Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 1 of 7
[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 11-15586 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:09-cv-00660-TWT
UNIQUE SPORTS PRODUCTS, INC.,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
FERRARI IMPORTING COMPANY, d.b.a. Gamma Sports,
Defendant - Appellant. ________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(July 8, 2013)
Before TJOFLAT and COX, Circuit Judges, and MOLLOY, * District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
* Honorable Donald W. Molloy, United States District Judge for the District of Montana, sitting by designation. Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 2 of 7
This appeal requires us to consider whether a party may appeal on the merits
from a decision in its favor, where a district court found against him as to one
issue, nondispositive of the case. We find that, though he may not challenge the
District Court’s finding on the merits, he is entitled to vacatur of the portion of the
District’s Court’s order adverse to him.
I.
Unique Sports Products, Inc., (“Unique”) manufactures and markets sporting
goods accessories. One of these is a product called Tourna Grip, the subject of this
appeal. Tourna Grip is an “overgrip” product that is wrapped around the grip of a
tennis racket and then taped into place to cushion and absorb moisture from a
player’s hand. Since 1977, Unique and its predecessor in interest 1 have
manufactured Tourna Grip in a light blue color. Unique markets Tourna Grip as
“the original blue grip”; “Blue Tape”; “the original light blue grip”; and “the light
blue grip that does not slip.” In 2001, Unique obtained a federally registered
trademark for the light blue used for “grip tape for sports rackets.” At the time it
applied for that trademark, Tourna Grip accounted for fifty percent of the market in
grip tape and had $40 million in cumulative sales.
1 Unique acquired the Tourna Grip line in 1992. 2 Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 3 of 7
Ferrari Importing Company (“Ferrari”) also markets and sells grip tape for
tennis rackets. Among the grip tapes it markets is a self-adhesive, roughly woven
gauze tape in a teal blue color. Unlike Tourna Grip, Ferrari’s gauze tape is not
moisture-absorbent. It also does not provide the cushioning Tourna Grip provides.
Unique first sued Ferrari over a decade ago. On June 18, 1999, the two
companies entered into a consent decree that enjoined Ferrari from using the
phrase “Tour Wrap” in marketing its products; from marketing grips using “any
overwrap grip material having any blue color lighter than the color designated as
293(c) in the Pantone Color Selector and [having] speckles and a chamois surface
texture like” that of Tourna Wrap; and from engaging in other specified activities
unrelated to this appeal. The decree further articulated that, should a court ever
hold that Unique “has no enforceable rights in the Light Blue Color by a final
judgment or decree from which no appeal can be taken,” Ferrari would be free of
its terms.
Ten years later, on March 10, 2009, Unique filed a complaint against Ferrari
for trademark infringement and false designation of origin under §§ 32 and 43(a)
of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114 and 1125(a)(1)(A); for deceptive trade
practices under Georgia’s Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act, O.C.G.A. § 10-
1-372; and for violation of the June 18, 1999, final judgment. Ferrari filed its
answer on April 21, 2010, and amended that answer on September 15, 2010. In its 3 Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 4 of 7
answer, it denied Unique’s infringement allegations and asserted as an affirmative
defense that Unique’s trademark registration was unenforceable. On January 24,
2011, the District Court granted Unique’s motion for summary judgment on
Ferrari’s affirmative defense that Tourna Grip’s blue color was merely functional
and thus not an enforceable trademark, and granted Ferrari’s motion for summary
judgment on Unique’s claim that Ferrari violated the 1999 final judgment.
On August 15 and 16, 2011, the District Court held a bench trial to
determine, among other issues, whether Ferrari’s gauze tape infringed Unique’s
federal trademark and whether Unique’s trademark was unenforceable against
Ferrari. At the conclusion of the trial, the court held that Unique’s light blue
trademark was valid and enforceable but that Ferrari’s blue gauze had not infringed
upon that trademark. The clerk thus entered judgment for Unique on Ferrari’s
affirmative defense but for Ferrari on Unique’s original charge of infringement.
Ferrari appealed that decision to this court.
At oral argument on October 3, 2012, we asked the parties to submit
supplemental briefing on the question of whether we have jurisdiction to entertain
an appeal on the merits by a party when the district court rules in favor of that
party on a charge of trademark infringement but rules against that party on its
affirmative defense that the trademark was not enforceable.
4 Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 5 of 7
II.
“Congress has vested appellate jurisdiction in the courts of appeals for
review of final decisions of the districts court.” Deposit Guar. Nat’l Bank v.
Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 333, 100 S. Ct. 1166, 1171, 63 L. Ed. 2d 427 (1980) (citing
28 U.S.C. § 1291). While “[o]rdinarily, only a party aggrieved by a judgment or
order of a district court may exercise the statutory right to appeal therefrom,” the
Supreme Court has explained that, because this rule “does not have its source in
the jurisdictional limitations of Art. III,” in “an appropriate case, appeal may be
permitted from an adverse ruling collateral to the judgment on the merits at the
behest of the party who has prevailed on the merits, so long as that party retains a
stake in the appeal satisfying the requirements of Art. III.” Id. at 333–34, 100
S. Ct. at 1171–72. The Court offered Electrical Fittings Corp. v. Thomas & Betts
Co., 307 U.S. 241, 59 S. Ct. 860, 83 L. Ed. 1263 (1939), as an “illustration of this
principle in practice.” Deposit Guar. Nat’l Bank, 445 U.S. at 334; 100 S. Ct. at
1172.
In the case at hand, the parties agree that Electrical Fittings, the facts of
which precisely mirror the facts of this case, is controlling. In Electrical Fittings,
the plaintiff had alleged patent infringement. “The District Court held claim 1
valid but not infringed and claim 2 invalid. Instead of dismissing the bill without
more, it entered a decree adjudging claim 1 valid but dismissing the bill for failure 5 Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 6 of 7
to prove infringement.” Electrical Fittings, 307 U.S. at 241–42, 59 S. Ct. at 860.
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Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 1 of 7
[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 11-15586 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:09-cv-00660-TWT
UNIQUE SPORTS PRODUCTS, INC.,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
FERRARI IMPORTING COMPANY, d.b.a. Gamma Sports,
Defendant - Appellant. ________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(July 8, 2013)
Before TJOFLAT and COX, Circuit Judges, and MOLLOY, * District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
* Honorable Donald W. Molloy, United States District Judge for the District of Montana, sitting by designation. Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 2 of 7
This appeal requires us to consider whether a party may appeal on the merits
from a decision in its favor, where a district court found against him as to one
issue, nondispositive of the case. We find that, though he may not challenge the
District Court’s finding on the merits, he is entitled to vacatur of the portion of the
District’s Court’s order adverse to him.
I.
Unique Sports Products, Inc., (“Unique”) manufactures and markets sporting
goods accessories. One of these is a product called Tourna Grip, the subject of this
appeal. Tourna Grip is an “overgrip” product that is wrapped around the grip of a
tennis racket and then taped into place to cushion and absorb moisture from a
player’s hand. Since 1977, Unique and its predecessor in interest 1 have
manufactured Tourna Grip in a light blue color. Unique markets Tourna Grip as
“the original blue grip”; “Blue Tape”; “the original light blue grip”; and “the light
blue grip that does not slip.” In 2001, Unique obtained a federally registered
trademark for the light blue used for “grip tape for sports rackets.” At the time it
applied for that trademark, Tourna Grip accounted for fifty percent of the market in
grip tape and had $40 million in cumulative sales.
1 Unique acquired the Tourna Grip line in 1992. 2 Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 3 of 7
Ferrari Importing Company (“Ferrari”) also markets and sells grip tape for
tennis rackets. Among the grip tapes it markets is a self-adhesive, roughly woven
gauze tape in a teal blue color. Unlike Tourna Grip, Ferrari’s gauze tape is not
moisture-absorbent. It also does not provide the cushioning Tourna Grip provides.
Unique first sued Ferrari over a decade ago. On June 18, 1999, the two
companies entered into a consent decree that enjoined Ferrari from using the
phrase “Tour Wrap” in marketing its products; from marketing grips using “any
overwrap grip material having any blue color lighter than the color designated as
293(c) in the Pantone Color Selector and [having] speckles and a chamois surface
texture like” that of Tourna Wrap; and from engaging in other specified activities
unrelated to this appeal. The decree further articulated that, should a court ever
hold that Unique “has no enforceable rights in the Light Blue Color by a final
judgment or decree from which no appeal can be taken,” Ferrari would be free of
its terms.
Ten years later, on March 10, 2009, Unique filed a complaint against Ferrari
for trademark infringement and false designation of origin under §§ 32 and 43(a)
of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114 and 1125(a)(1)(A); for deceptive trade
practices under Georgia’s Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act, O.C.G.A. § 10-
1-372; and for violation of the June 18, 1999, final judgment. Ferrari filed its
answer on April 21, 2010, and amended that answer on September 15, 2010. In its 3 Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 4 of 7
answer, it denied Unique’s infringement allegations and asserted as an affirmative
defense that Unique’s trademark registration was unenforceable. On January 24,
2011, the District Court granted Unique’s motion for summary judgment on
Ferrari’s affirmative defense that Tourna Grip’s blue color was merely functional
and thus not an enforceable trademark, and granted Ferrari’s motion for summary
judgment on Unique’s claim that Ferrari violated the 1999 final judgment.
On August 15 and 16, 2011, the District Court held a bench trial to
determine, among other issues, whether Ferrari’s gauze tape infringed Unique’s
federal trademark and whether Unique’s trademark was unenforceable against
Ferrari. At the conclusion of the trial, the court held that Unique’s light blue
trademark was valid and enforceable but that Ferrari’s blue gauze had not infringed
upon that trademark. The clerk thus entered judgment for Unique on Ferrari’s
affirmative defense but for Ferrari on Unique’s original charge of infringement.
