILPSULVRQPHQWSOXVRQHKXQGUHGVL[W\ILYH\HDUVWREH WKDW D GHIHQGDQW SRVVHVVHG D mFRQGLWLRQDO LQWHQWl WR FDXVH IROORZHGE\WKUHH\HDUVRIVXSHUYLVHGUHOHDVH$GDPVWLPHO\ GHDWK RU VHULRXV ERGLO\ KDUP VDWLVILHV WKH 6HFWLRQ  DSSHDOHG KLV FRQYLFWLRQV IRU FDUMDFNLQJ DQG IRU XVLQJ D VSHFLILFLQWHQWUHTXLUHPHQW6HH+ROORZD\Y8QLWHG6WDWHV ILUHDUP GXULQJ D FULPH RI YLROHQFH  $GDPV DOVR ILOHG D 86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  :H ZLOO XSKROG D FRQYLFWLRQLIZHGHWHUPLQHWKDWDQ\UDWLRQDOWULHURIIDFWFRXOG +ROORZD\ UHMHFWHG WKH DUJXPHQW WKDW DOORZLQJ SURRI RI KDYH IRXQG WKH HVVHQWLDO HOHPHQWV RI WKH FULPH EH\RQG D FRQGLWLRQDOLQWHQWZRXOGUHQGHUWKHVWDWXWHjVVSHFLILFLQWHQW UHDVRQDEOHGRXEW6HHLG&LUFXPVWDQWLDOHYLGHQFHDORQHPD\ UHTXLUHPHQWVXSHUIOXRXV'UDZLQJDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH VXVWDLQDFRQYLFWLRQXQGHUWKLVGHIHUHQWLDOVWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZ W\SHRISURRIWKDWZRXOGVDWLVI\WKHVSHFLILFLQWHQWHOHPHQW 6HH8QLWHG6WDWHVY&ODUN)GWK&LU DQGWKDWZKLFKZRXOGVDWLVI\WKHVWDWXWHjVDFWXVUHXVoWDNLQJ D YHKLFOH mE\ IRUFH DQG YLROHQFH RU E\ LQWLPLGDWLRQl o WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW VWDWHG WKDW m>Z@KLOH DQ HPSW\ WKUHDW RU LQWLPLGDWLQJ EOXII ZRXOG EH VXIILFLHQW WR VDWLVI\ WKH ODWWHU  7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW LPSRVHG WKH 6HFWLRQ  SHQDOWLHV WR UXQ HOHPHQWVXFKFRQGXFWVWDQGLQJRQLWVRZQLVQRWHQRXJKWR FRQFXUUHQW ZLWK $GDPVjV OLIH VHQWHQFH DQG DGGHG ILYH FRQVHFXWLYH \HDUV VDWLVI\† VVSHFLILFLQWHQWHOHPHQWl+ROORZD\86 IRU WKH ILUVW 6HFWLRQ F YLRODWLRQ DQG WZHQW\ FRQVHFXWLYH \HDUV IRU DW,WIXUWKHUQRWHGWKDWm>L@QVRPHZKDWGLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WV HDFK DGGLWLRQDO FRXQW