Ferrari appealed that decision to this court.
At oral argument on October 3, 2012, we asked the parties to submit
supplemental briefing on the question of whether we have jurisdiction to entertain
an appeal on the merits by a party when the district court rules in favor of that
party on a charge of trademark infringement but rules against that party on its
affirmative defense that the trademark was not enforceable.
4 Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 5 of 7
II.
“Congress has vested appellate jurisdiction in the courts of appeals for
review of final decisions of the districts court.” Deposit Guar. Nat’l Bank v.
Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 333, 100 S. Ct. 1166, 1171, 63 L. Ed. 2d 427 (1980) (citing
28 U.S.C. § 1291). While “[o]rdinarily, only a party aggrieved by a judgment or
order of a district court may exercise the statutory right to appeal therefrom,” the
Supreme Court has explained that, because this rule “does not have its source in
the jurisdictional limitations of Art. III,” in “an appropriate case, appeal may be
permitted from an adverse ruling collateral to the judgment on the merits at the
behest of the party who has prevailed on the merits, so long as that party retains a
stake in the appeal satisfying the requirements of Art. III.” Id. at 333–34, 100
S. Ct. at 1171–72. The Court offered Electrical Fittings Corp. v. Thomas & Betts
Co., 307 U.S. 241, 59 S. Ct. 860, 83 L. Ed. 1263 (1939), as an “illustration of this
principle in practice.” Deposit Guar. Nat’l Bank, 445 U.S. at 334; 100 S. Ct. at
1172.
In the case at hand, the parties agree that Electrical Fittings, the facts of
which precisely mirror the facts of this case, is controlling. In Electrical Fittings,
the plaintiff had alleged patent infringement. “The District Court held claim 1
valid but not infringed and claim 2 invalid. Instead of dismissing the bill without
more, it entered a decree adjudging claim 1 valid but dismissing the bill for failure 5 Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 6 of 7
to prove infringement.” Electrical Fittings, 307 U.S. at 241–42, 59 S. Ct. at 860.
The defendant appealed the district court’s decision, “mov[ing] to have the cause
remanded to the District Court with directions to enter a decree holding the entire
patent invalid.” Thomas & Betts Co. v. Electrical Fittings Corp., 100 F.2d 403,
404 (2d Cir. 1938). The Second Circuit dismissed the appeal on the grounds that
the defendant was not entitled to appeal a decree in its favor.
On appeal to the Supreme Court, the Court held that, although a “party may
not appeal from a judgment or decree in his favor, for the purpose of obtaining a
review of findings he deems erroneous which are not necessary to support the
decree,” Electrical Fittings, 307 U.S. at 242; 59 S. Ct. at 860, nonetheless, because
the district court had “purport[ed] to adjudge the validity of claim 1,” id. at 242; 59
S. Ct. at 860, the appealing defendant was “entitled to have this portion of the
decree eliminated,” id. at 242; 59 S. Ct. at 861. This is because, the Court later
explained in Deposit Guaranty National Bank, although “[the district court] was
correct in inquiring fully into the validity of the patent,” it “was incorrect to
adjudge the patent valid after ruling that there had been no infringement” because
“[b]y doing so, [it] had decided a hypothetical controversy.” Deposit Guar. Nat’l
Bank, 445 U.S. at 335 n.7; 100 S. Ct. at 1172 n.7. Thus “the Circuit Court of
Appeals had jurisdiction . . . to entertain the appeal, not for the purpose of passing
6 Case: 11-15586 Date Filed: 07/08/2013 Page: 7 of 7
on the merits, but to direct the reformation of the decree.” Electrical Fittings, 307
U.S. at 242; 59 S. Ct. at 860.
Despite its agreement with Ferrari that Electrical Fittings is precisely on
point, Unique argues that, because Ferrari did not ask us in its opening brief to
vacate the District Court’s judgment on trademark validity as unnecessary, we do
not have jurisdiction to do so now. Essentially, then, Unique asks us to grant it
leave to put forth a new argument in the wake of our request for supplemental
briefing—that we do not have jurisdiction to entertain Ferrari’s appeal—but to bar
Ferrari from putting forth such an argument—that we have jurisdiction for a very
limited purpose, “to direct the reformation of the decree.”
It is true that we have frequently found that “[i]ssues that clearly are not
designated in the initial brief ordinarily are considered abandoned.” Hartsfield v.
Lemacks, 50 F.3d 950, 953, (11th Cir. 1995) (alteration in original). However, on
the facts of this case, the Supreme Court in Electrical Fittings clearly prescribes
vacatur of the District Court’s judgment on the question of validity as the legal
consequence of an appeal by an otherwise-successful defendant in an infringement
suit on the merits of that question.
For the forgoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court is
VACATED in part, AFFIRMED in part.